Résumés
Résumé
Les hallucinations auditives verbales (HAV) représentent un symptôme fréquent et souvent invalidant des troubles psychotiques. Malgré les traitements pharmacologiques, environ 30 % des patients continuent de présenter des HAV résistantes. La thérapie avatar (TA), une thérapie en réalité virtuelle, constitue une approche innovante visant à modifier la relation entre le patient et ses voix.
Ce cas clinique décrit l’évolution clinique d’un homme de 72 ans présentant un trouble schizoaffectif et une perte auditive bilatérale avec surdité presque totale à l’oreille droite. Il rapportait néanmoins des HAV perçues dans ses 2 oreilles, mais plus intenses du côté droit. Ce cas atypique soulève des enjeux spécifiques quant à la compréhension des mécanismes perceptifs et à l’adaptation des interventions thérapeutiques. Le patient a participé à un protocole de la TA comprenant 9 séances hebdomadaires à l’Institut universitaire en santé mentale de Montréal (IUSMM). Les évaluations cliniques pré- et post-thérapie ont montré une diminution significative de la fréquence et de la détresse associées aux HAV, une amélioration de la régulation émotionnelle et de la qualité de vie, ainsi qu’une réduction globale des symptômes psychiatriques La réévaluation clinique à 3 mois de suivi post-thérapie a confirmé un meilleur sentiment de contrôle et une relation moins menaçante avec les voix.
Ce cas met en évidence le potentiel de la TA chez des patients présentant des déficits sensoriels, et souligne l’importance d’approches thérapeutiques personnalisées intégrant les technologies immersives en santé mentale.
Mots-clés :
- thérapie avatar,
- réalité virtuelle,
- hallucination auditive,
- psychose,
- trouble schizo-affectif
Abstract
Auditory verbal hallucinations (AVH) are a common and often debilitating symptom of psychotic disorders. Despite pharmacological treatments, approximately 30% of patients continue to experience resistant AVH. Avatar therapy (AT), a virtual reality therapy, is an innovative approach aimed at changing the relationship between the patient and their voices.
This case report describes the clinical course of a 72-year-old man with schizoaffective disorder and bilateral hearing loss with almost total deafness in the right ear, who reported AVH in both ears, but more intense on the right side. This atypical clinical presentation raises specific issues regarding the understanding of perceptual mechanisms and the adaptation of therapeutic interventions. The patient participated in a AT protocol consisting of nine weekly sessions at the Montreal University Institute of Mental Health. Pre- and post-therapy clinical assessments showed a significant decrease in the frequency and distress associated with AVH, improved emotional regulation and quality of life, and an overall reduction in psychiatric symptoms. Clinical interviews confirmed a greater sense of control and a less threatening relationship with the voices.
This case highlights the potential of AT in patients with sensory impairments and emphasises the importance of personalised therapeutic approaches that incorporate immersive technologies in mental health.
Keywords:
- avatar therapy,
- virtual reality,
- auditory hallucination,
- psychosis,
- schizoaffective disorder
Parties annexes
Bibliographie
- Atkinson, J. R. (2006). The perceptual characteristics of voice-hallucinations in deaf people : Insights into the nature of subvocal thought and sensory feedback loops. Schizophrenia Bulletin, 32(4), 701-708. https://doi.org/10.1093/schbul/sbj063
- Atkinson, J. R., Gleeson, K., Cromwell, J. et O’Rourke, S. (2007). Exploring the perceptual characteristics of voice-hallucinations in deaf people. Cognitive Neuropsychiatry, 12(4), 339-361. https://doi.org/10.1080/13546800600832841
- Beaudoin, M., Potvin, S., Machalani, A., Dellazizzo, L., Bourguignon, L., Phraxayavong, K. et Dumais, A. (2021). The therapeutic processes of avatar therapy : A content analysis of the dialogue between treatment-resistant patients with schizophrenia and their avatar. Clinical psychology & psychotherapy, 28(3), 500-518.
- Beaudoin, M., Potvin, S., Phraxayavong, K. et Dumais, A. (2023). Changes in quality of life in treatment-resistant schizophrenia patients undergoing Avatar Therapy : a content analysis. Journal of Personalized Medicine, 13(3), 522.
- Ben-Taleb, N., Jaalouk, D., Lefebvre, S. et Stip, E. (2009). Functional connectivity abnormalities in auditory hallucinations. Schizophrenia Research, 114(1-3), 94-100.
- Ben-Taleb, N., Stip, E. et Beauregard, M. (2016). Altered brain connectivity in schizophrenia : A functional MRI study. Frontiers in Psychiatry, 7, 93.
- Ben Taleb, N., Jaalouk, D., Lefebvre, S., Tessier, A. et Stip, E. (2009). Hallucinations auditives et connectivité fonctionnelle cérébrale : données en imagerie par résonance magnétique fonctionnelle. L’Encéphale, 35(4), 365-372.
