Résumés
Résumé
En dépit de la popularité du phénomène de l’imposteur auprès de la communauté scientifique, il n’existe toujours pas de consensus quant à la mesure et à la dimensionnalité de ce construit. La présente étude a ainsi pour visée d’adapter et de valider préliminairement une première version franco-canadienne de la Clance Imposter Phenomenon Scale (CIPS-FC) et d’en déterminer la structure factorielle. Suivant un processus rigoureux d’adaptation, la CIPS-FC a été validée auprès de deux échantillons cumulant 506 personnes franco-canadiennes participantes. Les analyses factorielles exploratoires ainsi que les modélisations par équations structurelles exploratoires réexprimées selon l’analyse factorielle confirmatoires révèlent qu’un modèle bifactoriel, où coexistent un facteur général du phénomène de l’imposteur et trois facteurs spécifiques (inauthenticité, chance et dévalorisation), présente le meilleur ajustement aux données. Les coefficients de cohérence interne du facteur global et des trois dimensions appuient la fidélité de l’instrument. En termes de validité de construit, le score global de la CIPS-FC est plus fortement lié aux pensées d’imposture au travail, au perfectionnisme, au fonctionnement intrapersonnel ainsi qu’à l’estime de soi qu’aux symptômes anxieux et dépressifs, qu’au sentiment d’efficacité personnelle académique général et qu’au fonctionnement interpersonnel. En plus de suggérer la CIPS-FC comme un nouvel instrument en langue française fidèle, valide et parcimonieux, la proposition d’une structure bifactorielle s’inscrit en continuité de récentes avancées vers une compréhension plus riche et nuancée du phénomène de l’imposteur.
Mots-clés :
- phénomène de l’imposteur,
- validation,
- Clance Imposter Phenomenon Scale,
- échelle,
- psychométrie
Abstract
Despite the popularity of the impostor phenomenon within the scientific community, there is still no consensus regarding the measure and dimensionality of this construct. The present study aims to preliminary validate a first French-Canadian version of the Clance Imposter Phenomenon Scale (CIPS-FC) and to determine its factorial structure. Following a rigorous adaptation process, the CIPS-FC was validated among two samples cumulating 506 French Canadians participants. Exploratory factor analysis and exploratory structural equation modeling within a confirmatory factor analysis framework revealed that a bifactor model, where a general impostor phenomenon factor coexists with three specific factors (inauthenticity, luck, and devaluation), provided the best fit to the data. Internal consistency coefficients of the global factor and the three dimensions supported the reliability of the instrument. In terms of construct validity, the global score of the CIPS-FC was more related to workplace impostor thoughts, self-functioning, perfectionism, and self-esteem, than anxiety and depression symptoms, general academic self-efficacy and interpersonal functioning. In addition to suggesting the CIPS-FC as a reliable, valid, and parsimonious new instrument in French language, the proposal of a bifactor model is in line with recent advances towards a richer and more nuanced understanding of the impostor phenomenon.
Keywords:
- imposter phenomenon,
- validation,
- Clance Imposter Phenomenon Scale,
- measure,
- psychometry
Parties annexes
Bibliographie
- Akanni A. A., & Oduaran, C. A. (2018). Perceived social support and life satisfaction among freshmen: Mediating roles of academic self-efficacy and academic adjustment. Journal of Psychology in Africa, 28(2), 89–93. https://doi.org/10.1080/14330237.2018.1454582
- Beaton, D. E., Bombardier, C., Guillemin, F., & Ferraz, M. B. (2000). Guidelines for the process of cross-cultural adaptation of self-report measures. Spine, 25(24), 3186−3191. https://doi.org/10.1097/00007632‑200012150-00014
- Beck, A. T., Steer, R. A., & Garbin, M. (1988). Psychometric properties of the Beck Depression Inventory: Twenty-five years of evaluation. Clinical Psychology Review, 8(1), 77−100. https://doi.org/10.1016/0272-7358(88)90050-5
