Résumés
Abstract
Although the ethnoecology of the Chukchi has long been the focus of researchers, a systemic description informing the history of plant use, including local names or modes of harvesting and preparation, suitability for different ages, and different occasions, is largely lacking. C. H. Merck provided the first account of food plants at the end of the 18th century, during the Billings-Sarychev expedition, however, the first information regarding traditionally used medicinal plants was published only recently, after centuries of contact. During our 2014-2015 fieldwork, we interviewed 56 Chukchi people in the Chukotskii and Iultinskii districts of Chukotka to collect material on the most common local plants. We also gathered data on Chukchi ethnobotany from all available published sources. Slight differences were observed between maritime and reindeer Chukchi, with the former relying more on plant resources. Access limitations (e.g., algae) are reduced by exchanges between the two groups. The decline in the consumption of roots gathered from vole nests (peɬqumret) is compensated by an increase in berry harvesting (e.g., cloudberry, crowberry, bog blueberry, and lingonberry). Our results also show that the main medical uses are aimed at disease prevention, though some are borrowed from scientific pan-Russian herbal medicine popularized during the Soviet period.
Keywords:
- Chukchi,
- traditional knowledge,
- ethnobotany,
- herbal medicine,
- wild food plants,
- cultural change
Résumé
Même si l’ethnoécologie des Tchouktches a longtemps intéressé les chercheurs, nous manquons grandement d’une description systémique de l’historique de l’utilisation des plantes incluant des informations comme les noms dans la langue locale, le mode de récolte et de préparation ou l’adéquation de son utilisation avec l’âge et selon les situations. C.H. Merck a apporté la première étude des plantes alimentaires à la fin du XVIIIe siècle lors de l’expédition Billings-Sarychev. Cependant, la première information relatant l’usage traditionnel de plantes médicinales n’a été publiée que récemment, après des siècles de contact. Pendant notre travail de terrain de 2014 à 2015, nous avons interrogé 56 Tchouktches dans les districts de Tchoukokta et d’Ioultine en Tchoukokta pour obtenir du matériel sur les plantes locales les plus courantes. Nous avons également réuni des données sur l’ethnobotanique tchouktche à partir des ressources publiées disponibles. De légères différences ont été remarquées entre les Tchouktches éleveurs de rennes et les Tchouktches côtiers, ces derniers dépendant plus des ressources végétales. Les problèmes d’accès aux ressourcex (par exemple, les algues) sont ainsi réduits par les échanges effectués entre les groupes. Le déclin de la consommation de racines récoltées dans les nids de campagnols (peɬqumret) est compensé par une augmentation de la récolte de baies (par exemple les mûres arctiques, camarines noires, airelles des marais et airelles rouges). Nos résultats montrent aussi que l’usage médicinal principal des plantes cible la prévention de maladies, même si certaines pratiques sont empruntées à la phytothérapie popularisée pendant la période soviétique.
Mots-clés:
- Tchouktches,
- savoir traditionnel,
- ethnobotanique,
- phytothérapie,
- plantes alimentaires sauvages,
- changements culturels
Аннотация
Хотя этноэкология чукчей уже давно находится в центре внимания исследователей, в значительной степени отсутствует системное описание истории использования растений, включая местные названия, методы сбора и приготовления, пригодность для разных возрастов и разных случаев. Карл Мерк представил первый отчет о пищевых растениях в конце XVIII века, во время экспедиции Биллингса-Сарычева, однако, первая информация о традиционно используемых лекарственных растениях была опубликована только недавно, после столетий контакта. Во время полевой работы в 2014-2015 гг. мы опросили 56 чукчей в Чукотском и Иультинском районах Чукотки в ходе сбора материала о наиболее распространенных местных растениях. Мы также собрали данные по этноботанике чукчей из всех доступных опубликованных источников. Небольшие различия наблюдались между прибрежными и тундровыми чукчами, причем первые больше полагались на растительные ресурсы. Ограничения доступа (например, водоросли) преодолеваются за счет обмена между двумя группами. Снижение потребления корнеплодов, собранных из гнезд полевки (peɬqumret), компенсируется увеличением сбора ягод (например, морошки, водяники, голубики болотной, брусники). Наши результаты также показывают, что в основном медицинское применение растений направлено на профилактику заболеваний, хотя некоторые способы традиционного лечения заимствованы из научной общероссийской фитотерапии, популяризированной в советский период.
