Résumés
Résumé
La compétence est une qualité recherchée dans toutes les sphères de la vie en société. C’est la raison pour laquelle cette notion a fait l’objet, depuis plusieurs années, de nombreuses recherches dans différents domaines comme la psychologie, la gestion et l’éducation. Plus récemment, une littérature scientifique distincte s’est développée autour de la notion de compétence éthique. Les modèles proposés manquent toutefois de détails sur ses caractéristiques et ses mécanismes cognitifs spécifiques. Cet article propose donc un modèle de la compétence éthique et de ses sous-caractéristiques ayant été validé par la méthode de Delphes (Delphi) auprès d’éthiciens professionnels québécois.
Mots-clés :
- compétence,
- éthique,
- modèle,
- cognition,
- Delphes
Abstract
Competence is a sought-after quality in all spheres of life in society. This is why, for several years now, this concept has been the subject of extensive research in various fields such as psychology, management, and education. More recently, a distinct body of scientific literature has emerged around the concept of ethical competence. However, the proposed models lack details regarding their specific characteristics and cognitive mechanisms. This article proposes a model of ethical competence and its sub-characteristics that has been validated using the Delphi method among professional ethicists in Quebec.
Keywords:
- competence,
- ethics,
- model,
- cognition,
- Delphi method
Parties annexes
Bibliographie
- Académie française. (s.d.). Compétence. Dans Dictionnaire de l'Académie française. Consulté le 13 février 2026, sur https://www.dictionnaire-academie.fr/article/A9C3231
- Aristote (1959), Éthique à Nicomaque (trad. J. Tricot), Paris, Vrin.
- Armstrong, M. (2006). A handbook of human resource management practice (10e éd.). Kogan Page.
- Artus, P., Betbèse, J.-P., de Boissieu, C., et Capelle-Blancard, G. (2008). La crise des subprimes. La documentation française. https://cae-eco.fr/static/pdf/078.pdf
- Asahara, K., Kobayashi, M., et Ono, W. (2015). Moral competence questionnaire for public health nurses in Japan: Scale development and psychometric validation. Japan Journal of Nursing Science, 12(1), 18-26. https://doi.org/10.1111/jjns.12044
- Bandura, A. (1977). Self-efficacy: Toward a unifying theory of behavioral change. Psychological Review, 84(2), 191-215. https://psycnet.apa.org/doi/10.1037/0033-295X.84.2.191
- Barkhordari-Sharifabad, M., Ashktorab, T., et Atashzadeh-Shoorideh, F. (2018). Ethical leadership outcomes in nursing: A qualitative study. Nursing Ethics, 25(8), 1051-1063. https://doi.org/10.1177/0969733016687157
- Bégin, L. (2011). La compétence éthique en contexte professionnel. Dans L. Langlois (dir.) Le professionnalisme et l’éthique au travail (p. 105-122). Presses de l’Université Laval.
- Bergenhenegouwen, G. J. (1996). Competence development ‐ A challenge for HRM professionals: Core competences of organizations as guidelines for the development of employees. Journal of European Industrial Training, 20(9), 29-35. https://doi.org/10.1108/03090599610150282
- Beiderbeck, D., Frevel, N., Von Der Gracht, H. A., Schmidt, S. L., et Schweitzer, V. M. (2021). Preparing, conducting, and analyzing Delphi surveys: Cross-disciplinary practices, new directions, and advancements. MethodsX, 8, 101401. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mex.2021.101401
- Boyatzis, R. E. (1982). The competent manager: A guide for effective management. Wiley.
- Bratz, J. K. A. et Sandoval-Ramirez, M. (2018). Ethical competences for the development of nursing care. Revista brasileira de enfermagem, 71(suppl4), 1810-1814. https://doi.org/10.1590/0034-7167-2017-0539
- Canadian Psychological Association. (2017). Canadian Code of ethics for psychologists (4e éd.). CPA.