- Borsa, J. C., Damásio, B. F., & Bandeira, D. R. (2012). Cross-cultural adaptation and validation of psychological instruments: Some considerations. Paidéia, 22(53), 423−432. https://doi.org/10.1590/S0103‑863X2012000300014
- Bouffard, T., Chayer, M.-H., & Sarrat-Vézina, É. (2011). Validation d’un questionnaire du sentiment d’imposture pour enfants et adolescents (QSIEA). Canadian Journal of Behavioural Science, 43(1), 13−19. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0020038
- Boyer, R., & Villa, J. (2011). Répertoire d’instruments pour la surveillance des impacts psychosociaux des aléas climatiques. Institut national de santé publique du Québec. https://www.inspq.qc.ca/pdf/publications/1329_RepertInstruSurvImpactsPsychoSocAleasClim.pdf
- Brauer, K., & Wolf, A. (2016). Validation of the German-language Clance Impostor Phenomenon Scale (GCIPS). Personality and Individual Differences, 102, 153−158. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2016.06.071
- Brauer, K., & Proyer, R. T. (2023). Understanding the Clance Impostor Phenomenon Scale through the lens of a bifactor model. European Journal of Psychological Assessment, 41(2), 108−116. https://doi.org/10.1027/1015‑5759/a000786
- Bravata, D. M., Watts, S. A., Keefer, A. L., Madhusudhan, D. K., Taylor, K. T., Clark, D. M., Nelson, R. S., Cokley, K. O., & Hagg, H. K. (2019). Prevalence, predictors, and treatment of impostor syndrome: A systematic review. Journal of General Internal Medicine, 35(4), 1252−1275. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11606-019-05364-1
- Čarapina Zovko, I., Milić, J., Vucemilovic, F. B., Jemrić, N., Sulić, P., Turudić, M., Vidović, D., Jelovica, D., Padjen, I., Ivanac, G., Ivić, V., Skrlec, I., & Biloglav, Z. (2021). Translation of the Clance Impostor Phenomenon Scale into the Croatian language. Southeastern European Medical Journal, 5(1), 145−156. https://doi.org/10.26332/seemedj.v5i1.190
- Chae, J.-H., Piedmont, R. L., Estadt, B. K., & Wicks, R. J. (1995). Personological evaluation of Clance’s Impostor Phenomenon Scale in a Korean sample. Journal of Personality Assessment, 65(3), 468−485. https://doi.org/10.1207/s15327752jpa6503_7
- Chassangre, K. (2016). La modestie pathologique : pour une meilleure compréhension du syndrome de l’imposteur (Publication No. 01920350) [Thèse de doctorat, Université de Toulouse]. HAL Open Science. https://theses.hal.science/tel-01920350v1
- Chassangre, K., & Callahan, S. (2017). « J’ai réussi, j’ai de la chance… je serai démasqué » : revue de littérature du syndrome de l’imposteur. Pratiques psychologiques, 23(2), 97−110. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.prps.2017.01.001
- Chrisman, S. M., Pieper, W. A., Clance, P. R., Holland, C. L., & Glickauf-Hughes, C. (1995). Validation of the Clance Imposter Phenomenon Scale. Journal of Personality Assessment, 65(3), 456−467. https://doi.org/10.1207/s15327752jpa6503_6
- Cisco, J. (2020). Exploring the connection between impostor phenomenon and post-graduate students feeling academically-unprepared. Higher Education Reasearch & Development, 39(2), 200−214. https://doi.org/10.1080/07294360.2019.1676198
- Clance, P. R. (1985). The impostor phenomenon: Overcoming the fear that haunts your success. Peachtree Publishers.
- Clance, P. R., & Imes, S. A. (1978). The imposter phenomenon in high achieving women: Dynamics and therapeutic intervention. Psychotherapy: Theory, Research & Practice, 15(3), 241247. https://doi.org/10.1037/h0086006
- Clance, P. R., & O’Toole, M. A. (1987). Impostor phenomenon: An internal barrier to empowerment and achievement. Women and Therapy, 6(3), 51−64. https://doi.org/10.1300/J015V06N03_05
- Cohen, J. (1988). Statistical power analysis for the behavioral sciences (3e éd.). Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
- Collet, L., & Cottraux, J. (1986). Inventaire abrégé de la dépression de Beck (13 items) : étude de la validité concurrente avec les échelles de Hamilton et de ralentissement de Widlöcher. L’Encéphale, 12(2), 77−79.
