Abstracts
Abstract
Although the ethnoecology of the Chukchi has long been the focus of researchers, a systemic description informing the history of plant use, including local names or modes of harvesting and preparation, suitability for different ages, and different occasions, is largely lacking. C. H. Merck provided the first account of food plants at the end of the 18th century, during the Billings-Sarychev expedition, however, the first information regarding traditionally used medicinal plants was published only recently, after centuries of contact. During our 2014-2015 fieldwork, we interviewed 56 Chukchi people in the Chukotskii and Iultinskii districts of Chukotka to collect material on the most common local plants. We also gathered data on Chukchi ethnobotany from all available published sources. Slight differences were observed between maritime and reindeer Chukchi, with the former relying more on plant resources. Access limitations (e.g., algae) are reduced by exchanges between the two groups. The decline in the consumption of roots gathered from vole nests (peɬqumret) is compensated by an increase in berry harvesting (e.g., cloudberry, crowberry, bog blueberry, and lingonberry). Our results also show that the main medical uses are aimed at disease prevention, though some are borrowed from scientific pan-Russian herbal medicine popularized during the Soviet period.
Keywords:
- Chukchi,
- traditional knowledge,
- ethnobotany,
- herbal medicine,
- wild food plants,
- cultural change
Résumé
Même si l’ethnoécologie des Tchouktches a longtemps intéressé les chercheurs, nous manquons grandement d’une description systémique de l’historique de l’utilisation des plantes incluant des informations comme les noms dans la langue locale, le mode de récolte et de préparation ou l’adéquation de son utilisation avec l’âge et selon les situations. C.H. Merck a apporté la première étude des plantes alimentaires à la fin du XVIIIe siècle lors de l’expédition Billings-Sarychev. Cependant, la première information relatant l’usage traditionnel de plantes médicinales n’a été publiée que récemment, après des siècles de contact. Pendant notre travail de terrain de 2014 à 2015, nous avons interrogé 56 Tchouktches dans les districts de Tchoukokta et d’Ioultine en Tchoukokta pour obtenir du matériel sur les plantes locales les plus courantes. Nous avons également réuni des données sur l’ethnobotanique tchouktche à partir des ressources publiées disponibles. De légères différences ont été remarquées entre les Tchouktches éleveurs de rennes et les Tchouktches côtiers, ces derniers dépendant plus des ressources végétales. Les problèmes d’accès aux ressourcex (par exemple, les algues) sont ainsi réduits par les échanges effectués entre les groupes. Le déclin de la consommation de racines récoltées dans les nids de campagnols (peɬqumret) est compensé par une augmentation de la récolte de baies (par exemple les mûres arctiques, camarines noires, airelles des marais et airelles rouges). Nos résultats montrent aussi que l’usage médicinal principal des plantes cible la prévention de maladies, même si certaines pratiques sont empruntées à la phytothérapie popularisée pendant la période soviétique.
Mots-clés:
- Tchouktches,
- savoir traditionnel,
- ethnobotanique,
- phytothérapie,
- plantes alimentaires sauvages,
- changements culturels
Аннотация
Хотя этноэкология чукчей уже давно находится в центре внимания исследователей, в значительной степени отсутствует системное описание истории использования растений, включая местные названия, методы сбора и приготовления, пригодность для разных возрастов и разных случаев. Карл Мерк представил первый отчет о пищевых растениях в конце XVIII века, во время экспедиции Биллингса-Сарычева, однако, первая информация о традиционно используемых лекарственных растениях была опубликована только недавно, после столетий контакта. Во время полевой работы в 2014-2015 гг. мы опросили 56 чукчей в Чукотском и Иультинском районах Чукотки в ходе сбора материала о наиболее распространенных местных растениях. Мы также собрали данные по этноботанике чукчей из всех доступных опубликованных источников. Небольшие различия наблюдались между прибрежными и тундровыми чукчами, причем первые больше полагались на растительные ресурсы. Ограничения доступа (например, водоросли) преодолеваются за счет обмена между двумя группами. Снижение потребления корнеплодов, собранных из гнезд полевки (peɬqumret), компенсируется увеличением сбора ягод (например, морошки, водяники, голубики болотной, брусники). Наши результаты также показывают, что в основном медицинское применение растений направлено на профилактику заболеваний, хотя некоторые способы традиционного лечения заимствованы из научной общероссийской фитотерапии, популяризированной в советский период.
Ключевые слова:
- Чукчи,
- традиционное знание,
- этноботаника,
- траволечение,
- дикие съедобные растения,
- культурные изменения
Appendices
References
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