Ключевые слова:
- Чукчи,
- традиционное знание,
- этноботаника,
- траволечение,
- дикие съедобные растения,
- культурные изменения
Parties annexes
References
- Afanasieva, G. M., and Yu. B. Simchenko, 1993 “Traditsionnaia pishcha beregovykh i olennykh chukchei [Traditional Food of Coastal and Reindeer Chukchi].” In Narody Sibiri [Peoples of Siberia], edited by M. N. Guboglo, 56–100. Moscow: Miklukho-Maklaia RAN Institut ètnologii i antropologii.
- Ainana, L., and I. A. Zagrebin, 2008 “Traditsionnaia pishcha aziatskikh eskimosov i primorskikh chukchei. Osnovnye rasteniia, upotrebliaemye v pishchu eskimosami i beregovymi chukchami [Traditional Food of Siberian Yupik and Maritime Chukchi. Main Plants Consumed by the Yupik and Coastal Chukchi].” In Tropoiu Bogoraza, edited by L. S. Bogoslovskaia, V. S. Krivoshchekov, and I. I. Krupnik, 179–80. Moscow: Institut naslediia Geos.
- Andersen, T., J. Kruse, and B. Poppel, 2002 “Survey of Living Conditions in the Arctic: Inuit, Saami and the Indigenous Peoples of Chukotka (SLICA).” Arctic 55 (3): 310–17. https://doi.org/10.14430/arctic713
- Argentov, A. I., 1862 “O rasteniiakh, upotrebliaemykh v pishchu v pripoliarnoi polose Yakutskoi oblasti [About the Edible Plants of the Subarctic Zone of Yakutsk Oblast’].” Akklimatizatsiia 3 (8): 337–357.
- Avtonova, M., 1992 “Edible Wild Plants in Our Foods (Chukchi, Eskimo).” Anthropology and Archeology of Eurasia 31 (1): 88–97. https://doi.org/10.2753/AAE1061-1959310188
- Benítez, G., M. R. González-Tejero, and J. Molero-Mesa, 2010 “Pharmaceutical Ethnobotany in the Western Part of Granada Province (Southern Spain): Ethnopharmacological Synthesis. Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 129 (1): 87–105.
- Bogoras, W., 1904 “The Chukchee. Part 1. Material Culture.” In Memoirs of the American Museum of Natural History, Vol. 11. Publications of the Jesup North Pacific expedition, Vol. VII, edited by Franz Boas, 1–276. Leiden/New York: E. J. Brill.
- Bogoras, W., 1907 “The Chukchee. Part 2. Religion.” In Memoirs of the American Museum of Natural History, Vol. 11. Publications of the Jesup North Pacific expedition, Vol. VII, edited by Franz Boas, 277–536. Leiden/New York: E. J. Brill.
- Bogoraz, V. G., 1901 Ocherk material’nogo byta olennykh chukchei, sostavlennyi na osnovanii kollektsii N. L. Gondatti, nakhodiashchikhsia v etnograficheskom muzee I. Ak. Nauk [Essay on Reindeer Chukchi Based on the Gondatti Collection at the Russian Ethnography Museum] Vol. II. Saint Petersburg: Sbornik Muzeia po Antropologii i Etnografii I. Ak. Nauk.