- Cusack, C. E., Hughes, J. L., & Nuhu, N. (2013). Connecting gender and mental health to imposter phenomenon feelings. Psi Chi Journal of Psychological Research, 18(2), 74−81. https://doi.org/10.24839/2164-8204.JN18.2.74
- Edwards, P. W., Zeichner, A., Lawler, N., & Kowalski, R. (1987). A validation study of the Harvey Impostor Phenomenon Scale. Psychotherapy: Theory, Research, Practice, Training, 24(2), 256−259. https://doi.org/10.1037/h0085712
- Erekson, D. M., Larsen, R. A., Clayton, C. K., Hamm, I., Hoskin, J. M., Morrison, S., Vogeler, H. A., Merrill, B. M., Griner, D., & Beecher, M. E. (2022). Is the measure good enough? Measurement invariance and validity of the Clance Imposter Phenomenon Scale in a university population. Psychological Reports, 127(4), 1984-2004. https://doi.org/10.1177/00332941221139991
- Feenstra, S., Begeny, C. T., Ryan, M. K., Rink, F. A., Stoker, J. I., & Jordan, J. (2020). Contextualizing the impostor “syndrome”. Frontiers in Psychology, 11, Article 575024. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.575024
- Freeman, K. J., Houghton, S., Carr, S. E., & Nestel, D. (2022). Measuring impostor phenomenon in healthcare simulation educators: A validation of the Clance Impostor Phenomenon Scale and Leary Impostorism Scale. BMC Medical Education, 22(1), Article 139. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12909-022-03190-4
- Freeston, M. H., Ladouceur, R., Thibodeau, N., Gagnon, F., & Rhéaume, J. (1994). L’Inventaire d’anxiété de Beck : propriétés psychométriques d’une traduction française. L’Encéphale, 20(1), 47−55.
- French, B. F., Ullrich-French, S. C., & Follman, D. (2008). The psychometric properties of the Clance Impostor Scale. Personality and Individual Differences, 44(5), 1270−1278. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2007.11.023
- Gehlbach, H. (2015). Seven survey sins. The Journal of Early Adolescence, 35(5‑6), 883−897. https://doi.org/10.1177/0272431615578276
- Gibson-Beverly, G., & Schwartz, J. P. (2008). Attachment, entitlement, and the impostor phenomenon in female graduate students. Journal of College Counseling, 11(2), 119132. https://doi.org/10.1002/j.2161‑1882.2008.tb00029.x
- Gullifor, D. P., Gardner, W. L., Karam, E. P., Noghani, F, & Cogliser, C. C. (2024). The impostor phenomenon at work: A systematic evidence-based review, conceptual development, and agenda for future research. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 45(2), 234−251. https://doi.org/10.1002/job.2733
- Haney, T. S., Birkholz, L., & Rutledge, C. (2018). A workshop for addressing the impact of the imposter syndrome on clinical nurse specialists. Clinical Nurse Specialist, 32(4), 189194. https://doi.org/10.1097/nur.0000000000000386
- Harvey, J. C., & Katz, C. (1985). If I’m so successful, why do I feel like a fake? The impostor phenomenon. St Martin’s Press.
- Hewertson, H., & Tissa, F. (2022). Intersectional imposter syndrome: How imposterism affects marginalised groups. Dans M. Addison, M. Breeze & Y. Taylor (Dirs.), The Palgrave handbook of Imposter Syndrome in higher education (p. 19−35). Palgrave Macmillan.
- Holden, C. L., Wright, L. E., Herring, A. M., & Sims, P. L. (2021). Imposter syndrome among first- and continuing-generation college students: The roles of perfectionism and stress. Journal of College Student Retention: Research, Theory & Practice, 25(4), 726−740. https://doi.org/10.1177/15210251211019379
- Holmes, S. W., Kertay, L., Adamson, L. B., Holland, C. L., & Clance, P. R. (1993). Measuring the imposter phenomenon: A comparison of Clance’s IP Scale and Harvey’s I-P Scale. Journal of Personality Assessment, 60(1), 48−59. https://doi.org/10.1207/s15327752jpa6001_3
- Hu, L.-T., & Bentler, P. M. (1999). Cutoff criteria for fit indexes in covariance structure analysis: Conventional criteria versus new alternatives. Structural Equation Modeling, 6(1), 1−55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10705519909540118
- Jensen, L. E., & Deemer, E. D. (2020). Attachment style and self-handicapping: The mediating role of the imposter phenomenon. Social Psychology of Education, 23(5), 12591276. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11218-020-09580-0
- Jöstl, G., Bergsmann, E., Lüftenegger, M., Schober, B., & Spiel, C. (2012). When will they blow my cover? The impostor phenomenon among Austrian doctoral students. Zeitschrift für Psychologie, 220(2), 109−120. https://doi.org/10.1027/2151-2604/a000102
- Kertay, L., Clance, P. R., & Holland, C. L. (1991). A factor study of the Clance Impostor Phenomenon Scale [Document inédit]. Georgia State University.
