Résumés
Abstract
In the tourism sector, owner-managers have distinct characteristics. SMEs face unique challenges for growth. This study explores the characteristics of Canadian owner-managers of tourism SMEs. We conducted a research based on focus groups and questionnaires. We developed a method of classifying these owner-managers considering their propensity to invest and renew their offerings and the evolution of their firms in terms of profits. A two-step multidimensional cluster analysis gives us six categories of owner-managers: Lifestyles, Procrastinators, Harvesters, Gamblers, Strugglers, and Performers. We explain these categories and discuss recommendations.
Keywords:
- taxonomy,
- owner-managers,
- tourism SMEs
Résumé
Dans le secteur du tourisme, les dirigeants-propriétaires ont des caractéristiques distinctives et leurs PME font face à des défis uniques. À partir de focus-groups et de questionnaires, nous explorons les caractéristiques des dirigeants-propriétaires canadiens de PME touristiques. Nous avons développé une méthode pour classer les dirigeants-propriétaires basée sur leur propension à investir et à renouveler leurs offres; ainsi que sur l’évolution de leurs bénéfices. L’application du two-step multidimensional cluster analysis a fait émerger six catégories de dirigeants-propriétaires: Style-de-vie, Procrastinateurs, Moissonneurs, Parieurs, Batailleurs, et Performants. Nous analysons ces catégories et proposons des recommandations.
Mots-clés :
- taxonomie,
- dirigeants-propriétaires,
- PME touristiques
Resumen
En el sector turístico, los dirigentes-propietarios tienen características distintivas y sus Pymes se enfrentan con desafíos únicos para crecer. Realizando focus-goups y aplicando cuestionarios, este artículo explora las características de los dirigentes-propietarios canadienses de Pymes turísticas. Se desarrolló un nuevo y práctico método para clasificar los dirigentes-propietarios basado en su propensión a invertir y a renovar la oferta; así como en la evolución de sus empresas en términos beneficios. Aplicando el two-step multidimensional cluster analysis se dentificaron seis categorías de dirigentes-propietarios: Estilo-de-vida, Procrastinadores, Cosechadores, Apostadores, Luchadores, y Alto-rendimiento. En el artículo se analizan las categorías y se discuten algunas recomendaciones.
Palabras clave:
- taxonomía,
- dirigentes-propietarios,
- Pymes turísticas
Parties annexes
Bibliography
- Andrews, J. L.; McNicholas, P. D. (2012). “Model-based clustering, classification, and discriminant analysis via mixtures of multivariate t-distributions”, Statistics and Computing, Vol. 22, Nº 5, p. 1021-1029.
- Aspelund, A.; Moen, O. (2005). “Small International Firms: Typology, Performance and Implications”, Management International Review, Vol. 45, Nº 3, p. 37-57.
- Bailey, K. D. (1994). Typologies and Taxonomies: An Introduction to Classification Theories, Thousand Oaks: Sage, 90 p.
- Bédard-Maltais, P. O. (2015). “SME Profile: Tourism Industries in Canada”, Industry Canada, Retrieved July 23, 2016, from www.ic.gc.ca.
- Birley, S.; Westhead, P. (1994). “A Taxonomy of Business Start-up reasons and their Impact on Firm Growth and Size”, Journal of Business Venturing, Vol. 9. Nº 1, p. 7-31.
- Bredvold, R.; Skalen, P. (2016). “Lifestyle entrepreneurs and their identity construction: A study of the tourism industry”, Tourism Management, Vol. 56, p. 96-105.
- Bridge, S.; O’Neill, K. (2008). Understanding enterprise, entrepreneurship and small business (3rd ed.). Basingstoke, UK: Palgrave Macmillan.
- Bruderl, J.; Schussler; R. F. (1990). “Organizational mortality: The liabilities of newness and adolescence”, Administrative Science Quarterly, Vol. 39, Nº 4, p. 530-547.
- Brush, C. G.; Ceru, D.J.; Blackburn, R. (2009). “Pathways to entrepreneurial growth: The influence of management, marketing, and money”, Business Horizons, Vol. 52, Nº 5, p. 481-491.
- Canadian Tourism Commission. (2014). Tourism as Canada’s Engine for Growth: 2014-2018 Corporate Plan Summary,https://www.destinationcanada.com/sites/default/files/archive/2014-01-01AboutUs_Publications_CorporatePlanSummary_2014-2018_EN.pdf
- Carlisle, S.; Kunc, M.; Jones, E.; Tiffin, S. (2013). “Supporting innovation for tourism development through multi-stakeholder approaches: Experiences from Africa”, Tourism Management, Vol. 35, p. 3559-3569.