- Cabanting, R. M. F., and L. M. Perez, 2016 “An Ethnobotanical Study of Traditional Rice Landraces (Oryza Sativa L.) Used for Medical Treatment in Selected Local Communities of the Philippines.” Journal of Ethnopharmacology 194 (December): 767–73. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jep.2016.10.021
- Davydova, E. A., 2019 “Kholodil’nik, sol’ i sakhar: dobycha i tekhnologii obrabotki pishchi na Chukotke [Refrigerator, Salt, and Sugar: Food Acquisition and Processing Technologies in Chukotka].” Sibirskie istoricheskie issledovaniia 2: 143–161.
- D’iachkova, G. S., 2001 “Traditsii i innovatsii v pitanii chukchei-olenevodov v XX veke [Traditions and Innovations in the Nutrition of Reindeer Chukchi in the 20th Century].” In Traditsionnaia pishcha kak vyrazhenie etnicheskogo samosoznaniia [Traditional Food as an Expression of Ethnic Identity], edited by S. A. Arutiunov, and T. A. Voronina, 262–71. Moscow: Nauka.
- Giday, M., Z. Asfaw, Z. Woldu, and T. Teklehaymanot, 2009 “Medicinal Plant Knowledge of the Bench Ethnic Group of Ethiopia: An Ethnobotanical Investigation.” Journal of Ethnobiology and Ethnomedicine, 5 (1): 34.
- Godovykh, T. V., L. I. Dokhnova, and T. I. Tyneny, 2005 Rasteniia v etnomeditsine Chukotki [Plants in the Ethnomedicine of Chukot]. Magadan: Russian Academy of Sciences, North-East Interdisciplinary Science Research Institute.
- Gray, P. A., 2000 “Chukotkan Reindeer Husbandry in the Post-Socialist Transition.” Polar Research 19 (1): 31–38.
- Heller, C. A., 1953 “Wild Edible and Poisonous Plants of Alaska.” Extension Bulletin F-40, University of Alaska Agricultural Extension Service.
- International Society of Ethnobiology (ISE), 2006 Code of Ethics (with 2008 Additions). http://www.ethnobiology.net/what-we-do/core-programs/ise-ethics-program/code-of-ethics/code-in-english/.
- Jernigan, K. A., ed., 2014 A Guide to the Ethnobotany of the Yukon-Kuskokwim Region. University of Alaska Fairbanks. https://pebbleprojecteis.com/files/7eb372aa-206a-4f97-97ca-6307503f782b.
- Jernigan, K., O. Belichenko, V. Kolosova, and D. Orr, 2017 “Naukan Ethnobotany in Post-Soviet Times: Lost Edibles and New Medicinals.” Journal of Ethnobiology and Ethnomedicine 13: 61. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13002-017-0188-1.
- Jernigan, K., O. Belichenko, V. Kolosova, D. Orr, and M. Pupynina, 2019 “Gathering ‘Mouse Roots,’ Among the Naukan and Chukchi of the Russian Far East.” Ethnobiology Letters 10 (1): 129–138. https://doi.org/10.14237/ebl.10.1.2019.1605.
- Jones, A., 1983 “Nauriat Niginaqtuat: Plants That We Eat, Kotzebue, Alaska.” Maniilaq Association Traditional Nutrition Program, 101.
- Júnior, W. S. F., U. P. Albuquerque, and P. M. Medeiros, 2021 “Reflections on the Use of Hypotheses in Ethnobotany: A Response to Leonti et al. (2020).” Ethnobotany Research and Applications 21:1–5.
- Kerttula, A. M., 1997 “Antler on the Sea: Creating and Maintaining Cultural Group Boundaries Among the Chukchi, Yupik, and Newcomers of Sireniki.” Arctic Anthropology 34 (1): 212–226.
- Kozhevnikov, Iu. P., 1978 Za rasteniiami po Chukotke [Collecting the Plants of Chukotka]. Magadan: Magadanskoe knizhnoe izdatel’stvo.
- Krupnik, I., 2002 Arctic Adaptations: Native Whalers and Reindeer Herders of Northern Eurasia. Dartmouth College Press.