- Centre national de ressources textuelles et lexicales. (CNRTL). (2012). Outils et ressources pour un traitement optimisé de la langue. https://www.cnrtl.fr/definition/academie9/ethique
- Chambers, D. W. (2011). Developing a self‐scoring comprehensive instrument to measure Rest’s four‐component model of moral behavior: The Moral Skills Inventory. Journal of Dental Education, 75(1), 23-35. https://doi.org/10.1002/j.0022-0337.2011.75.1.tb05019.x
- Cheetham, G. et Chivers, G. (1996). Towards a holistic model of professional competence. Journal of European Industrial Training, 20(5), 20-30. https://doi.org/10.1108/03090599610119692
- Collin, A. (1989). Managers’ competence: Rhetoric, reality and research. Personnel Review, 18(6), 20-25. https://doi.org/10.1108/00483488910133459
- De Casterlé, B. D., Izumi, S., Godfrey, N. S., et Denhaerynck, K. (2008). Nurses’ responses to ethical dilemmas in nursing practice: Meta‐analysis. Journal of Advanced Nursing, 63(6), 540-549. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2648.2008.04702.x
- De las Fuentes, C., Willmuth, M. E., et Yarrow, C. (2005). Competency training in ethics education and practice. Professional Psychology: Research and Practice, 36(4), 362-366. https://doi.org/10.1037/0735-7028.36.4.362
- Deci, E. L. et Moller, A. C. (2005). The concept of competence: A starting place for understanding intrinsic motivation and self-determined extrinsic motivation. Dans A. J. Elliot et C. S. Dweck (dir.), Handbook of Competence and Motivation (p. 579-597). Guilford Publications.
- Deci, E. L. et Ryan, R. M. (dir.). (2004). Handbook of self-determination research. University Rochester Press.
- Diamond, I. R., Grant, R. C., Feldman, B. M., Pencharz, P. B., Ling, S. C., Moore, A. M., et Wales, P. W. (2014). Defining consensus: A systematic review recommends methodologic criteria for reporting of Delphi studies. Journal of Clinical Epidemiology, 67(4), 401‑409. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclinepi.2013.12.002
- Dragomir, A. I., Boucher, V. G., Bacon, S. L., Gemme, C., Szczepanik, G., Corace, K., Campbell, T. S., Vallis, M. T., Garber, G., Rouleau, C., Rabi, D., Diodati, J. G., Ghali, W., et Lavoie, K. L. (2021). An international Delphi consensus study to define motivational communication in the context of developing a training program for physicians. Translational Behavioral Medicine, 11(2), 642‑652. https://doi.org/10.1093/tbm/ibaa015
- Drejer, A. (2000). Organizational learning and competence development. The learning Organization, 7(4), 206-220. https://doi.org/10.1108/09696470010342306
- Dubois, D. D. (1993). Competency-based performance improvement: A strategy for organizational change. HRD Press.
- Éditeur officiel du Québec (2025, 24 octobre). Code de déontologie des psychologues. http://legisquebec.gouv.qc.ca/fr/pdf/cr/C-26,%20R.%20212.pdf
- Eilström, P. E. et Kock, H. (2008). Competence development in the workplace: Concepts, strategies and effects. Asia Pacific Education Review, 9(1), 5-20. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF03025821
- Eraut, M. (1994). Learning professional processes: Public knowledge and personal experience. In Eraut, M. (Ed.) Developing Professional Knowledge and Competence (pp.100-122). Falmer Press.
- Eraut, M. (1998). Concepts of competence. Journal of Interprofessional Care, 12(2), 127-139. https://doi.org/10.3109/13561829809014100
- Genard, J. L. (2017). La « compétence éthique » au-delà de ses dimensions discursives et propositionnelles. Éthique publique. Revue internationale d’éthique sociétale et gouvernementale, 19(1), 1-14. https://doi.org/10.4000/ethiquepublique.2876
- Gonczi, A. (1997). Future directions for vocational education in Australian secondary schools. Australian and New Zealand Journal of Vocational Education Research, 5(1), 77-108.
