Résumés
Abstract
As Métis educators working in Alberta, we have long advocated for the meaningful inclusion of Métis perspectives and relational ways in educational spaces. We take up this work of advocacy and critical scholarship to honour our ancestors and ensure that the next generations of Métis are firmly rooted in their identity and empowered with confidence to assert their presence. Despite our efforts and those of many dedicated others who see the need for equity and inclusion in Indigenous education, our attempts to interrupt dominant settler-colonial logics have only been marginally successful. This article explores how a lack of knowingness around the Métis, flawed notions of racial purity, and assumptions of full assimilation of the Métis have resulted in ongoing injustices against the Métis. We share how we have worked to rectify these inequities through digital means alongside the prioritization of traditional Métis values that include respect, relational ways, and reciprocity.
Keywords:
- Métis,
- equity,
- Indigenous education,
- settler-colonialism,
- assimilation,
- digital advocacy
Résumé
En tant qu’éducatrices et éducateurs métis travaillant en Alberta, nous militons depuis longtemps pour une inclusion significative des perspectives et des modes relationnels métis en éducation. Ce travail de sensibilisation et de recherche critique vise à honorer la mémoire de nos ancêtres et à offrir aux prochaines générations de Métis un enracinement identitaire solide et la confiance en soi pour s’affirmer. Toutefois, malgré nos efforts et ceux d’autres personnes tout aussi engagées envers l’équité et l’inclusion en éducation autochtone, nos démarches pour dépasser la logique coloniale dominante ont jusqu’ici rencontré un succès limité. Cet article explore comment la méconnaissance des Métis, la croyance en leur assimilation complète ainsi qu’une conception erronée de la pureté raciale continuent d’alimenter des injustices persistantes. Nous présentons également comment nous avons oeuvré à corriger ces iniquités au moyen d’initiatives numériques et par la mise en avant de valeurs métisses ancestrales, telles que le respect, les relations interpersonnelles et la réciprocité.
Mots-clés :
- Métis,
- équité,
- éducation autochtone,
- colonialisme de peuplement,
- assimilation,
- sensibilisation par le numérique
Parties annexes
Bibliography
- Adams, G., & Omar, S. M. (2024). Confronting racism-evasive ignorance in standard pedagogy of hegemonic social psychology. Journal of Social Issues, 80(2), 607–628. https://doi.org/10.1111/josi.12618
- Adams, H. (1975). Prison of grass: Canada from the Native point of view. New Press.
- Ahmed, A. M. (2014). Pedagogy of ignorance. Educational Philosophy and Theory, 47(7), 734–746. https://doi.org/10.1080/00131857.2014.914879
- Anacker, C., Fontaine, T., Tucker, M., Lamoureux, P., Nzonji, G., & Missal, R. (2020). Restoring the history of St. Paul des Métis: Understanding Métis perspectives [Independently published].
- Andersen, C. (2014). “Métis”: Race, recognition, and the struggle for Indigenous peoplehood. UBC Press.
- Anderson, A. (1985). The first Métis: A new nation. Uvisco Press.
- Anuik, J. (2009). Métis families and schools: The decline and reclamation of Métis identities in Saskatchewan, 1885-1980 [Doctoral dissertation, University of Saskatchewan]. HARVEST Repository. https://harvest.usask.ca/server/api/core/bitstreams/0fcd0696-5e9e-4b7c-9b67-5a7d7c783ec9/content
- Anuik, J. (2010). “In from the margins”: Government of Saskatchewan policies to support Métis learning, 1969-1979. Canadian Journal of Native Education, 32(supplement), 83–99. https://doi.org/10.14288/cjne.v32i.196508
- Anuik, J. (2022). The right to self-identify as Métis at school: Lessons for educators and their supporters. In Y. Boyer & L. N. Chartrand (Eds.), Métis rising: Living our present through the power of our past (pp. 75–99). Purich Books.
- Association of Canadian Deans of Education. (2010). Association of Canadian Deans of Education Accord on Indigenous Education. https://csse-scee.ca/acde/wp-content/uploads/sites/7/2017/08/Accord-on-Indigenous-Education.pdf
- Auger, M. (2021). Understanding our past, reclaiming our culture: Métis resistance, resilience, and connection to land in the face of colonialism. Journal of Indigenous Social Development, 10(1), 1–28. https://journalhosting.ucalgary.ca/index.php/jisd/article/download/70465/54820/215635
- Barkwell, L. (2014). Traditional Métis values. The Virtual Museum of Métis History and Culture, Louis Riel Institute. https://www.metismuseum.ca/media/document.php/14668.Traditional%20Metis%20Values.pdf
- Barkwell, L. J., Dorion, L., & Préfontaine, D. R. (Eds.). (2001). Métis lLegacy: A Métis historiography and annotated bibliography. Pemmican Publications.