- Krupnik, I., and M. Chlenov, 2013 Yupik Transitions: Change and Survival at Bering Strait, 1900–1960. Fairbanks: University of Alaska Press.
- Krupnik, I., and N. Vakhtin, 1997 “Indigenous Knowledge in Modern Culture: Siberian Yupik Ecological Legacy in Transition.” Arctic Anthropology, 34 (1): 236–252.
- Krushanov, A. I., ed., 1987 Istoriia i kul’tura chukchei. Istoriko-etnograficheskie ocherki [History and Culture of Chukchi. Historical-Ethnographical Essays]. Leningrad: Nauka.
- Leonti, M., L. Casu, D. Tabajara de Oliveira Martins, E. Rodrigues, and G. Benítez, 2020 “Ecological Theories and Major Hypotheses in Ethnobotany: Their Relevance for Ethnopharmacology and Pharmacognosy in the Context of Historical Data.” Revista Brasileira de Farmacognosia, 1 (16): 451–466.
- Leont’ev, V. V., 1973 Khoziaistvo i kul’tura narodov Chukotki (1958-1970) [Household Economy and Culture of the Peoples of Chukotka (1958-1970)]. Novosibirsk: Nauka.
- Łuczaj, Ł., P. Köhler, E. Pirożnikow, M. Graniszewska, A. Pieroni, and T. Gervasi, 2013 “Wild Edible Plants of Belarus: From Rostafiński’s Questionnaire of 1883 to the Present.” Journal of Ethnobiology and Ethnomedicine, 9 (1): 21. https://doi.org/10.1186/1746-4269-9-21
- Menovshchikov, G. A., 1974 “Dikie rasteniia v ratsione korennykh zhitelei Chukotki [Wild Plants in the Diet of Aboriginal Peoples of Chukotka].” Sovetskaia etnografiia 2: 93–99.
- Merck, C. H., 2014 Beschreibung der Tschuktschi von ihren Gebrauchen und Lebensart sowie weitere Berichte und Materialen [Description of the Chukchi, Their Customs and Way of Life, with Other Reports and Materials]. Göttingen: Wallstein.
- Moll, T. A., and P. I. INENLIK’EI, eds, 2005 Chukotsko-russkii slovar’ [Chukchi-Russian Dictionary]. 2nd ed. Saint Petersburg: Prosveshchenie.
- Nielsen, B., 2007 “Post-Soviet Structures, Path-Dependency and Passivity in Chukotkan Coastal Villages.” Études Inuit Studies 31 (1–2): 163–181.
- Nordqvist, O., 1882 “Tschuktschisk Ordlista.” In Vega-Expeditionens Vetenskapliga Iakttagelser Bearbetade Af Deltagare I Resan Och Andra Forskare [Vega Expedition’s Scientific Observations Processed by Participants in the Journey and Other Researchers], edited by A. E. Nordenskiöld, 396–97. Stockholm: Beijers. https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/53419
- Panossian, A., G. Wikman, and J. Sarris, 2010 “Rosenroot (Rhodiola Rosea): Traditional Use, Chemical Composition, Pharmacology and Clinical Efficacy.” Phytomedicine 17 (7): 481–93. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.phymed.2010.02.002
- Pieroni, A., and C. L. Quave, 2006 “Functional Foods or Food Medicines? On the Consumption of Wild Plants among Albanians and Southern Italians in Lucania.” In Eating and Healing Traditional Food as Medicine, edited by Andrea Pieroni and Lisa Price, 101–129. Boca Raton: CRC Press.
- Pieroni, A., B. Rexhepi, A. Nedelcheva, A. Hajdari, B. Mustafa, V. Kolosova, K. Cianfaglione, and C. L. Quave, 2013 “One Century Later: The Folk Botanical Knowledge of the Last Remaining Albanians of the Upper Reka Valley, Mount Korab, Western Macedonia.” Journal of Ethnobiology and Ethnomedicine, 9 (1): 22. https://doi.org/10.1186/1746-4269-9-22.
