Résumés
Résumé
Les personnes touchées par les inondations font face à divers stresseurs qui augmentent leur niveau de stress, nuisent à leur santé mentale et ralentissent leur rétablissement. Cet article présente les résultats d’une étude mixte menée auprès de 680 répondants touchés par les inondations du printemps 2019 au Québec. L’objectif était d’identifier les stresseurs vécus et de mesurer leurs effets sur la santé mentale, notamment sur les symptômes dépressifs, l’anxiété, la détresse psychologique et le trouble de stress post-traumatique. Les résultats démontrent que les stresseurs, qu’ils soient primaires ou secondaires, ont des impacts significatifs sur la santé mentale des participants.
Mots-clés :
- inondations,
- stresseurs,
- santé mentale,
- études mixtes
Abstract
Individuals affected by floods are exposed to a range of stressors that elevate stress levels, adversely affect mental health, and hinder recovery. This article presents findings from a mixed-methods study involving 680 respondents impacted by the 2019 spring floods in Quebec. The study aimed to identify the stressors experienced and evaluate their effects on mental health, focusing on symptoms of depression, anxiety, psychological distress, and post-traumatic stress disorder. Results indicate that both primary and secondary stressors significantly influence participants’ mental well-being, highlighting the need for targeted mental health support in post-disaster recovery efforts.
Keywords:
- floods,
- stressors,
- mental health,
- mixed studies
Parties annexes
Bibliographie
- Anadón, M. (2019). Les méthodes mixtes : implications pour la recherche « dite » qualitative. Recherches qualitatives, 38(1), 105−123. https://doi.org/10.7202/1059650ar
- Apel, D., & Coenen, M. (2021). Physical symptoms and health-care utilization in victims of the 2013 flood disaster in Germany – A longitudinal study of health-related flood consequences and evaluation of psycho-social support. International Journal of Disaster Risk Reduction, 52, Article 101949. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijdrr.2020.101949
- Baulne, J., Courtemanche, R., & Roy, V. (2016). L’Enquête québécoise sur la santé de la population, 2014−2015 : pour en savoir plus sur la santé des Québécois. Institut de la statistique du Québec. https://numerique.banq.qc.ca/patrimoine/details/52327/2827631
- Bei, B., Bryant, C., Gilson, K. M., Koh, J., Gibson, P., Komiti, A., Jackson, H., & Judd, F. (2013). A prospective study of the impact of floods on the mental and physical health of older adults. Aging & Mental Health, 17(8), 992−1002. https://doi.org/10.1080/13607863.2013.799119
- Berren, M. R., Beigel, A., & Ghertner, S. (1980). A typology for the classification of disasters. Community Mental Health Journal, 16(2), 103−111. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00778582
- Bourdeau-Brien, M., & Kryzanowski, L. (2020). Natural disasters and risk aversion. Journal of Economic Behavior & Organization, 177, 818−835. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jebo.2020.07.007
- Boyer-Villemaire, U., Kanli, C. V., Ledoux, G., Gosselin, C.-A., & Templier, S. (2021). Quantifying psychosocial impacts from coastal hazards for cost-benefit analysis in eastern Quebec, Canada. Frontiers in Climate, 3, Article 591416. https://doi.org/10.3389/fclim.2021.591416
- Bryman, A. (2006). Integrating quantitative and qualitative research: How is it done? Qualitative Research, 6(1), 97−113. https://doi.org/10.1177/1468794106058877
- Colbeau-Justin, L., de Vanssay, B., Weiss, K., & Chahraoui, K. (2001). Analyse psychosociologique auprès des sinistrés des inondations de la Somme. Appui ministériel la Mission Interministérielle sur les Crues de la Somme (LC 26−1) & Laboratoire de Psychologie Environnementale. https://www.academia.edu/1568916/Analyse_psychosociologique_aupr%C3%A8s_des_sinistr%C3%A9s_des_inondations_de_la_Somme
- Creswell, J. W., & Clark, V. L. P. (2011). Designing and conducting mixed methods research. SAGE Publications.