- Carlsen, J.; Morrison, A.; Weber, P. (2008). “Lifestyle Oriented Small Tourism Firms”, Tourism Recreation Research, Vol. 33, Nº 3, p. 255-263
- Chou, M. C. (2013). “Does tourism development promote economic growth in transition countries? A panel data analysis”, Economic Modelling, Vol. 33, Issue C, p. 226-232.
- Čivre, Ž.; Gomezelj Omerzel, D. (2015). “The behaviour of tourism firms in the area of innovativeness”, Economic Research-Ekonomska Istraživanja, Vol. 28. No 1, p. 312-330.
- Cohen, E. (1988). “Tourism and aids in Thailand”. Annals of Tourism Research, Vol. 15 Nº 4, p. 467-486.
- Covin, J. G.; Slevin, D. P.; Covin, T. J. (1990). “Content and Performance of Growth-Seeking strategies: A Comparison of Small Firms in High- and Low-Technology Industries”, Journal of Business Venturing, Vol. 5, Nº 6, p. 391-412.
- Croes, R. (2010). “Measuring and explaining competitiveness in the context of small island destinations”, Journal of Travel Research, Vol. 50, Nº 4, p. 431-442.
- Delmar, F.; Wiklund, J. (2008). “The Effect of Small Business Managers’ Growth Motivation on Firm Growth: A Longitudinal Study”, Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, Vol. 32, Nº 3, p. 437-457.
- DeTienne, D. R.; Shepherd; D. A.; De Castro, J. O. (2008). “The fallacy of “only the strong survive”: The effects of extrinsic motivation on the persistence decisions for underperforming firms”, Journal of Business Venturing, Vol. 23, Nº 5, p. 528-546.
- Dewhurst, P.; Horobin, H. (1998). “Small business owners”. In Thomas, R.(Ed.), The Management of Small Tourism and Hospitality Firms (p. 19-38). Cassell, London.
- Di Domenico, M. (2005). “Producing hospitality, consuming lifestyles: lifestyle entrepreneurship in urban Scotland”. In E. Jones, & C. Haven-Tang (Eds.), Tourism SMEs, service quality and destination competitiveness (pp. 109-122). CABI: Wallingford.
- Doty, D. H.; Glick, W. H. (1994). “Typologies as a Unique Form of Theory Building: Toward Improved Understanding and Modelling”, The Academy of Management Review, Vol. 19, Nº 2, p. 230-251.
- Ferreira, J.J.; Azevedo, S.G.; Cruz, R.P. (2011). “SME growth in the service sector: a taxonomy combining life-cycle and resource-based theories”, The Service Industries Journal, Vol. 31, Nº 2, p.251-271.
- Getz, D.; Carlsen, J.; Morrison A. (2004). The Family Business in Tourism and Hospitality, Cabi Publishing, Cambridge, MA.
- Getz, D.; Petersen, T. (2005). “Growth and profit-oriented entrepreneurship among family business owners in the tourism and hospitality industry”, Hospitality Management, Vol. 24, Nº 2, p. 219-242
- Getz, D.; Carlsen, J. (2005). “Family Business in Tourism: State of the Art”, Annals of Tourism Research, Vol. 32, Nº 1, p. 237-258
- Getz, D. (2008). “Event tourism: Definition, evolution, and research”, Tourism Management, Vol. 29, p. 403-428.
- Getz, D.; Page, S. J. (2016). “Progress and prospects for event tourism research”, Tourism Management, Vol. 52, p. 593-631.
- Griliches, Z.; Regev, H. (1995). “Firm productivity in Israeli industry 1979-1988”, Journal of Econometrics, Vol. 65, Nº 1, p. 175-203.
- Guzman-Parra, V. F.; Quintana-Garcia, C.; Benavides-Velasco, C. A.; Vila-Oblitas, J. R. (2015). “Trends and seasonal variation of tourist demand in Spain: The role of rural tourism”, Tourism Management Perspectives, Vol. 16, p. 123-128.
- Haber, S.; Reichel, A. (2007). “The cumulative nature of the entrepreneurial process: The contribution of human capital, planning and environment resources to small venture performance”, Journal of Business Venturing, Vol. 22, Nº 1, p. 119-145.
- Heilbrunn, S.; Rozenes, S.; Vitner; G. (2011). “A DEA based taxonomy to map successful SMEs”, International Journal of Business and Social Science, Vol. 2, Nº 2, p. 232-241.