- Guynn, R. D. (2010, 20 novembre). The financial panic of 2008 and financial regulatory reform. Harvard Law School Forum on Corporate Governance. https://corpgov.law.harvard.edu/2010/11/20/the-financial-panic-of-2008-and-financial-regulatory-reform/
- Hager, P. et Gonczi, A. (1996). What is competence? Medical Teacher, 18(1), 15-18. https://doi.org/10.3109/01421599609040255
- Hasson, F., Keeney, S., et McKenna, H. (2000). Research guidelines for the Delphi survey technique. Journal of Advanced Nursing, 32(4), 1008-1015. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2648.2000.t01-1-01567.x
- Hemberg, J. et Hemberg, H. (2020). Ethical competence in a profession: Healthcare professionals’ views. Nursing Open, 7(4), 1249-1259. https://doi.org/10.1002/nop2.501
- Hodkinson, P. (1992). Alternative models of competence in vocational education and training. Journal of Further and Higher education, 16(2), 30-39. https://doi.org/10.1080/0309877920160204
- Hodkinson, P. (1994). The challenge of competence. Bloomsbury Publishing.
- Hsu, C. C. et Sandford, B. A. (2007). The Delphi technique: Making sense of consensus. Practical Assessment, Research, and Evaluation, 12(1), 1-8. https://doi.org/10.7275/pdz9-th90
- Jonnaert, P. (2017). La notion de compétence : Une réflexion toujours inachevée. Éthique publique. Revue Internationale d’Éthique Sociétale et Gouvernementale, 19(1). https://doi.org/10.4000/ethiquepublique.2932
- Jünger, S., Payne, S. A., Brine, J., Radbruch, L., et Brearley, S. G. (2017). Guidance on Conducting and REporting DElphi Studies (CREDES) in palliative care: Recommendations based on a methodological systematic review. Palliative Medicine, 31(8), 684‑706. https://doi.org/10.1177/0269216317690685
- Kahneman, D. (2011). Thinking, fast and slow. Farrar, Straus and Giroux.
- Kävlemark Sporrong, S., Arnetz, B., Hansson, M. G., Westerholm, P., et Höglund, A. T. (2007). Developing ethical competence in health care organisations. Nurs Ethics, 14(6), 825-837.
- Klieme, E., Hartig, J., et Rauch, D. (2008). The concept of competence in educational contexts. Dans J. Hartig, E. Klieme, et D. Leutner (dir.), Assessment of competencies in educational contexts (p. 3-22). Hogrefe & Huber Publishers.
- Koskenvuori, J., Stolt, M., Suhonen, R., et Leino‐Kilpi, H. (2019). Healthcare professionals’ ethical competence: A scoping review. Nursing Open, 6(1), 5-17. https://doi.org/10.1002/nop2.173
- Kulju, K., Stolt, M., Suhonen, R., et Leino-Kilpi, H. (2016). Ethical competence: A concept analysis. Nursing Ethics, 23(4), 401-412. https://doi.org/10.1177/0969733014567025
- Lahrizi, F. Z. (2023, 17 novembre). Éthique, conformité et responsabilité sociale. Ordre des administrateurs agréés du Québec. https://www.adma.qc.ca/outils/articles/ethique/ethique-conformite-et-responsabilite-sociale/
- Landeta, J. et Barrutia, J. (2011). People consultation to construct the future: A Delphi application. International Journal of Forecasting, 27(1), 134-151. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijforecast.2010.04.001
- Lechasseur, K., Caux, C., Dollé, S., et Legault, A. (2018). Ethical competence: An integrative review. Nursing Ethics, 25(6), 694-706. https://doi.org/10.1177/0969733016667773
- Le Deist, F. D. et Winterton, J. (2005). What is competence? Human Resource Development International, 8(1), 27-46. https://doi.org/10.1080/1367886042000338227
- Lefkowitz, J. (2023). Values and ethics of industrial-organizational psychology (3e éd.). Routledge.
- Marchildon, A. (2017). Le pouvoir de déployer la compétence éthique. Éthique publique, 19(1). https://doi.org/10.4000/ethiquepublique.2920
- Masciotra, D. (2017). La compétence : Entre le savoir agir et l’agir réel. Perspective de l’énaction. Éthique publique. Revue internationale d’éthique sociétale et gouvernementale, 19(1). https://doi.org/10.4000/ethiquepublique.2888
- MacCallum, R. C., Widaman, K. F., Zhang, S., et Hong, S. (1999). Sample size in factor analysis. Psychological Methods, 4(1), 84‑99. https://doi.org/10.1037/1082-989X.4.1.84
- McClelland, D. C. (1973). Testing for competence rather than for intelligence. American Psychologist, 28(1), 1-14. https://psycnet.apa.org/doi/10.1037/h0034092
- Menzel, D. C. (2022). Ethical Competence. Dans A. Farazmand (dir.), Global Encyclopedia of Public Administration, Public Policy, and Governance (2e éd., p. 4097-4099). Springer.