- Decent, D., & Feltmate. (2018, juin 11). After the flood: The impact of climate change on mental health and lost time from work. University of Waterloo, ON, Canada. https://www.preventionweb.net/publication/after-flood-impact-climate-change-mental-health-and-lost-time-work
- Dixon, K., Shochet, I., & Shakespeare-Finch, J. (2015). Stress during the rebuilding phase influenced mental health following two Queensland flood disasters more than the event itself. Dans Proceedings of the Australian and New Zealand disaster and emergency management conference – Peer reviewed (p. 21−33). Australian and New Zealand mental health association. https://eprints.qut.edu.au/84338/
- Fernandez, A., Black, J., Jones, M., Wilson, L., Salvador-Carulla, L., Astell-Burt, T., & Black, D. (2015). Flooding and mental health: A systematic mapping review. PloS One, 10(4), Article e0119929. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0119929
- Foudi, S., Osés-Eraso, N., & Galarraga, I. (2017). The effect of flooding on mental health: Lessons learned for building resilience. Water Resources Research, 53(7), 5831−5844. https://doi.org/10.1002/2017WR020435
- Généreux, M., Landaverde, E., & Maltais, D. (2022). Conséquences sociosanitaires des inondations printanières de 2019 : comprendre afin de mieux agir. Dans T. Buffin-Bélanger, D. Maltais & M. Gauthier (Dirs.), Les inondations au Québec : risques, aménagement du territoire, impacts socioéconomiques et transformation des vulnérabilités (1ere éd., p. 365−383). Presses de l’Université du Québec. https://doi.org/10.2307/j.ctv3405p58.26.
- Généreux, M., Lansard, A.-L., Maltais, D., & Gachon, P. (2020). Impacts des inondations sur la santé mentale des Québécois : Pourquoi certains citoyens sont-ils plus affectés que d’autres? [Manuscrit non publié]. Département des sciences humaines, Université du Québec à Chicoutimi. https://constellation.uqac.ca/id/eprint/5862/
- Guinard, A., Dogué, F., Motreff, Y., Pirard, P., Goria, S., Rivière, S., & Mouly, D. (2018). Impact psychologique post-inondations en zone de montagne : effets à court, moyen et long terme. Bulletin épidémiologique hebdomadaire, 1, 17−26. https://www.santepubliquefrance.fr/content/download/183118/2308978?version=1
- Jermacane, D., Waite, T. D., Beck, C. R., Bone, A., Amlôt, R., Reacher, M., Kovats, S., Armstrong, B., Leonardi, G., James Rubin, G., & Oliver, I. (2018). The English national cohort study of flooding and health: The change in the prevalence of psychological morbidity at year two. BMC Public Health, 18(1), Article 330. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-018-5236-9
- Johnson, B., & Turner, L. A. (2003). Data collection strategies in mixed methods research. Dans A. M. Tashakkori & C. B. Teddlie (Dirs.), Handbook of mixed methods in social and behavioral research (p. 297−320). SAGE.
- Kar, N. (2016). Care of older persons during and after disasters: Meeting the challenge. Journal of Geriatric Care and Research, 3(1), 7−12. https://ssrn.com/abstract=2891469
- Kessler, R. C., Andrews, G., Colpe, L. J., Hiripi, E., Mroczek, D. K., Normand, S.-L. T., Walters, E. E., & Zaslavsky, A. M. (2002). Short screening scales to monitor population prevalences and trends in non-specific psychological distress. Psychological Medicine, 32(6), 959−976. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0033291702006074
- Kroenke, K., & Spitzer, R. L. (2002). The PHQ-9: A new depression diagnostic and severity measure. Psychiatric Annals, 32(9), 509−515. https://doi.org/10.3928/0048-5713-20020901-06
- Labbé, J. (2019, juin 6). Inondations : Québec a reçu près de 5000 réclamations jusqu’ici. Radio-Canada. https://ici.radio-canada.ca/nouvelle/1174908/indemnisations-sinistres-crues-printanieres-refoulement-egout
- Lamond, J. E., Rose, C. B., & Booth, C. A. (2015). Evidence for improved urban flood resilience by sustainable drainage retrofit. Proceedings of the Institution of Civil Engineers, 168(2), 101−111. https://doi.org/10.1680/udap.13.00022
- Landaverde, E. (2021). Impacts psychosociaux et leurs stresseurs suite aux inondations de 2019 au Québec : analyse qualitative de groupes Facebook [Présentation PowerPoint]. Département de santé environnementale et santé au travail, Université de Sherbrooke. https://s3.amazonaws.com/public.grenadine.co/global/443/1356/77a455090b710cfb85e4d181a9e4f71a.pdf
- Lock, S., Rubin, G. J., Murray, V., Rogers, M. B., Amlôt, R., & Williams, R. (2012). Secondary stressors and extreme events and disasters: A systematic review of primary research from 2010−2011. PLoS Currents, 4.
