Résumés
Abstract
This article examines the role of housing with respect to goals of increasing Inuit employment. This is part of a larger project that used institutional ethnography to interview service providers and community members in Cambridge Bay, Nunavut to understand how their experiences of the housing crisis are coordinated by the institutional features of bureaucratic systems in Nunavut. The research confirms significant correlations between housing and employment. Local Inuit skilled workers must consider moving out of Cambridge Bay due to the lack of affordable housing. The housing crisis is also affected by the employment context, as local labor shortages contribute to challenges in building and maintaining homes in the community. Staff housing is one solution used by employers to incentivize the hiring and retaining of local skilled workers in Nunavut and support Inuit participation in the labor force. However, other solutions are needed, as workers living in staff housing risk losing their home if their employment is terminated, leaving them in a legally precarious position. To sustainably support Inuit employment, the housing crisis must be dealt with in a holistic manner, addressing all types of housing.
Keywords:
- Inuit employment,
- housing,
- law,
- Nunavut,
- Cambridge Bay
Résumé
Cette recherche doctorale examine le rôle du logement dans la réalisation des objectifs visant à développer l’emploi chez les Inuit. Il s’inscrit dans le cadre d’un projet plus vaste qui utilise l’ethnographie institutionnelle pour interroger des prestataires de services et des membres de la communauté de Cambridge Bay, au Nunavut, afin de comprendre comment leurs expériences de la crise du logement sont coordonnées par les caractéristiques institutionnelles des systèmes bureaucratiques du Nunavut. La recherche confirme l’existence de corrélations significatives entre le logement et l’emploi. Les travailleurs qualifiés locaux doivent envisager de quitter Cambridge Bay en raison du manque de logements abordables. La crise du logement est également influencée par le contexte de l’emploi, puisque la pénurie de main-d’oeuvre locale contribue aux difficultés de construction et d’entretien des logements dans la communauté. Le logement du personnel est une solution utilisée par les employeurs pour encourager l’embauche et la rétention de travailleurs qualifiés locaux au Nunavut et soutenir la participation des Inuit à la population active. Cependant, d’autres solutions sont nécessaires, car les travailleurs vivant dans des logements réservés au personnel risquent de perdre leur logement si leur emploi prend fin, ce qui les place dans une situation juridique précaire. Afin de soutenir durablement l’emploi des Inuit, la crise du logement doit être traitée de manière holistique, en abordant tous les types de logement.
Mots-clés :
- Emploi inuit,
- logement,
- loi,
- Nunavut,
- Cambridge Bay
Parties annexes
References
- Auditor General of Canada. 2008. Report of the Auditor General of Canada to the Legislative Assembly: Nunavut Housing Corporation. Ottawa: Government of Canada. Accessed August 28, 2025. https://publications.gc.ca/site/eng/9.829051/publication.html.
- Battle, K., and S. Torjman. 2013. Poverty and Prosperity in Nunavut. Ottawa: Caledon Institute of Social Policy.
- Canada Mortgage and Housing Corporation. 2020. Northern Housing Report 2020. Accessed August 28, 2025. https://eppdscrmssa01.blob.core.windows.net/cmhcprodcontainer/sf/project/archive/housing_markets/northern_housing_report/northern-housing-report-2020-en.pdf.
- Christensen, J., C. Goldhar, S. McCartney, M. Riva, R. Schiff, and J. Herskovits. 2025. “Reframing Indigenous Housing Policy in Northern Canada.” International Journal of Housing Policy, (January): 1–11. https://doi.org/10.1080/19491247.2024.2435093
- DeVault, M. L., and L. McCoy. 2006. “Institutional Ethnography: Using Interviews to Investigate Ruling Relations.” In Institutional Ethnography as Practice, edited by D. Smith, 14–44. Lanham, MD: Rowman and Littlefield.
- Dyck, L. E., and D. G. Patterson. 2017. We Can Do Better: Housing in Inuit Nunangat. Report of the Standing Senate Committee on Aboriginal Peoples. Ottawa: Senate of Canada. Accessed August 28, 2025. https://sencanada.ca/content/sen/committee/421/APPA/Reports/Housing_e.pdf.
- Elliot, S., and J. Bopp. 2007. The Little Voices of Nunavut: A Study of Women’s Homelessness North of 60: Territorial Report. Qulliit Nunavut Status of Women Council. Accessed August 28, 2025. https://static1.squarespace.com/static/54b93da3e4b096702d3b8bbd/t/56aa3f9f9cadb6b4b9f0d745/1453997994982/THE+LITTLE+VOICES+OF+NUNAVUT_Nunavut+Territorial+Report+Homelessness_+jan+07.pdf.
