Résumés
Abstract
Over the past decades, social policy in the Canadian Arctic has increasingly emphasized Inuit employability, largely through vocational training and skills development programs. While these initiatives aim to reduce unemployment and integrate Inuit into the formal economy, they often overlook how notions of “skills” intersect with Inuit cultural values and lived experiences. This paper explores how concepts of competence, merit, and knowledge are interpreted and negotiated within the Nunavut Public Service (NPS). Drawing on interviews with current and former Inuit public servants, the study examines how institutional definitions of work, learning, and expertise shape – and are shaped by – Inuit worldviews. Four main themes emerge from participants’ testimonies: (1) cultural wellbeing; (2) diverging understandings of work; (3) career aspirations and contributions; and (4) knowledge and experience hierarchy. These findings challenge deficit-based narratives and call for a rethinking of labour frameworks through the lens of Inuit identity, governance, and self-determination. The paper argues that power relations embedded in dominant skill assessments contribute to structural barriers, and that re-centering Inuit ways of knowing is essential for equitable workforce participation and economic autonomy in Nunavut.
Keywords:
- Inuit,
- employment,
- skill,
- public service,
- Nunavut
Résumé
Au cours des dernières décennies, la politique sociale dans l’Arctique canadien a mis de davantage l’accent sur l’employabilité des Inuit, principalement par le biais de programmes de formation professionnelle et de développement des compétences. Si ces initiatives visent à réduire le chômage et à intégrer les Inuit dans l’économie formelle, elles négligent souvent la manière dont les notions de « compétences » s’articulent avec les valeurs culturelles et les expériences vécues des Inuit. Cet article explore la manière dont les concepts de compétence, de mérite et de savoir sont interprétés et négociés au sein de la fonction publique du Nunavut (NPS). À partir des entretiens avec des fonctionnaires inuit actuels et anciens, l’étude examine comment les définitions institutionnelles du travail, de l’apprentissage et de l'expertise façonnent – et sont façonnées par – les visions du monde inuit. Quatre thèmes principaux se dégagent des témoignages des participants : (1) le bien-être culturel ; (2) les conceptions divergentes du travail ; (3) les aspirations professionnelles et les contributions ; et (4) la hiérarchie des connaissances et de l’expérience. Ces résultats remettent en cause les discours axés sur les déficits et appellent à repenser les cadres du travail à travers le prisme de l’identité, de la gouvernance et de l’autodétermination inuites. L’article soutient que les relations de pouvoir inhérentes aux évaluations de compétences dominantes contribuent à des obstacles structurels, et que recentrer les modes de savoir inuit est essentiel pour une participation équitable au marché du travail et l’autonomie économique au Nunavut.
Mots-clés :
- Inuit,
- emploi,
- compétences,
- fonction publique,
- Nunavut
Parties annexes
References
- Abele, F. 2009. “The State and the Northern Social Economy: Research Prospects.” Northern Review 30: 37–56.
- Althaus, C. 2020. “Different Paradigms of Evidence and Knowledge: Recognising, Honouring, and Celebrating Indigenous Ways of Knowing and Being.” Australian Journal of Public Administration 79 (2): 187–207. https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-8500.12400.
- Althaus, C., and C. O'Faircheallaigh. 2022. “Bureaucratic Representation, Accountability, and Democracy: A Qualitative Study of Indigenous Bureaucrats in Australia and Canada.” Public Administration Review 82 (4): 646–659. https://doi.org/10.1111/puar.13492.
- Bargallie, D. 2020. Unmasking the Racial Contract: Indigenous Voices on Racism in the Australian Public Service. Canberra, ACT: Aboriginal Studies Press.
- Bell, L. A. 2017. “Soft Skills, Hard Rocks: Making Diamonds Ethical in Canada’s Northwest Territories.” Focaal 2017 (79): 74–88. https://doi.org/10.3167/fcl.2017.790107.
- Bonilla-Silva, E. 2018. Racism Without Racists: Color-blind Racism and the Persistence of Racial Inequality in America. Lanham, MA: Rowman & Littlefield.