- Kets de Vries, M. F. R. (2005). The dangers of feeling like a fake. Harvard Business Review, 83(9), 108−159. https://hbr.org/2005/09/the-dangers-of-feeling-like-a-fake
- Kolligian, J., & Sternberg, R. J. (1991). Perceived fraudulence in young adults: Is there an “imposter syndrome”? Journal of Personality Assessment, 56(2), 308326. https://doi.org/10.1207/s15327752jpa5602_10
- Langlois, F., Aubé, W., Roy, P., & Vanasse-Larochelle, J.-P. (2010, octobre 7−10). Confirmatory analysis of the Perfectionism Questionnaire (shorter form) [Communication par affiche]. Annual convention of the European Association for the Advancement of Behavioral cognitive Therapy (EABCT), Milan, Italie. https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Frederic‑Langlois/publication/338950958_Confirmatory_analysis_of_the_Perfectionism_Questionnaire_shorter_form/links/5e34457fa6fdccd9657be830/Confirmatory‑analysis‑of‑the‑Perfectionism‑Questionnaire‑shorter‑form.pdf?origin=scientificContributions
- Latulippe, N. (2021). Symptômes dépressifs postpartum chez les couples : rôles du perfectionnisme et de l’anxiété [Thèse de doctorat, Université de Sherbrooke]. Savoirs UdeS. https://savoirs.usherbrooke.ca/bitstream/handle/11143/17899/Latulippe_Nadia_DPs_2021.pdf?sequence=3&isAllowed=y
- Leary, M. R., Patton, K. M., Orlando, A. E., & Funk, W. W. (2000). The impostor phenomenon: Self-perceptions, reflected appraisals, and interpersonal strategies. Journal of Personality, 68(4), 725−756. https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-6494.00114
- Mak, K. K. L., Kleitman, S., & Abbott, M. J. (2019). Impostor phenomenon measurement scales: A systematic review. Frontiers in Psychology, 10, Article 671. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2019.00671
- Marsh, H. W., Morin, A. J., Parker, P. D., & Kaur, G. (2014). Exploratory structural equation modeling: an integration of the best features of exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis. Annual Review of Clinical Psychology, 10, 85−110. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-clinpsy-032813-153700
- Marsh, H. W., Nagengast, B., & Morin, A. J. S. (2013). Measurement invariance of big-five factors over the life span: ESEM tests of gender, age, plasticity, maturity, and la dolce vita effects. Developmental Psychology, 49(6), 1194–1218. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0026913
- McElwee, R. O., & Yurak, T. J. (2007). Feeling versus acting like an impostor: Real feelings of fraudulence or self-presentation? Individual Differences Research, 5(3), 201−220. https://doi.org/10.65030/idr.05015
- McElwee, R. O., & Yurak, T. J. (2010). The phenomenology of the impostor phenomenon. Individual Differences Research, 8(3), 184−197. https://doi.org/10.65030/idr.08019
- McGregor, L. N., Gee, D. E., & Posey, K. E. (2008). I feel like a fraud and it depresses me: The relation between the imposter phenomenon and depression. Social Behavior and Personality, 36(1), 43−48. https://doi.org/10.2224/sbp.2008.36.1.43
- Menold, N. (2020). Double barreled questions: An analysis of the similarity of elements and effects on measurements quality. Journal of Official Statistics, 36(4), 855−886. https://doi.org/10.2478/jos-2020-0041
- Morin, A. J. S., & Asparouhov, T. (2018). Estimation of a hierarchical exploratory structural equation model (ESEM) using ESEM-within-CFA. Substantive Methodological Synergy Research Laboratory. https://www.statmodel.com/download/Webnote%20‑%20Hierarchical%20Exploratory%20Structural%20Equation%20Model.pdf
- Morin, A. J. S., Marsh, H. W., & Nagengast, B. (2013). Exploratory structural equation modeling. Dans G. Hancock & R. O. Mueller (Dirs.), Structural equation modeling: A second course (2e éd., p. 395−436). Information Age Publishing, Inc.