- Pupynina, M., 2018 “Osobennosti kolymskogo varianta chukotskogo iazyka [Pecularities of the Kolyma Variant of Chukchi Language].” Voprosy iazykoznaniia 3: 112–127.
- Pupynina, M., and Y. Koryakov, 2019 “Chukchi-Speaking Communities in Three Russian Regions.” Sibirica, 18 (2): 78–124.
- Shikov, A. N., O. N. Pozharitskaya, V. G. Makarov, H. Wagner, R. Verpoorte, and M. Heinrich, 2014 “Medicinal Plants of the Russian Pharmacopoeia; Their History and Applications.” Journal of Ethnopharmacology 154 (3): 481–536.
- Sokolova, T. G., 1961 “K voprosu ob ispol’zovanii chukotskim naseleniem dikoi flory v raione mysa Dezhneva [Towards the Question of Wild Plant Use by the Chukchi Dwellers in the Area of Dezhnev Cape].” Zapiski Chukotskogo Kraevedcheskogo muzeia, 2: 96–97.
- Sõukand, R., G. Mattalia, V. Kolosova, N. Stryamets, J. Prakofjewa, O. Belichenko, N. Kuznetsova, S. Minuzzi, L. Keedus, B. PrUˉse, A. Simanova, A. Ippolitova, and R. Kalle, 2020 “Inventing a Herbal Tradition: The Complex Roots of the Current Popularity of Epilobium Angustifolium in Eastern Europe.” Journal of Ethnopharmacology 247 (January): 112254. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jep.2019.112254.
- Svanberg, I., 2014 “The Fortuitous Ethnobotanist on Ice.” In Pioneers in European Ethnobiology, edited by I. Svanberg and Ł. Łuczaj, 113–131. Uppsala: Uppsala University.
- Talyzin, O. G., 2008 “Razvitiie narodnogo obrazovaniia na Chukotke v 1930-1940-ie gody [Development of popular schooling in Chukotka 1930–1940s].” Vestnik Chuvashskogo universiteta 4: 131–136.
- Tikhomirov, B. A., 1958 “Dannye o poleznykh rasteniiakh eskimosov iugo-vostochnogo poberezh’ia Chukotki [Data on Useful Plants of the Yupiit of the South-Eastern Coast of Chukotka].” Botanicheskii zhurnal 40 (2): 242–246.
- Titova, Z. D., 1978 Etnograficheskie materialy Severo-Vostochnoi ekspeditsii 1785-1795 [Ethnographic Materials of Northeastern Geographical Expedition 1785-1795]. Magadan: Magadanskoe knizhnoe izdatel’stvo. http://www.vostlit.info/Texts/Dokumenty/Russ/XVIII/1780-1800/Billings_2/vved.htm
- Vasil’ev, V. N., 1930 “Poleznye dikorastushchie rasteniia Anadyrskogo kraia [Useful Wild Plants of Anadyr’ Region].” Sovetskaia Arktika: Ezhemesiachnyi politiko-ekonomicheskii zhurnal 3 (1): 51–53.
- Vdovin, I. S., 1991 “V.G. Bogoraz – uchenyi, pisatel’, obshchestvennyi deiatel’ (k 125-letiiu so dnia rozhdeniia) [V. G. Bogoras – Researcher, Writer and Public Person (Dedicated to His 125th Anniversary)].” Sovetskaia etnografiia 2: 82–92.
- Yamin-Pasternak, S., 2007 “How the Devils Went Deaf: Ethnomycology, Cuisine, And Perception of Landscape in The Russian North.” PhD diss., University of Alaska Fairbanks. https://scholarworks.alaska.edu/handle/11122/8922
- Zheleznov-Chukotskii, N. K., and S. A. Chastukhina, 2005 Beringia Wild Useful Plants, Phytotherapy and Human Health. Moscow: GEOS.
10.7202/019720ar