- Hovhannisyan, N.; Keller, W. (2015). “International business travel: an engine of innovation?”, Journal of Economic Growth, Vol. 20, Nº 1, p. 75-104.
- Ibanescu, M., Cisneros, L., et Chirita, G. (2015). “Une taxonomie des entreprises du secteur du tourisme”, 2ème Conférence de l’Association Francophone de Management du Tourisme (AFMAT), EM Strasbourg, 12 et 13 Mai, Strasbourg, France.
- Jennings, P. D.; Greenwood, R.; Lounsbury, M. D.; Suddaby, R. (2013). “Institutions, entrepreneurs, and communities: A special issue on entrepreneurship”, Journal of Business Venturing, Vol. 28, Nº1, p. 1-9.
- Julien, P.A. (1994). Les PME, bilan et perspectives, Economica: Paris.
- Julien, P.A. (1998). The state of the art in small business and entrepreneurship, Ashgate: Aldershot.
- King, B.; Edward, J. B.; Whitelaw, P. A. (2014). “Hungry for Growth? Small and Medium-sized Tourism Enterprise (SMTE) Business Ambitions, Knowledge Acquisition and Industry Engagement”, International Journal of Tourism Research, Vol. 16, Nº 3, p. 272-281.
- Koh, K.Y.; Hatten, T.S. (2002) “The Tourism Entrepreneur”, International Journal of Hospitality & Tourism Administration, Vol. 3, Nº 1, p. 21-48
- Kokkranikal, J.; Morrison, A. (2011). “Community networks and sustainable livelihoods in tourism: the role of entrepreneurial innovation”, Journal of Tourism Planning and Development, Vol. 8, Nº 2, p. 137-156
- Komppula, R. (2014). “The role of individual entrepreneurs in the development of competitiveness for a rural tourism destination – A case study”, Tourism Management, Vol. 40, p. 361-371.
- Lashley, C.; Rowson, B. (2010). “Lifestyle businesses: Insights into Blackpool’s hotel sector”, International Journal of Hospitality Management, Vol. 29, Nº 3, p. 511-519
- Li, L. (2008). “A review of entrepreneurship research published in the hospitality and tourism management journals”, Tourism Management, Vol. 29, Nº 5, p. 1013-1022.
- Libaers, D.; Hicks, D.; Porter, A. L. (2010). “A taxonomy of small firm technology commercialization”, Industrial and Corporate Change, Vol. 21, Nº 1, p. 1-35.
- Maitlis, S.; Christianson, M. (2014). “Sensemaking in organizations: Taking stock and moving forward”, The Academy of Management Annals, Vol. 8, Nº 1, p. 57-125.
- Markusen, A. (1999). “Fuzzy concepts, scanty evidence, policy distance: the case for rigour and policy relevance in critical regional studies”, Regional Studies, Vol. 33, Nº 9, p. 869-884.
- Miles, R. E.; Snow, C. C.; Meyer, A. D.; Coleman, H. J. (1978). “Organizational Strategy, Structure, and Process”, Academy of Management Review, Vol. 3, Nº 3, p. 546-562.
- Mintzberg, H. (1973). The Nature of Managerial Work, Harper & Row New York, NY.
- Mok, C.; Sparks, B.; Kadampully, J. (2013). Service quality management in hospitality, tourism, and leisure. Routledge.
- Morrison, A. (2006). “A contextualisation of entrepreneurship”, International Journal of Entrepreneurial Behavior & Research, Vol. 12, Nº 4, p. 192-209
- Morrison, A.; Carlsen, J.; Weber, P. (2010). “Small tourism business research change and evolution”, International Journal of Tourism Research, Vol. 12, Nº 6, p. 739-749
- Morrison, A.; Rimmington, M.; Williams, C. (1999). Entrepreneurship in the Hospitality, Tourism and Leisure Industries. Oxford: Butterworth Heinemann.
- Morrison, A.; Teixeira, R. (2004). “Small business performance: A tourism sector focus”, Small Business and Enterprise Development, Vol. 11, Nº 2, p. 166-173.
- Mottiar, Z. (2007). “Lifestyle entrepreneurs and spheres of inter-firm relations: The case of Westport, Co Mayo, Ireland”, The International Journal of Entrepreneurship and Innovation, Vol. 8, Nº 1, p. 67-74.
- Page, S. J.; Getz, D. (1997). The business of rural tourism: International Perspectives, Boston, MA: International Thomson Business Press
- Peters, M.; Schuckert, M. (2014). “Tourism entrepreneurs’ perception of quality of life: an explorative study”, Tourism Analysis, Vol. 19, Nº 6, p. 731-740
- Peters, M.; Frehse, J.; Buhalis, D. (2009). “The importance of lifestyle entrepreneurship: A conceptual study of the tourism industry”, Pasos, Vol. 7, Nº 3, p. 393-405.
