Résumés
Résumé
La problématique de l’exposition à la violence conjugale des enfants n’est que peu prise en considération en France. L’objectif de cet article est de recenser les études scientifiques réalisées dans différents pays sur le développement des enfants exposés à la violence conjugale. Notre méthodologie a permis de repérer 58 publications scientifiques. Le premier niveau d’analyse porte sur les spécificités théoriques et méthodologiques des travaux. Le second se centre sur les thématiques analysées dans les études et leurs principaux résultats concernant le développement des enfants. Enfin, le dernier niveau s’attache à appréhender les caractéristiques individuelles des enfants pouvant avoir un effet sur leur développement.
Mots-clés :
- violence conjugale,
- développement de l’enfant,
- enfant exposé
Abstract
The issue of children exposed to domestic violence is slightly taken into consideration in France. The aim of this article is to identify international scientific studies on the development of children exposed to domestic violence. Our methodology has identified 58 scientific publications. The first level of analysis focuses on the theoretical and methodological characteristics of the researches. The second focuses on the themes analyzed in the studies and their main results concerning children's development. Finally, the last level focuses on how to understand the children’s individual characteristics that may have an effect on their development.
Keywords:
- domestic violence,
- chidren development,
- children exposed
Parties annexes
Bibliographie
- Achenbach, T. M. (1991). Manual for the Youth Selfreport and 1991 profile. Burlington, VT : University of Vermont, Department of Psychiatry.
- Albarello, L. (2004). Devenir praticien-chercheur. Comment réconcilier la recherche et la pratique sociale. Bruxelles : De Boeck.
- Beck, A.T., Steer, R.A. et Brown, G. (1996). Beck Depression Inventory. San Antonio : Harcourt Brace and Company.
- Becker, K. B. et McCloskey, L. A. (2002). Attention and conduct problems in children exposed to family violence. American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, 72(1), 83-91.
- Berdot-Talmier, L., Aubrion, C., Pierrehumbert, B. et Zaouche Gaudron, C. (2016). Représentations d’attachement chez les enfants, âgés de 3 à 7 ans, exposés aux violences conjugales. Devenir, 28(1), 21-42.
- Bourassa, C. (2007). Co-occurrence of interparental violence and child physical abuse and it’s effect on the adolescents’ behavior. Journal of Family Violence, 22, 691-701.
- Briere, J. (1989). The trauma symptom checklist for children (TSCC) (Unpublished test) : University of Southern California School of Medecine.
- Buckner, J. C., Beardslee, W. R. et Bassuk, E. L. (2004). Exposure to violence and low-income children’s mental health : direct, moderated, and mediated relations. American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, 74(4), 413-423.
- Chemtob, C. M. et Carlson, J. G. (2004). Psychological effects of domestic violence on children and their mothers. International Journal of Stress Management, 11(3), 209-226.
- Cox, C. E., Kotch, J. B. et Everson, M. D. (2003). A longitudinal study of modifying influences in the relationship between domestic violence and child maltreatment. Journal of Family Violence, 18(1), 5-17.
- Cummings, J. G., Pepler, D. J. et Moore, T. E. (1999). Behavior problems in children exposed to wife abuse: Gender differences. Journal of Family Violence, 14(2), 133-156.
- De la Sablonnière, E. et Fortin, A. (2010). Violence conjugale et qualité de la relation mère enfant: Effet médiateur ou modérateur de la santé des mères? Revue canadienne des sciences du comportement, 42(4), 212-221.
- De la Vega, A., de la Osa, N., Granero, R. et Ezpeleta, L. (2013). Severity of psychological maltreatment and accumulative risk for psychopathology in children of mothers exposed to intimate partner violence. Journal of Family Violence, 28, 427-434.
- Doucet, M. et Fortin, A. (2010). La parentification et les conflits de loyauté chez l’enfant exposé à la violence conjugale: Contribution du point de vue de l’enfant sur la violence. Enfance, 2, 201-221.
- Doucet, M. et Fortin, A. (2014). Examens des profils d’adaptation chez les enfants exposés à la violence conjugale. Revue canadienne des sciences du comportement, 46(2), 162-174.