- Brown, C., R. D’Almada-Remedios, J. Gilbert, J. O’Leary, and N. Young. 2020. Gari Yala (Speak the Truth): Centreing the Work Experiences of Aboriginal and/or Torres Strait Islander Australians. 24. Sydney: Diversity Council Australia/Jumbunna Institute.
- Caron, J., and H. Asselin. 2020. “Evaluation of Indigenous Employability Programs in the Canadian Mining Industry.” Extractive Industries and Society 7 (4): 1424–1437. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.exis.2020.10.003.
- Chrétien, J. 1972. Northern Canada in the 70’s. A Report to the Standing Committee on Indian Affairs and Northern Development on the Government’s Northern Objectives, Priorities and Strategies for the 70’s. Ottawa.
- Conway, L., L.-A. Daffy, S. Faulkner, J. Lahn, S. Munns, and G. Richardson. 2024. “First Nations First: First Nations Public Servants, the Future of the Australian Public Service Workforce.” Policy Quarterly 20 (1): 30–39. https://doi.org/10.26686/pq.v20i1.9049.
- Delgado, R., and J. Stefancic. 2023. Critical Race Theory: An Introduction (4th ed.). New York University Press.
- Dwyer, R. J. 2003. “Career Progression Factors of Aboriginal Executives in the Canada Federal Public Service.” Journal of Management Development 22 (10): 881–889.
- Eegeesiak, Okalik and M. Quintal-Marineau, 2026. “Conversation with Okalik Eegeesiak.” Etudes inuit Studies 49 (1).
- ESDC (Employment and Social Development Canada). 2017. Summary of What We Heard: Challenges, Suggestions and Best Practices in Inuit Government Employment. Ottawa: Employment and Social Development Canada.
- ESDC (Employment and Social Development Canada). 2018. Nunavut Inuit Labour Force Analysis Report: Executive Summary. Ottawa: Employment and Social Development Canada.
- Eva, C., D. Foley, K. Bodle, B. H. Hunter, J. Harris, and N. Nichols. 2025a. “Indigenous Workplace Policies: The Crucial Role of Indigenous Management.” Journal of Industrial Relations 67 (1): 3–34. https://doi.org/10.1177/00221856241267831.
- Eva, C., K. Bodle, D. Foley, B. H. Hunter, and S, Shirodkar. 2025b. “Making Indigenous Employment Everyone’s Business: Indigenous Employment and Retention in Non-Indigenous-owned Businesses.” The Economic and Labour Relations Review: 1–19. https://doi.org/10.1017/elr.2024.63.
- Eva, C., J. Harris, K. Bodle, D. Foley, B. Hunter, and N. Nichols. 2024. “ʻIt's Self-Determination. Blackfullas Making Right Decisions for Blackfullas’: Why Indigenous-owned Businesses Create Better Indigenous Employment Outcomes.” Australian Journal of Social Issues 59 (1): 29–56. https://doi.org/10.1002/ajs4.292.
- Faulkner, S., and J. Lahn. 2019. “Navigating to Senior Leadership in the Australian Public Service: Identifying Barriers and Enablers for Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander People in APS Employment” Commissioned Report no. 02, Centre for Aboriginal Economic Policy Research, Australian National University, Canberra. https://doi.org/10.25911/5ddb9fdaaff62.
- Foley, M., and S. Williamson. 2019. “Managerial Perspectives on Implicit Bias, Affirmative Action, and Merit.” Public Administration Review 79 (1): 35–45. https://doi.org/10.1111/puar.12955.
- Government of Nunavut. 2025. Inuit Qaujimajatuqangit. Iqaluit. https://www.gov.nu.ca/en/culture-language-heritage-and-art/inuit-societal-values.
- Guest, G., E. E. Namey, and M. L. Mitchell. 2013. Collecting Qualitative Data: A Field Manual for Applied Research. Thousand Oaks, CA: SAGE Publications.
- Haar, J. M., and D. Brougham. 2011. “Consequences of Cultural Satisfaction at Work: A Study of New Zealand Māori.” Asia Pacific Journal of Human Resources 49 (4): 461–475. https://doi.org/10.1177/1038411111423477.
