Résumés
Abstract
While some scholars in eighteenth-century England identified a link between the smell of the dead and the spread of diseases, it was not until the nineteenth century that the dead were no longer buried in London’s inner-urban churchyards. This article draws attention to the multiplicity of voices when it came to the links between bad smells and disease and argues that whether there was a connection between the two was by no means a matter of scholarly consensus. While some hygiene reformers emphasized the possibility of the spread of diseases through the air, others opposed this view, and while theories about miasma retained some influence, they were also challenged and debated. This article therefore challenges a linear narrative of the movement of dead bodies from inner-urban cemeteries to the outskirts of towns based on fears that the dead might spread harmful vapours. It argues instead that already in the eighteenth century, prominent medical professionals questioned the connection between a pollution of the air through the dead and a spread of diseases. Even in the nineteenth century, there was no straightforward deodorization effort, but it was rather the confluence of a range of different factors, only one of which involved concerns about hygiene, that led to the relocation of burial sites. Taking the example of the English metropolis of London, this article shows that considering the smell of the dead can enhance our understanding of the functioning and planning of towns as well as the spaces of the dead more generally.
Keywords:
- Contagion,
- Miasma,
- Urban Health,
- Hygiene,
- Disease,
- Cemeteries,
- London
Résumé
Si certains érudits du XVIIIe siècle anglais ont établi un lien entre l’odeur des morts et la propagation des maladies, ce n’est qu’au xixe siècle que l’on cessa d’enterrer les morts dans les cimetières intra-urbains de Londres. Le présent article souligne la multiplicité des voix qui se sont exprimées sur les liens entre les mauvaises odeurs et les maladies, et soutient que l’existence d’un lien entre ces deux phénomènes ne faisait en aucun cas l’objet d’un consensus savant. Alors que certains réformateurs sanitaires insistaient sur la possibilité d’une transmission aérienne des maladies, d’autres rejetaient cette hypothèse; et si les théories miasmatiques conservaient une certaine influence, elles faisaient également l’objet de débats. Cet article remet ainsi en question le récit linéaire voulant que les cadavres aient été déplacés des cimetières intra-urbains vers la périphérie des villes par crainte que les morts ne répandent des vapeurs nocives. Il soutient plutôt que dès le XVIIIe siècle, d’éminents professionnels de la santé ont mis en doute le lien entre la pollution de l’air par les morts et la propagation des maladies. Même au XIXe siècle, il n’y a pas eu de tentative directe de purification de l’air, et c’est plutôt une convergence de facteurs, dont un seul était lié aux préoccupations sanitaires, qui a conduit au déplacement des lieux d’inhumation. En prenant pour exemple la métropole anglaise de Londres, cet article montre que la prise en compte de l’odeur des morts peut nous aider à mieux comprendre le fonctionnement et l’aménagement des villes, ainsi que les espaces dédiés aux morts de manière plus générale.
Mots-clés :
- Contagion,
- Miasmes,
- Santé urbaine,
- Hygiène,
- Maladie,
- Cimetières,
- Londres
Parties annexes
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