- Miles, M. B., Huberman, A. M., et Saldaña, J. (2020). Qualitative data analysis: A methods sourcebook (4e éd.). SAGE.
- Niederberger, M. et Spranger, J. (2020). Delphi technique in health sciences: A map. Frontiers in Public Health, 8, 457. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpubh.2020.00457
- Nordhaug, O. et Gronhaug, K. (1994). Competences as resources in firms. International Journal of Human Resource Management, 5(1), 89-106. https://doi.org/10.1080/09585199400000005
- Nunally, J. C. et Bernstein, I. H. (1994). Psychometric theory (3e éd.). McGraw-Hill.
- Office québécois de la langue française (OQLF). (s.d.). « Compétence », Grand dictionnaire terminologique. https://vitrinelinguistique.oqlf.gouv.qc.ca/fiche-gdt/fiche/8358630/competence
- Ordre des ingénieurs du Québec (OIQ). (2014, 9 octobre). Commission Charbonneau : l’Ordre des ingénieurs du Québec propose des solutions. https://www.oiq.qc.ca/publication/commission-charbonneau-lordre-des-ingenieurs-du-quebec-propose-ses-solutions/
- Ozar, D. T. (1993). Building awareness of ethical standards and conduct. Educating professionals: Responding to new expectations for competence and accountability, 148-177. Jossey Bass.
- Pohling, R., Bzdok, D., Eigenstetter, M., Stumpf, S., et Strobel, A. (2016). What is ethical competence? The role of empathy, personal values, and the five factor model of personality in ethical decision-making. Journal of Business Ethics, 137, 449-474. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10551-015-2569-5
- Potnuru, R. K. G. et Sahoo, C. K. (2016). HRD interventions, employee competencies and organizational effectiveness: An empirical study. European Journal of Training and Development, 40(5), 345-365. https://doi.org/10.1108/EJTD-02-2016-0008
- Prahalad, C. K. et Hamel, G. (1990). The core competence of the corporation. Harvard Business Review, 68(3), 79-91.
- Raven, J. (1984). Competence in modern society. HK Lewis.
- Ricoeur, P. (1990). Soi-même comme un autre. Seuil.
- Salman, M., Ganie, S. A., et Saleem, I. (2020). The concept of competence: A thematic review and discussion. European Journal of Training and Development, 44(6/7), 717-742. https://doi.org/10.1108/EJTD-10-2019-0171
- Schifano, J. et Niederberger, M. (2025). How Delphi studies in the health sciences find consensus: A scoping review. Systematic Reviews, 14(1), 14. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13643-024-02738-3
- Seligman, M.E.P. (2023). La fabrique du bonheur. J’ai lu.
- Tabachnick, B. G. et Fidell, L. (2019). Using multivariate statistics (7e éd.). Pearson.
- Tardif, J. (2006). L’évaluation des compétences. Chenelière : Éducation.
- Turoff, M. (1970). The design of a policy Delphi. Technological Forecasting and Social Change, 2(2), 149-171. https://doi.org/10.1016/0040-1625(70)90161-7
- Von Der Gracht, H. A. (2012). Consensus measurement in Delphi studies: Review and implications for future quality assurance. Technological Forecasting and Social Change, 79(8), 1525-1536. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.techfore.2012.04.013
- Weinert, F. E. (2001). Concept of competence: A conceptual clarification. Dans D. S. Rychen et L. H. Salganik (dir.), Defining and selecting key competencies (p. 45-65). Hogrefe & Huber Publishers.
- White, R. W. (1959). Motivation reconsidered: The concept of competence. Psychological Review, 66(5), 297-333. https://psycnet.apa.org/doi/10.1037/h0040934