- Pierce, A. (2011). “Small Business. Financing Profiles: Small and Medium-Sized Enterprises in Tourism Industries”, SME Financing Data Initiative, Canadian Government.
- Piergiovanni, R.; Santarelli, E.; Klomp, L.; Thurik, R. (2003). “Gibrat’s Law and firm size/firm growth relationship in Italian small scale services”, Revue d’Économie Industrielle, Vol. 102, Nº 1, p. 69-82
- Proença, S.; Soukiazis, E. (2008). “Tourism as an Economic Growth Factor: A Case Study for Southern European Countries”, Tourism Economics, Vol. 14, Nº 4, p. 791-806.
- Shaw, G.; Williams, A. (2004). “From Lifestyle Consumption to Lifestyle Production: Changing Patterns of Tourism Entrepreneurship”. In R. Thomas (ed.) Small Firms in Tourism: International Perspectives (p.99-113). Oxford: Elsevier,
- Simon, H. A. (1959). “Theories of decision-making in economics and behavioral science”, American Economic Review, Vol. 49, Nº 3, p. 253-283.
- Sinclair-Maragh, G.; Gursoy, D. (2015). “Imperialism and tourism: The case of developing island countries”, Annals of Tourism Research, Vol. 50, p. 143-158.
- Singh, G.; DeNoble, A, (2003). “Early retirees as the next generation of entrepreneurs”, Entrepreneurship Theory & Practice, Vol. 23, Nº 3, p. 207-226
- Smith, S. L. J. (2014) Tourism Analysis: A Handbook, 2nd edition, New York: NY, Routledge.
- Statistics Canada (2012) Provincial-Territorial Human Resource Module of the Tourism Satellite Accounts, Research paper Nº 13-604-M
- Stewart, D. (2007). “(Why) Taxonomies need XML”, EContent, Vol. 30, Nº 2, p. 46-51.
- Stinchcombe, A. L. (1965). “Social structure and organizations”. In J. G. March (Ed.), Handbook of organizations, (p. 142-193).Chicago: Rand-McNally.
- St-Pierre, J.; Fadil, N. (2016). “Finance entrepreneuriale et réalité des PME: une enquête internationale sur les connaissances et les pratiques académiques des chercheurs”, Management International, Vol. 20, Nº 2, p. 52-68.
- Sum, C.-C; Kow; L. S; Chen, C.-S. (2004). “A taxonomy of operations strategies of high performing small and medium enterprises in Singapore”, International Journal of Operations & Product Management, Vol. 24, Nº 3, p. 321-345.
- Thomas, R.; Shaw, G.; Page, S. J. (2011). “Understanding small firms in tourism: A Perspective on Research Trends and Challenges”, Tourism Management, Vol. 32, Nº 5, p. 963-976.
- Torrès. O. (1999). Les PME, Editions Flammarion, Collection DOMINOS, 128 p.
- Torrès, O. (2004a). “The SME concept of Pierre-André Julien: an analysis in terms of proximity”, Piccola Impresa/Small Business, Nº 2, p. 1-12.
- Torrès, O. (2004b) “The Proximity Law of Small Business Management: Between Closeness and Closure”, 49th International Congress of Small Business (ICSB), Johannesburg, South Africa, 20-3 June.
- Torrès, O.; Julien, P.A. (2005). “Specificity and denaturing of small business”, International Small Business Journal, Vol. 23, Nº 4, p. 355-377.
- Temiz, D.; Gökmen, A. (2014). “FDI inflow as an international business operation by MNCs and economic growth: An empirical study on Turkey”, International Business Review, Vol. 23, Nº 1, p. 145-154.
- Ucbasaran, D.; Shepherd, D. A.; Lockett, A.; Lyon, J. (2013). “Life after business failure: The process and consequences of business failure for entrepreneurs”, Journal of Management, Vol. 39, Nº 1, p. 163-202
- Uysal, M.; Sirgy, M. J.; Woo, E.; Kim, H. L. (2016). “Quality of life (QOL) and well-being research in tourism”, Tourism Management, Vol. 53, Nº 1, p. 244-261.
- World and Travel Council (2016). Travel & tourism, economic world impact, https://www.wttc.org/-/media/files/reports/economic%20impact%20research/regions%202016/world2016.pdf.
10.7202/1046562ar