- English, D. J., Marshall, D. B. et Stewart, A. J. (2003). Effects of family violence on child behavior and health during early childhood. Journal of Family Violence, 18(1), 43-57.
- Fortin, A. et Lachance, L. (2011). La parentification chez l’enfant exposé à la violence conjugale. La revue internationale de l’éducation familiale, 29, 63-86.
- Fainsilber Katz, L., Stettler, N. et Gurtovenko, K. (2016). Traumatic stress symptoms in children exposed to intimate partner violence: The role of parent emotion socialization and children’s emotion regulation abilities. Social Development, 25(1), 47-65.
- Godsall, R. E. et Jurkovic, G. J. (1995). The parentification questionnaire-youth. Atlanta GA: Georgia State University.
- Grych, J. H. et Fincham, F. D. (1990). Marital conflict and child adjustment: A cognitive-contextual framework. Psychological Bulletin, 108(2), 267-290.
- Grych, J. H., Jouriles, E. N., Swank, P. R., McDonald, R. et Norwood, W. D. (2000). Patterns of adjustment among children of battered women. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 68(1), 84-94.
- Grych, J. H., Seid, M. et Fincham, F. D. (1992). Assessing marital conflict from the child’s perspective: The children’s perception of interparental conflict scale. Child Development, 63(3), 558-572.
- Gustafsson, H. C., Coffman, J. L., Harris, L. S., Langley, H. A., Ornstein, P. A. et Cox, M. J. (2013). Intimate partner violence and children’s memory. Journal of Family Psychology, 27(6), 937-944.
- Harding, H. G., Morelen, D., Thomassin, K., Bradbury, L. et Shaffer, A. (2013). Exposure to maternal and paternal perpetrated intimate partner violence, emotion regulation, and child outcomes. Journal of Family Violence, 28, 63-72.
- Holmes, M. R. (2013). The sleeper effect of intimate partner violence exposure: Long-term consequences on young children’s aggressive behavior. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 54(9), 986-995.
- Hunter, E. C. et Graham-Bermann, S. A. (2013). Intimate partner violence and child adjustment: Moderation by father contact? Journal of Family Violence, 28, 435-444.
- Huth-Bocks, A. C., Levendosky, A. A. et Semel, M. A. (2001). The direct and indirect effects of domestic violence on young children’s intellectual functioning. Journal of Family Violence, 16(3), 269-290.
- Insana, S. P., Foley, K., Montgomery-Downs, H. E., Kolko, D. J. et McNeil, C. B. (2014). Children exposed to intimate partner violence demonstrate disturbed sleep and impaired functional outcomes. Psychological Trauma : Theory, Research, Practice and Policy, 6(3), 290-298.
- Johnson, V. K. et Lieberman, A. F. (2007). Variations in behavior problems of preschoolers exposed to domestic violence: The role of mothers’ attunement to children’s emotional experiences. Journal of Family Violence, 22, 297-308.
- Jouriles, E. N., Collazos Spiller, L., Stephens, N., McDonald, R. et Swank, P. (2000). Variability in adjustment of children of battered women: The role of child appraisals of interparent conflict. Cognitive Thearapy and Research, 24(2), 233-249.
- Jouriles, E. N., McDonald, R. Norwood, W. D., Shinn Ware, H., Collazos Spiller, L. et Swank, P. R. (1998). Knives, guns, and interparent violence: Relations with child behavior problems. Journal of Family Psychology, 12(2), 178-194.
- Jouriles, E. N., Norwood, W. D., McDonald, R., Vincent, J. P. et Mahoney, A. (1996). Physical marital violence and other forms of marital aggression: Links with child behavior problems. Journal of Family Psychology, 10, 223-234.
- Jouriles, E. N., Vu, N. L., McDonald, R. et Rosenfield, D. (2014). Children’s appraisals of conflict, beliefs about aggression, and externalizing problems in families characterized by severe intimate partner violence. Journal of Family Psychology, 28(6), 915-924.
- Katz, L. F. et Low, S. M. (2004). Marital violence, co-parenting, and family-level processes in relation to children’s adjustment. Journal of Family Psychology, 18(2), 372-382.
- Kovacs, M. (1992). Children’s depression inventory. New York, NY: Multi-Health Systems.