- Muthén, L. K., & Muthén, B. O. (2002). How to use a Monte Carlo study to decide on sample size and determine power. Structural Equation Modeling, 9(4), 599−620. https://doi.org/10.1207/S15328007SEM0904_8
- Reise, S. P., Scheines, R., Widaman, K. F., & Haviland, M. G. (2013). Multidimensionality and structural coefficient bias in structural equation modeling: A bifactor perspective. Educational and Psychological Measurement, 73(1), 5−26. https://doi.org/10.1177/0013164412449831
- Rodriguez, A., Reise, S. P., & Haviland, M. G. (2016). Evaluating bifactor models: Calculating and interpreting statistical indices. Psychological Methods, 21(2), 137−150. https://doi.org/10.1037/met0000045
- Simon, M., & Choi, Y.-J. (2018). Using factor analysis to validate the Clance Impostor Phenomenon Scale in sample of science, technology, engineering and mathematics doctoral students. Personality and Individual Differences, 121, 173−175. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2017.09.039
- Sverdlik, A., Hall, N. C., & McAlpine, L. (2020). PhD imposter syndrome: Exploring antecedents, consequences, and implications for doctoral well-being. International Journal of Doctoral Studies, 15, 737−758. https://doi.org/10.28945/4670
- Tabachnick, B. G., & Fidell, L. S. (2021). Using multivariate statistics (7e éd.). Pearson Education.
- Ten Berge, J. M., & Sočan, G. (2004). The greatest lower bound to the reliability of a test and the hypothesis of unidimensionality. Psychometrika, 69, 613−625. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02289858
- Tewfik, B. A. (2022). The impostor phenomenon revisited: Examining the relationship between workplace impostor thoughts and interpersonal effectiveness at work. Academy of Management Journal, 65(3), 988−1018. https://doi.org/10.5465/amj.2020.1627
- Tigranyan, S., Byington, D. R., Liupakorn, D., Hicks, A., Lombardi, S., Mathis, M., & Rodolfa, E. (2021). Factors related to the impostor phenomenon in psychology doctoral students. Training and Education in Professional Psychology, 15(4), 298−305. https://doi.org/10.1037/tep0000321
- Tsang, S., Royse, C. F., & Terkawi, A. S. (2017). Guidelines for developing, translating, and validating a questionnaire in perioperative and pain medicine. Saudi Journal of Anesthesia, 11(1), 80−89. https://doi.org/10.4103/sja.SJA_203_17
- Vallerand, R. J. (1989). Vers une méthodologie de validation trans-culturelle de questionnaires psychologiques : implications pour la recherche en langue française. Canadian Psychology, 30(4), 662−680. https://doi.org/10.1037/h0079856
- Vallières, É. F., & Vallerand, R. J. (1990). Traduction et validation canadienne-française de l’Échelle d’estime de soi de Rosenberg. International Journal of Psychology, 25, 305−316. https://doi.org/10.1080/00207599008247865
- van Zyl, L. E., Klibert, J., Shankland, R., See-To, E. W. K., & Rothmann, S. (2022). The General Academic Self-Efficacy Scale: Psychometric properties, longitudinal invariance, and criterion validity. Journal of Psychoeducational Assessment, 40(6), 777−789. https://doi.org/10.1177/07342829221097174
- Wang, B., Andrews, W., Bechtoldt, M. N., Rohrmann, S., & de Vries, R. E. (2022). Validation of the Short Clance Impostor Phenomenon Scale (CIPS-10). European Journal of Psychological Assessment, 40(2), 158168. https://doi.org/10.1027/1015-5759/a000747
- Weekers, L. C., Hutsebaut, J., & Kamphuis, J. H. (2018). The Level of Personality Functioning Scale-Brief Form 2.0: Update of a brief instrument for assessing level of personality functioning. Personality and Mental Health, 13(1), 3−14. https://doi.org/10.1002/pmh.1434
- Yaffe, Y. (2020). Validation of the Clance Impostor Phenomenon Scale with female Hebrew-speaking students. Journal of Experimental Psychopathology, 11(4), 1−8. https://doi.org/10.1177/2043808720974341
- Ziani, M., Roy-Prince, B., Pinget, N., Martin, H., Marquis, I., & Harvey, J.-F. (2020). Le syndrome de l’imposteur : de quoi s’agit-il et comment l’apprivoiser? Revue gestion, 45(1), 68−72. https://doi.org/10.3917/riges.451.0068