- Government of Nunavut. 2019a. The GN Staff Housing Policy. Government of Nunavut. Accessed August 28, 2025. https://www.gov.nu.ca/sites/default/files/policies-legislations/2024-01/GN%20Staff%20Housing%20Policy%20%28HR%20%26%20NHC%29%200419.pdf.
- Government of Nunavut. 2019b. GN Staff Housing Procedures Manual. Government of Nunavut. Accessed August 28, 2025. https://www.gov.nu.ca/sites/default/files/documents/2021-11/staff_housing_procedures_manual_0.pdf.
- Grahame, P. R., and K. M. Grahame. 2001. “Official Knowledge and the Relations of Ruling: Explorations in Institutional Ethnography.” Journal of Pedagogy, Pluralism and Practice 2 (1): 3.
- Houle, M.-J. 2023. Federal Housing Advocate’s Observational Report: Inuit Housing. Ottawa: Canadian Human Rights Commission. https://www.housingchrc.ca/sites/housing/files/2023-11/observational-report-inuit-housing-112723.pdf.
- Ikaarvik, and OceanWise. 2018. ScIQ: Science and Inuit Qaujimajatuqangit: Research and Meaningful Engagement of Northern Indigenous Communities: Recommendations from the Ikaarvik Youth ScIQ Summit, November 19–23. Vancouver: OceanWise. Accessed August 28, 2025. https://ocean.org/wp-content/uploads/ScIq-Report-and-Recomendations-lores.pdf.
- Impact Economics. 2013. 2013 Nunavut Economic Outlook. Nunavut’s Next Challenge: Turning Growth into Prosperity. Iqaluit: Nunavut Economic Forum.
- Inuit Tapiriit Kanatami. 2014. Social Determinants of Inuit Health in Canada. Inuit Tapiriit Kanatami. Accessed August 28, 2025. https://www.itk.ca/wp-content/uploads/2016/07/ITK_Social_Determinants_Report.pdf.
- Inuit Tapiriit Kanatami. 2018. National Inuit Strategy on Research. Inuit Tapiriit Kanatami. https://www.itk.ca/wp-content/uploads/2018/04/ITK_NISR-Report_English_low_res.pdf.
- Inuit Tapiriit Kanatami and Government of Canada. 2019. Inuit Nunangat Housing Strategy. Inuit Tapiriit Kanatami. Accessed August 28, 2025. https://www.itk.ca/wp-content/uploads/2019/04/2019-Inuit-Nunangat-Housing-Strategy-English.pdf.
- Karetak, J., and F. Tester. 2017. “Inuit Qaujimajatuqangit, Truth and Reconciliation.” In Inuit Qaujimajatuqangit: What Inuit Have Always Known to Be True, edited by J. Karetak, F. Tester, and S. Tagalik, 1–17. Halifax and Winnipeg: Fernwood Publishing.
- Kovesi, T., D. Creery, N. L. Gilbert, R. Dales, D. Fugler, B. Thompson, N. Randhawa, and J. D. Miller. 2006. “Indoor Air Quality Risk Factors for Severe Lower Respiratory Tract Infections in Inuit Infants in Baffin Region, Nunavut: A Pilot Study.” Indoor Air 16: 266–275.
- Lauster, N. and F. Tester. 2010. “Culture as a Problem in Linking Material Inequality to Health: On Residential Crowding in the Arctic.” Health and Place 16: 523–530.
- McKay, J. 2021.“Inuit Account for Only a Quarter of Nunavut Government Employees Given Staff Housing: Report.” CBC News. March 12, 2021. Accessed August 28, 2025. https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/north/staff-housing-nunavut-government-1.5946488.
- Minich, K., H. Saudny, C. Lennie, M. Wood, L. Williamson-Bathory, Z. Cao, and G. M. Egeland. 2011. “Inuit Housing and Homelessness: Results from the International Polar Year Inuit Health Survey 2007–2008.” International Journal of Circumpolar Health 70: 520–531.
- Nickels, S., J. Shirley, and G. Laidler. 2006. Negotiating Research Relationships with Inuit Communities: A Guide for Researchers. Inuit Tapiriit Kanatami. Accessed August 28, 2025. https://www.itk.ca/wp-content/uploads/2016/07/Negotitiating-Research-Relationships-Researchers-Guide_0.pdf.
- Nunavut Housing Corporation. 2012. The Framework for the GN Long-Term Comprehensive Housing and Homelessness Strategy. Blueprint for Action. Accessed August 28, 2025. http://blueprintforaction.ca/docs/other/nhc-strategic-framework-en.pdf.
- Nunavut Housing Corporation. 2013. The GN Long-Term Comprehensive Housing and Homelessness Strategy. Blueprint for Action. Accessed August 28, 2025. http://blueprintforaction.ca/docs/other/nhc-homelessness-en.pdf.