- Kerig, P. K. (1998). Gender and appraisals as mediators of adjustment in children exposed to interparental violence. Journal of Family Violence, 13(4), 345-363.
- Kolbo, J. (1996). Risk and resilience among children exposed to family violence. Violence and Victims, 11(2), 113-128.
- Krauth-Gruber, S. (2009). La régulation des émotions. Revue électronique de psychologie sociale, 4, 32-39.
- Le Goff J-F. (2005). Thérapeutique de la parentification : une vue d'ensemble. Thérapie familiale, 26(3), 285-298.
- Lehmann, P. et Elliston, E. J. (2001). Traumatic responding in children exposed to domestic violence: A cross-cultural study. Journal of Ethnic and Cultural Diversity in Social Work, 10(4), 81-102.
- Lemmey, D., Watson, K., Malecha, A., Henderson Gist, J., McFarlane, J., Fredland, N., … Schultz, P. (2001). Severity of violence against women correlates with behavioral problems in their children. Pediatric Nursing, 27(3), 265-270.
- Levendosky, A. A., Huth-Bocks, A. C., Semel, M. A. et Shapiro, D. L. (2002). Trauma symptoms in preschool-age children exposed to domestic violence. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 17(2), 150-164.
- Levendosky, A. A., Huth-Bocks, A. C., Shapiro, D. L. et Semel, M. A. (2003). The Impact of domestic violence on the maternal–child relationship and preschool-age children’s functioning. Journal of Family Psychology, 17(3), 275-287.
- Ma, M. G. (2009). Impact of domestic violence on the psychological wellbeing of children in Iran. Journal of Family Studies, 15, 284-295.
- Martinez-Torteya, C., Bogat, G. A., von Eye, A. et Levendosky, A. A. (2009). Resilience among children exposed to domestic violence: The role of risk and protective factors. Child Development, 80(2), 562-577.
- Maughan, A. et Ciccheti, D. (2002). Impact of child maltreatment and interadult violence on children’s emotion regulation abilities and socioemotional adjustment. Child Development, 73(5), 1525-1542.
- McCloskey, L. A. et Walker, M. (2000). Posttraumatic stress in children exposed to family violence and single-event trauma. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 39(1), 108-115.
- Moylan, C. A., Herrenkohl, T. I., Sousa, C., Tajima, E. A., Herrenkohl, R. C. et Russo, M. J. (2010). The effects of child abuse and exposure to domestic violence on adolescent internalizing and externalizing behavior problems. Journal of Family Violence, 25, 53-63.
- Ornduff, S. R. et Monahan, K. (1999). Children’s understanding of parental violence. Child and Youth Care Forum, 28(5), 351-364.
- Paul, O. (2015). Développement socio-affectif des enfants exposés à la violence conjugale : une approche de la sécurité émotionnelle. Thèse de doctorat Nouveau Régime, Université Toulouse 2 Jean Jaurès.
- Paul, O. et Zaouche Gaudron, C. (2017). Symptômes de stress post-traumatique chez les enfants exposés à la violence conjugale : le rôle des conflits de loyauté. Revue Canadienne des Sciences du Comportement, 49(1), 32-40.
- Paul, O. et Zaouche Gaudron, C. (2018). Perception de la menace, sentiment de blâme, et symptômes de stress post-traumatique de l’enfant exposé à la violence conjugale. Neuropsychiatrie de l’Enfance et de l’Adolescence, 66(1), 38-46.
- Radloff, L. S. (1977). The CED-D scale: a self-report depression scale for research in the general population. Applied Psychological Measurement, 1, 385-401.
- Renner, L. M. et Boel-Studt, S. (2013). The relation between intimate partner violence, parenting stress, and child behavior problems. Journal of Family Violence, 28, 201-212.
- Richters, J. E. et Martinez, P. E. (1990). Things I have seen and heard: An interview for young children about exposure to violence. Rockville, MD: Child and Adolescent Disorders Research Branch, National Institute of Mental Health.
- Riesen, Y. et Porath, M. (2004). Self-worth and social support of children exposed to marital violence. Canadian Journal of School Psychology, 19, 75-97.