- Battiste, M. (2013). Decolonizing education: Nourishing the learning spirit. Purich Books.
- Bodnaresko, S., & Poitras Pratt, Y. (2024). Reconciliation through education: A model of ethical spaces and relationality. Journal of Teaching and Learning, 17(1), 111–128. https://doi.org/10.22329/jtl.v17i1.7913
- Campbell, M. (2019). Halfbreed. McClelland & Stewart.
- Canadian Council on Learning. (2007). Métis holistic lifelong learning model. Canadian Council on Learning. https://firstnationspedagogy.com/CCL_Learning_Model_MET.pdf
- Chartrand, L. N. (2006). Métis residential school participation: A literature review. In L. N. Chartrand, T. E. Logan, & J. D. Daniels (Eds.), Métis history and experience and residential schools in Canada (pp. 5–56). Aboriginal Healing Foundation. https://ehprnh2mwo3.exactdn.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/01/metiseweb.pdf
- Chartrand, L. N., Logan, T. E., & Daniels, J. D. (2006). Métis history and experience and residential schools in Canada. Aboriginal Healing Foundation. https://ehprnh2mwo3.exactdn.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/01/metiseweb.pdf
- Daniels, J. D. (2006). Ancestral pain: Métis memories of residential school project. In L. N. Chartrand, T. E. Logan, & J. D. Daniels (Eds.), Métis history and experience and residential schools in Canada (pp. 95–164). Aboriginal Healing Foundation. https://ehprnh2mwo3.exactdn.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/01/metiseweb.pdf
- Danyluk, P. J., Burns, A., Poitras Pratt, Y., Kendrick, A., Plante, M., Wessel, S., Crawford, K., Lemaire, E., Hill, J., Bright, R., Burleigh, D., Weir, C., Hill, L., & Boschman, L. (2023). Examining the braiding and weaving of Indigenous ways of knowing, being, and doing in Alberta teacher education. Alberta Journal of Educational Research, 69(3), 384–405. https://doi.org/10.11575/ajer.v69i3.76174
- Dobbin, M. (1981). The one-and-a-half men: The story of Jim Brady and Malcolm Norris, Métis patriots of the twentieth century. New Star.
- Dorion, L., & Breaton, C. (2021). River water flows through our veins. In Y. Boyer & L. N. Chartrand (Eds.), Métis rising: Living our present through the power of our past (pp. 13–28). UBC Press. https://doi.org/10.59962/9780774880763
- Dorion, L., & Préfontaine, D. (1999). Deconstructing Métis historiography: Giving voice to the Métis people. In L. Barkwell, L. Dorion, & D. Préfontaine (Eds.), Resources for Métis researchers. Gabriel Dumont Institute and the Louis Riel Institute.
- European Commission. (n.d.). Cultural mediator. https://home-affairs.ec.europa.eu/networks/european-migration-network-emn/emn-asylum-and-migration-glossary/glossary/cultural-mediator_en
- Ewing Commission. (1938). Métis Population Betterment Act. Government of Alberta.
- Fiola, C. (2021). Returning to ceremony: Spirituality in Manitoba Métis communities. University of Manitoba Press.
- Flanagan, T. (2017, September 12). Ottawa made a promise to the Métis Nation – but they shouldn’t keep it. The Globe and Mail. https://www.theglobeandmail.com/opinion/ottawa-made-a-promise-to-the-Métis-nation-but-they-shouldnt-keep-it/article36233269/
- Forsythe, L., & Markides, J. (Eds.). (2024). Around the kitchen table: Métis aunties’ scholarship. University of Manitoba Press.
- Foster, J. E. (1985). Review: Diane Payment, Batoche (1870-1910). Manitoba History, 10(Autumn). https://www.mhs.mb.ca/docs/mb_history/10/batoche.shtml
- Gaudry, A. (2018). Communing with the dead: The “new Métis,” Métis identity appropriation, and the displacement of living Métis culture. American Indian Quarterly, 42(2), 162–190. https://doi.org/10.1353/aiq.2018.a693376
- Gaudry, A. (2021). Building the field of Métis studies: Toward transformative and empowering Métis scholarship. In J. Adese & C. Andersen (Eds.), A People and a nation: New directions in contemporary Métis studies (pp. 213–229). UBC Press. https://doi.org/10.59962/9780774865081-011
- Gladue, K., & Poitras Pratt, Y. (2023). The integrity of good relations: Indigenous approaches to respect, relationality, and reciprocity in higher learning. In S. E. Eaton (Ed.), Second handbook of academic integrity (pp. 1223–1244). Springer Nature. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-54144-5_132
- Goulet, L. M., & Goulet, K. N. (2015). Teaching each other: Nehinuw concepts and Indigenous pedagogies. UBC Press.