- Nunavut Housing Corporation. 2016. The Blueprint for Action on Housing. Legislative Assembly of Nunavut. https://assembly.nu.ca/library/GNedocs/2016/002302-e.pdf.
- Nunavut Housing Corporation. n.d. Staff Housing Tenant Information Booklet. Accessed August 28, 2025. https://different-basket-89cd87b086.media.strapiapp.com/Staff_Housing_Welcome_Package_Iqaluit_ENG_24238c83b2.pdf.
- Pauktuutit Inuit Women of Canada. 2016. Angiqatigik: Breaking Barriers, Creating Opportunities: Strategy to Engage Inuit Women in Economic Participation. Ottawa: Pauktuutit Inuit Women of Canada. Accessed August 28, 2025. https://www.pauktuutit.ca/wp-content/uploads/Engaging_Inuit_Women_in_Economic_Participation.pdf .
- Pauktuutit Inuit Women of Canada. 2019. Study of Gender-based Violence and Shelter Services Needs across Inuit Nunangat. Ottawa: Pauktuutit Inuit Women of Canada. Accessed August 28, 2025. https://www.pauktuutit.ca/project/study-of-gender-based-violence-and-shelter-services-needs-across-inuit-nunangat/.
- Pitquhirnikkut Ilihautiniq Kitikmeot Heritage Society and Polar Knowledge Canada. 2016. A Guidebook for Research with Nunavut Communities: Iqaluktuuttiaq (Cambridge Bay) Edition. Kitikmeot Heritage Society. Accessed August 28, 2025. https://70ba67af-38ca-44d9-9ad3-1b20dd9086c5.filesusr.com/ugd/56a2ca_6de27f4ef7f34547ba4abde670d09c52.pdf.
- Polar Knowledge Canada. 2019. Northern Housing Policy Recommendations. Ottawa: Government of Canada. Accessed August 28, 2025.https://www.canada.ca/content/dam/polar-polaire/documents/pdf/northern-housing-forum/NHF%20-%20Policy%20recommendations%20-%20EN%20-%20FINAL.pdf.
- Qaqqaq, M. 2021. “Sick of Waiting: A Report on Nunavut’s Housing Crisis.” Accessed August 28, 2025. https://www.aptnnews.ca/wp-content/uploads/2021/03/Qaqqaq.HousingReport.2021-1.pdf.
- Ritchot, M. 2021. “Top-Paid Nunavut Government Employees Occupy Majority of Staff Housing.” Nunatsiaq News, March 8, 2021. https://nunatsiaq.com/stories/article/top-paid-gn-employees-occupy-majority-of-government-staff-housing/
- Smith, D. 2001. “Texts and the Ontology of Organisations and Institutions.” Studies in Organisations and Societies 7: 159–198.
- Smith, D. 2005. Institutional Ethnography: A Sociology for People. New York: Altamira Press.
- Smith, D. 2006. Institutional Ethnography as Practice. Lanham, MD: Rowman and Littlefield.
- Smith, D. E. and A. I. Griffith. 2022. Simply Institutional Ethnography: Creating a Sociology for People. Toronto: University of Toronto Press.
- Song, G. 2025. “Access to Safe, Sustainable, and Healthy Housing in Cambridge Bay, Nunavut: An Institutional Ethnography.” uOttawa Theses. Accessed August 28, 2025. https://ruor.uottawa.ca/items/73f0f899-03cb-4ca8-a6d4-c3173ab2bd13.
- Statistics Canada. 2019. Focus on Geography Series, 2016 Census: Nunavut. Accessed August 28, 2025. https://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2016/as-sa/fogs-spg/Facts-pr-eng.cfm?Lang=Eng&GK=PR&GC=62&TOPIC=10.
- Statistics Canada. 2022a. Canadian Housing Statistics Program, 2019 and 2020. Accessed August 28, 2025. https://www150.statcan.gc.ca/n1/daily-quotidien/220106/dq220106b-eng.htm?fbclid=IwAR3N16ybpoiCcVi9JTg9ytVc0hB9suzDjVBJGv8MOdUtIFKdVRc7l3RyRQs.
- Statistics Canada. 2022b. Housing Conditions among First Nations People, Métis and Inuit in Canada from the 2021 Census. Accessed August 28, 2025. https://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2021/as-sa/98-200-X/2021007/98-200-X2021007-eng.cfm.
- Tester, F. 2009. “Iglutaasaavut (Our New Homes): Neither “New” nor “Ours” Housing Challenges of the Nunavut Territorial Government.” Journal of Canadian Studies 43: 137–158.
- Thurston, Z. and J. Randle. 2022. Housing Statistics in Canada: Housing Experiences in Canada: Inuit in 2016. Ottawa: Statistics Canada. Accessed August 28, 2025. https://www150.statcan.gc.ca/n1/pub/46-28-0001/2021001/article/00015-eng.htm.