- Maltais, D., Bourdeau-Brien, M., Gilbert, S., Normandin, J.-M., Tchassem Pinlap, J., Généreux, M., Landaverde, E., & Boudreault, M. (2023). Impacts et coûts indirects des stresseurs secondaires sur la santé biopsychosociale des sinistrés des inondations de 2019 [Rapport de recherche]. Réseau Inondations InterSectionnel du Québec & Université du Québec à Chicoutimi. https://constellation.uqac.ca/id/eprint/9904/1/Stresseurs%20secindaires%202023%2026juin1.%20Maltais%20et%20al.pdf
- Maltais, D., Gilbert, S., Quirion, R., Pérusse, D., Gachon, P., & Raphoz, M. (2022). Exposition aux inondations : stress, difficultés vécues et conséquences sur différentes sphères de vie des sinistrés. Dans T. Buffin-Bélanger, D. Maltais & M. Gauthier (Dirs.), Les inondations au Québec : risques, aménagement du territoire, impacts socioéconomiques et transformation des vulnérabilités (1ere éd., p. 307−322). Presses de l’Université du Québec. https://doi.org/10.2307/j.ctv3405p58.23
- Maltais, D., Lachance, L., Brassard, A., & Picard, L. (2002). Difficultés et effets à long terme d’une catastrophe en milieu rural : résultats d’une étude combinant les approches qualitative et quantitative. Revue québécoise de psychologie, 23(2), 197−217.
- Maltais, D., Robichaud, S., & Simard, A. (2001). Désastres et sinistrés. Éditions JCL.
- McQuade, L., Merriman, B., Lyford, M., Nadler, B., Desai, S., Miller, R., & Mallette, S. (2018). Emergency department and inpatient health care services utilization by the elderly population: Hurricane Sandy in the state of New Jersey. Disaster Medicine and Public Health Preparedness, 12(6), 730−738. https://doi.org/10.1017/dmp.2018.1
- Ministère de l’Environnement, de la Lutte contre les changements climatiques, de la Faune et des Parcs. (2019). Crue printanière 2019 : un apport en eau record en 57 ans au Sud-Ouest du Québec. https://www.environnement.gouv.qc.ca/climat/Faits-saillants/2019/crue-printaniere.htm
- Ministère de la santé publique. (2018). Plan d’action en matière de sécurité civile relatif aux inondations : vers une société québécoise plus résiliente aux catastrophes. Gouvernement du Québec. https://cdncontenu.quebec.ca/cdncontenu/adm/min/securitepublique/publicationsadm/publicationssecteurs/securitecivile/soutienmunicipalites/pl_action_inondations.pdf?1583766995
- Murphy, S. A. (1986). Perceptions of stress, coping, and recovery one and three years after a natural disaster. Issues in Mental Health Nursing, 8(1), 63−77. https://doi.org/10.3109/01612848609012513
- Nurius, P. S., & Hoy-Ellis, C. P. (2013). Stress effect on health. Encyclopedia of Social Work. https://doi.org/10.1093/acrefore/9780199975839.013.1045
- Paillé, P., & Mucchielli, A. (2021). L’Analyse qualitative en sciences humaines et sociales. Armand Colin.