- Hall, R. 2021. “Indigenous/State Relations and the ‘Making’ of Surplus Populations in the Mixed Economy of Northern Canada.” Geoforum 126: 461–470. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geoforum.2020.01.013.
- Hobart, C. W. 1982. “Wage Employment and Cultural Retention: The Case of the Canadian Inuit.” International Journal of Comparative Sociology 23 (1/2): 47–61.
- Inutiq, K. 2019. Dear Qallunaat: Racism, Public Government and Inuit Nunangat. Toronto: Yellowhead Institute.
- Inutiq, K. 2024. Devolution in Nunavut: Is this Really Namminiqsurniq (Self-Determination)? Toronto: Yellowhead Institute.
- Inutiq, K., H. King, and S. Fox. 2024. Pinasunniq: Reflections on a Northern Indigenous Economy. Toronto: Yellowhead Institute.
- Johnston, P., and F. Tester. 2015. “The Contradiction of Helping: Inuit Oppression(s) and Social Work in Nunavut.” Journal of Progressive Human Services 26 (3): 246–262. https://doi.org/10.1080/10428232.2015.1063410.
- Karetak, J., F. J. Tester, and S. Tagalik. 2017. Inuit Qaujimajatuqangit: What Inuit Have Always Known to be True. Black Point, NS: Fernwood Publishing.
- Kensington-Miller, B., and M. Ratima. 2015. “Māori in Partnership: A Peer Mentoring Model for Tertiary Indigenous Staff in New Zealand.” Race Ethnicity and Education 18 (6): 813–833. https://doi.org/10.1080/13613324.2013.831824.
- Lahn, J. 2018. “Being Indigenous in the Bureaucracy: Narratives of Work and Exit.” International Indigenous Policy Journal 9 (1): 1–17. https://doi.org/10.18584/iipj.2018.9.1.3.
- Lahn, J., and E. Ganter. 2018. “Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander People in Public Service Roles: Representation, Recognition and Relationships in Australian Government Bureaucracies.” Journal of Australian Political Economy 2018 (82): 133–148.
- Larkin, S. R. 2014. “Race Matters: Indigenous Employment in the APS." PhD diss., Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane.
- Leitch, A. 2017. "Indigenous Public Service Leadership and Issues of Cultural Fluency.” Australian Journal of Public Administration 76 (4): 403–405. https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-8500.12289.
- Leon, C. 2022. “Insights for Indigenous Employment into a Case Study of Unconscious Bias in the Australian Public Service.” Australian Journal of Social Issues 57 (4): 898–919. https://doi.org/10.1002/ajs4.221.
- Lévesque, S., and G. Duhaime. 2016. “Inequality and Social Processes in Inuit Nunangat.” The Polar Journal 6 (1): 69–86. https://doi.org/10.1080/2154896X.2016.1173795.
- MacKinnon, S. 2015. Decolonizing Employment: Aboriginal Inclusion in Canada's Labour Market. Winnipeg: University of Manitoba Press.
- Mills, S. 2019. “The Geography of Skill: Mobility and Exclusionary Unionism in Canada’s North.” Environment and Planning A: Economy and Space 51 (3): 724–742. https://doi.org/10.1177/0308518X18801025.
- Mills, S., D. Simmons, and K. Jessen Williamson. 2023. “In Pursuit of ‘A Good Life’: Inuit Qaujimajatuqangit and Inuit Women’s Movements In and Out of Mining Work.” ARCTIC 76 (2): 126–142. https://doi.org/10.14430/arctic77518.
- Nunavut Economic Forum. 2013. 2013 Nunavut Economic Outlook, Nunavut's Next Challenge: Turning Growth into Prosperity. Iqaluit.
- Nungak, Z. 2017. Wrestling with Colonialism on Steroids: Québec Inuit Fight for their Homeland. Montréal: Véhicule Press.