- Saunders, D. G. (1994). Posttraumatic stress symptom profiles of battered women: A comparison of survivors in two settings. Violence and Victims, 9(10), 31-44.
- Savard, N. (2011). Le développement socio-affectif de l’enfant d’âge pré-scolaire exposé à la violence conjugale : une approche éco-systémique (Thèse de Doctorat non publiée). Université Toulouse II - Le Mirail, Toulouse.
- Savard, N. et Zaouche Gaudron, C. (2010). État des lieux des recherches sur les enfants exposés à la violence conjugale. Neuropsychiatrie de l’Enfance et de l’Adolescence, 58, 513-522.
- Savard, N. et Zaouche Gaudron, C. (2014). Violence conjugale, stress maternel et développement de l’enfant. Revue Canadienne des Sciences du Comportement, 46(2), 216-225.
- Scheeringa, M. S. et Zeanah, C. H. (1994). PTSD semi-structured interview and observational record for infants and young children. Nouvelle-Orléans, LA: Department of Psychiatry and Neurology, Tulane University Health Sciences Center.
- Shields, A. et Cicchetti, D. (1997). Emotion regulation among school-age children: The development and validation of a new criterion Q-sort scale. Developmental Psychology, 33, 906-916.
- Spilsbury, J. C., Belliston, L., Drotar, D., Drinkard, A., Kretschmar, J., Creeden, R., … Friedman, S. (2007). Clinically significant trauma symptoms and behavioral problems in a community-based sample of children exposed to domestic violence. Journal of Family Violence, 22, 487-499.
- Spilsbury, J. C., Kahana, S., Drotar, D., Creeden, R., Flannery, D. J. et Friedman, S. (2008). Profiles of behavioral problems in children who witness domestic violence. Violence and Victims, 23(1), 3-17.
- Spitzer, M. L., Williams, J. B. W., Gibbon, M. et First, M. B. (1990). SCID user’s guide for the structured clinical interview for DSM-III-R. Washington DC : American Psychiatric Press.
- Straus, M. A., (1979). Measuring intrafamily conflict and violence: The Conflict Tactics Scales. Journal of Mariage and the Family, 41, 75-88.
- Tailor, K., Stewart-Tufescu, A. et Piotrowski, C. (2015). Children exposed to intimate partner violence: influences of parenting, family distress, and siblings. Journal of Family Psychology, 29(1), 29-38.
- Thornton, V. (2014). Understanding the emotional impact of domestic violence on young children. Educational and Child Psychology, 31(1), 90-101.
- Ulu, I. P. et Fisiloglu, H. (2002). The relationship between Turkish children’s perceptions of marital conflict and their internalizing and externalizing problems. International Journal of Psychology, 37, 369-378.
- Waters, E. (1987). Attachment behavior Q-set (Revision 3.0). Document non publié, SUNY, Department of Psychology, Stony Brook.
- Wechsler, D. (1989). Manual for the Wechsler Preschool and Primary Scale of Intelligence – Revised. San Antonio, TX : Psychological Corporation.
- Wolfe, V. V., Gentile, C. et Wolfe, D. A. (1989). The impact of sexual abuse on children: A PTSD formulation. Behavior Therapy, 20, 215–228.
- Wolfe, V. V. et Lehmann, P. (1992). The children’s impact of traumatic events scale - family violence form (CITES-FVF). Unpublished assessment instrument. Children’s Hospital of Western Ontario, London, Ontario.
- Ybarra, G. J., Wilkens, S. L. et Lieberman, A. F. (2007). The influence of domestic violence on preschooler behavior and functioning. Journal of Family Violence, 22, 33-42.
- Zaouche Gaudron, C. et Paul, O. (2014). Le développement socio-affectif des enfants exposés à la violence conjugale et leurs représentations de cette violence : une approche de la sécurité émotionnelle. Rapport final de recherche Observatoire National de l’Enfance en Danger (ONED).
- Zarling, A. L., Taber-Thomas, S., Murray, A., Knuston, J. F., Lawrence, E., Valles, N-L., … Bank, L. (2013). Internalizing and externalizing symptoms in young children exposed to intimate partner violence: Examining intervening processes. Journal of Family Psychology, 27(6), 945-955.