- Phifer, J. F., & Norris, F. H. (1989). Psychological symptoms in older adults following natural disaster: Nature, timing, duration, and course. Journal of Gerontology, 44(6), S207−S212. https://doi.org/10.1093/geronj/44.6.S207
- Prins, A., Bovin, M. J., Smolenski, D. J., Marx, B. P., Kimerling, R., Jenkins-Guarnieri, M. A., Kaloupek, D. G., Schnurr, P. P., Kaiser, A. P., Leyva, Y. E., & Tiet, Q. Q. (2016). The primary care PTSD screen for DSM-5 (PC-PTSD-5): Development and evaluation within a veteran primary care sample. Journal of General Internal Medicine, 31(10), 1206−1211. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11606-016-3703-5
- Rangell, L. (1976). Disaster at Buffalo Creek. Discussion of the Buffalo Creek disaster: The course of psychic trauma. The American Journal of Psychiatry, 133(3), 313−316. https://doi.org/10.1176/ajp.133.3.313
- Robichaud, S., Maltais, D., Lalande, G., Simard, A., & Moffat, G. (2001). Les inondations de juillet 1996 : une série d’événements stressants. Service social, 48(1), 16−33. https://doi.org/10.7202/006875ar
- Saint-Arnaud, P. (2019, décembre 24). Les inondations, événement climatique de 2019. La Presse. https://www.lapresse.ca/actualites/environnement/2019-12-24/les-inondations-evenement-climatique-de-2019
- SAS Institute Inc. (2013). SAS (version 9.4) [Logiciel].
- Slopen, N., Meyer, C., & Williams, D. R. (2018). Cumulative stress and health. Dans C. D. Ryff & R. F. Krueger (Dirs.), The Oxford handbook of integrative health science (p. 75−86). Oxford University Press. https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190676384.013.5
- Spitzer, R. L., Kroenke, K., Williams, J. B. W., & Löwe, B. (2006). A brief measure for assessing generalized anxiety disorder: The GAD-7. Archives of Internal Medicine, 166(10), 1092−1097. https://doi.org/10.1001/archinte.166.10.1092
- Stanke, C., Murray, V., Amlôt, R., Nurse, J., & Williams, R. (2012). The effects of flooding on mental health: Outcomes and recommendations from a review of the literature. PLoS Currents, 4, Article e4f9f1fa9c3cae. https://doi.org/10.1371/4f9f1fa9c3cae
- Stephenson, J., Vaganay, M., & Cameron, R. (2015). Impact of secondary stressors on urban and rural communities affected by repeated flooding and the potential resulting health implications: A pilot study. International Research Journal of Public and Environmental Health, 2(9), 127−134. https://doi.org/10.15739/IRJPEH.030
- Tempest, E. L., English National Study on Flooding and Health Study Group, Carter, B., Beck, C. R., & Rubin, G. J. (2017). Secondary stressors are associated with probable psychological morbidity after flooding: A cross-sectional analysis. European Journal of Public Health, 27(6), 1042−1047. https://doi.org/10.1093/eurpub/ckx182
- Wheaton, B., & Montazer, S. (2010). Stressors, stress, and distress. Dans T. L. Schied & T. N. Brown (Dirs.), A handbook for the study of mental health: Social contexts, theories, and systems (2e éd., p. 171−199). Cambridge University Press.
- Williams, R., Kemp, V., Porter, K., Healing, T., & Drury, J. (2024). Major incidents, pandemics and mental health: The psychosocial aspects of health emergencies, incidents, disasters and disease putbreaks. Cambridge University Press.
- Woodhall-Melnik, J., & Grogan, C. (2019). Perceptions of mental health and wellbeing following residential displacement and damage from the 2018 St. John River flood. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 16(21), Article 4174. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16214174
- Yates, F. (1934). Contingency tables involving small numbers and the chi-squared test. Supplement to the Journal of the Royal Statistical Society, 1(2), 217−235. https://doi.org/10.2307/2983604
10.7202/1059650ar