- Cole, M. G., Dowson, L., Dendukuri, N. et Belzile, E. (2002). The prevalence and phenomenology of auditory hallucinations among elderly subjects attending an audiology clinic. International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry, 17(5), 444-452. https://doi.org/10.1002/gps.614
- du Feu, M. et McKenna, P. J. (1999). Prelingually profoundly deaf schizophrenic patients who hear voices : A phenomenological analysis. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica, 99(6), 453-459. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0447.1999.tb07250.x
- du Sert, O. P., Potvin, S., Lipp, O., et al. (2018). Virtual reality therapy for refractory auditory verbal hallucinations in schizophrenia : A pilot study. Schizophrenia Research, 197, 218-224.
- Dellazizzo, L., Potvin, S., Phraxayavong, K., Lalonde, P. et Dumais, A. (2018). Avatar therapy for persistent auditory verbal hallucinations in an ultra-resistant schizophrenia patient : a case report. Frontiers in Psychiatry, 9, 131.
- Dellazizzo, L., Giguère, S., Léveillé, N., Potvin, S. et Dumais, A. (2022). A systematic review of relational-based therapies for the treatment of auditory hallucinations in patients with psychotic disorders. Psychological medicine, 52(11), 2001-2008.
- Dumais, A. (2023). Dyadic interactions of treatment-resistant schizophrenia patients having followed virtual reality therapy : a content analysis. Journal of clinical medicine, 12(6), 2299.
- Endicott, J., Nee, J., Harrison, W. et Blumenthal, R. (1993). Quality of Life Enjoyment and Satisfaction Questionnaire : a new measure. Psychopharmacology bulletin 29, 321-326.
- Fellinger, J., Holzinger, D. et Pollard, R. (2012). Mental health of deaf people. The Lancet, 379(9820), 1037-1044. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(11)61143-4
- Fowler, J. C. et al. Construct validity and factor structure of the difficulties in emotion regulation scale among adults with severe mental illness. Journal of psychiatric research, 58, 175-180 (2014).
- Giguère, S., Beaudoin, M., Dellazizzo, L., Phraxayavong, K., Potvin, S. et Dumais, A. (2025). Reattribution of Auditory Hallucinations Throughout Avatar Therapy : A Case Series. Reports, 8(3), 113.
- Haddock, G., McCarron, J., Tarrier, N. et Faragher, E. (1999). Scales to measure dimensions of hallucinations and delusions : the psychotic symptom rating scales (PSYRATS). Psychological medicine, 29, 879-889.
- Hudon, A., Quilliam, S., Fortier, A., Phraxayavong, K., Potvin, S. et Dumais, A. (2025). A Descriptive Analysis of Emotional Expressions and Variations Across Avatar Therapy. International Journal of Human—Computer Interaction, 1-14.
- Hudon, A., Couture, J., Dellazizzo, L., Beaudoin, M., Phraxayavong, K., Potvin, S. et Kay, S. R., Fiszbein, A. et Opler, L. A. (1987). The positive and negative syndrome scale (PANSS) for schizophrenia. Schizophrenia bulletin, 13, 261-276.
- Landsberger, S. A. et Diaz, D. R. (2011). Identifying and assessing psychosis in deaf psychiatric patients. Current Psychiatry Reports, 13(3), 198-202. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11920-011-0189-4
- Liddle, P. F. (1987). The symptoms of chronic schizophrenia : A re-examination of the positive-negative dichotomy. British Journal of Psychiatry, 151, 145-151.
- Liddle, P. F. (2015). Disordered mind and brain in schizophrenia. Cambridge University Press.
- Linszen, M. M. J., Brouwer, R. M., Heringa, S. M. et Sommer, I. E. C. (2016). Increased risk of psychosis in patients with hearing impairment : Review and meta-analyses. Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews, 62, 1-20. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neubiorev.2015.12.012
- Linszen, M. M. J., van Zanten, G. A., Teunisse, R. J., Brouwer, R. M., Scheltens-de Boer, M. et Sommer, I. E. C. (2018). Auditory hallucinations in adults with hearing impairment : A large prevalence study. Psychological Medicine, 48(1), 132-139. https://doi.org/10.1017/S003329171700164X
- Marschall, T. M., Brederoo, S. G., Ćurčić-Blake, B. et Sommer, I. E. C. (2020). Deafferentation as a cause of hallucinations. Current Opinion in Psychiatry, 33(3), 206-211. https://doi.org/10.1097/YCO.0000000000000580
- Mitropoulos, G. B. (2019). Auditory verbal hallucinations in psychosis : Abnormal perceptions or symptoms of disordered thought ? Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 207(8), 650-656. https://doi.org/10.1097/NMD.0000000000001024
- Mondino, M., Jardri, R. et Brunelin, J. (2021). Hallucinations auditives verbales dans la schizophrénie : avancées récentes et nouvelles approches thérapeutiques. L’Encéphale, 47(1), 75-82.