- Osterman, P., N. Lowe, B. Anderson, J. W. Trotter, N. Iskander, and R. Agarwala. 2022. “A Forum on the Politics of Skills.” ILR Review 75 (5): 1348–1368. https://doi.org/10.1177/00197939221110097.
- Prattis, J. I., and J.-P. Chartrand. 1990. “The Cultural Division of Labour in the Canadian North: A Statistical Study of the Inuit.” Canadian Review of Sociology/Revue canadienne de sociologie 27 (1): 49–73.
- Qumaq, T. A. 2020. Je veux que les Inuit soient libres de nouveau (français/inuktitut): autobiographie (1914-1993) [I want the Inuit to be free again]. Québec: Presses de l'Université du Québec.
- Rasing, W. C. E. 2017. Too Many People: Contact, Disorder, Change in an Inuit Society, 1822-2015. Iqaluit: Nunavut Arctic College Media.
- Saldaña, J. 2016. The Coding Manual for Qualitative Researchers. 3rd ed. London: SAGE.
- Scottie, J., W. Bernauer, and J. Hicks. 2022. I Will Live for Both of Us: A History of Colonialism, Uranium Mining, and Inuit Resistance. Winnipeg: University of Manitoba Press.
- Stewart, J., and J. Warn. 2017. “Between Two Worlds: Indigenous Leaders Exercising Influence and Working across Boundaries.” Australian Journal of Public Administration 76 (1): 3–17. https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-8500.12218.
- Tagalik, S. 2018. Inuit Knowledge Systems, Elders, and Determinants of Health: Harmony, Balance, and the Role of Holistic Thinking. In Determinants of Indigenous Peoples’ Health: Beyond the Social, edited by M. Greenwood, S. de Leeuw, et al., 93. Toronto: Canadian Scholars Press.
- Tapardjuk, L. 2013. “Fighting for Our Rights. The Life Story of Louis Tapardjuk.” In Inuit Leadership and Governance (Vol. 3), edited by J. Arnakak, F. Laugrand, and L. McComber, 182p. Nunavut Science Institute & CIERA.
- Tester, F. J., and P. Irniq. 2008. “Inuit Qaujimajatuqangit: Social History, Politics and the Practice of Resistance.” Arctic 61 (Suppl. 1): 48–61.
- Tester, F. J., D. E. J. Lambert, and T. W. Lim. 2013. “Wistful Thinking: Making Inuit Labour and the Nanisivik Mine near Ikpiarjuk (Arctic Bay), Northern Baffin Island.” Études/Inuit/Studies 37 (2): 15–36.
- Timpson, A. M. 2006. “Stretching the Concept of Representative Bureaucracy: The Case of Nunavut.” International Review of Administrative Sciences 72 (4): 517–530. https://doi.org/10.1177/0020852306070081.
- Tuck, E. 2009. “Suspending Damage: A Letter to Communities.” Harvard Educational Review 79 (3): 409–428.
- Walter, M. 2016. “Data Politics and Indigenous Representation in Australian Statistics.” In Indigenous Data Sovereignty: Toward an Agenda, edited by J. Taylor and T. Kukutai, 79–97. Acton, ACT: Australian National University Press.
- Walter, M., and C. Andersen. 2013. Indigenous Statistics. A Quantitative Research Methodology. Walnut Creek, CA: Left Coast Press.
- Wares, D. M., A. Dobrec, J. A. Rosenthal, and K. R. Wedel. 1992. “Job Satisfaction, Practice Skills, and Supervisory Skills of Administrators of Indian Child Welfare Programs.” Child Welfare 71 (5): 405–418.
- Wenzel, G. 1983. “The Integration of ‘Remote’ Site Labor into the Inuit Economy of Clyde River, N.W.T.” Arctic Anthropology 20 (2): 79–92.
- Working Group on Human Resources and Training. 1996. Nunavut Unified Human Resource Development Strategy. Coordinating Committee of Officials on Nunavut.
- Young, R. A., and P. McDermott. 1988. “Employment Training Programs and Acculturation of Native Peoples in Canada's Northwest Territories.” Arctic 41 (3): 195–202.