- Hare, J., & Tupper, J. (2023, September 26). Renewing the Accord on Indigenous Education. EdCan Network. https://www.edcan.ca/articles/renewing-the-accord-on-indigenous-education/
- Hatch, S., & Rosiek, J. L. (2024). Agency and counter-agency in curriculum studies: Teacher work against the grain of settler futurities. Journal of Curriculum Theorizing, 39(3), 21–36. https://doi.org/10.63997/jct.v39i3.1207
- Hourie, A., & Carrière-Acco, A. (2006). Métis families. In L. J. Barkwell, L. Dorion, & A. Hourie (Eds.), Métis legacy II: Michif culture, heritage, and folkways (pp. 55–63). Gabriel Dumont Institute.
- Howe, E., & Rupertsland Institute. (2013). Bridging the Aboriginal education gap in Alberta [Research report]. https://www.ualberta.ca/en/native-studies/media-library/documents-and-pdfs/final-reportbridgingtheaboriginaleducationgapinalberta.pdf
- Huysman, A., & Poitras Pratt, Y. (2023). Home is where the land is: Mount Athabasca and the Mountain Métis. In Y. Poitras Pratt & S. Bodnaresko (Eds.), Truth and reconciliation through education: Stories of decolonizing practices (pp. 205–216). Brush Education.
- Indigenous Watchdog. (2025). Calls to action. https://www.indigenouswatchdog.org/calls-to-action/
- Isaac, T. (2016). A matter of national and constitutional import: Report of the minister’s special representative on reconciliation with Métis: Section 35 Métis rights and the Manitoba Métis Federation decision. Indigenous and Northern Affairs Canada. https://publications.gc.ca/collections/collection_2016/aanc-inac/R5-123-2016-eng.pdf
- Iseke, J. (2013). Indigenous storytelling as research. International Review of Qualitative Research, 6(4), 559–577. https://doi.org/10.1525/irqr.2013.6.4.559
- Iseke-Barnes, J. (2002). Aboriginal and Indigenous people’s resistance, the internet, and education. Race, Ethnicity and Education, 5(2), 171–198. https://doi.org/10.1080/13613320220139617
- Kearns, L.-L., & Anuik, J. (2015). Métis curricular challenges and possibilities: A discussion initiated by First Nations, Métis, and Inuit education policy in Ontario. Journal of the Canadian Association for Curriculum Studies, 12(2), 6–36. https://jcacs.journals.yorku.ca/index.php/jcacs/article/view/37691/36030
- Kulago, H. A., Sabzalian, L., & Garcia, J. (2024). View of Indigenous futurities in curriculum. Journal of Curriculum Theorizing, 39(3), 1–7. https://journal.jctonline.org/index.php/jct/article/view/1203/607
- LaRocque, E. (1975). Defeathering the Indian. Book Society of Canada.
- LaRocque, E. (2010). When the other is me: Native resistance discourse, 1850-1990. University of Manitoba Press.
- Lavallee, A., & Gabel, C. (2024). Valuing Métis identity in the Prairies through a ‘5 R’ lens: Our digital storytelling journey. In L. Forsythe & J. Markides (Eds.), Around the kitchen table: Métis aunties’ scholarship (pp. 45–67). University of Manitoba Press.
- Legacy of Hope Foundation. (2014). Forgotten: The Métis residential school experience. https://legacyofhope.ca/portfolio-items/forgottenmetis/
- Littlejohn, C. (2022). What’s a Métis, anyway? In Y. Boyer & L. Chartrand (Eds.), Métis rising: Living our present through the power of our past (pp. 29–49). UBC Press. https://doi.org/10.59962/9780774880763
- Logan, T. (2006). Lost generations: The silent Métis of the residential school system: Revised interim report (prepared for Southwest Regional of Manitoba Métis Federation). In L. N. Chartrand, T. E. Logan, & J. D. Daniels (Eds.), Métis history and experience and residential schools in Canada (pp. 57–93). Aboriginal Healing Foundation. https://ehprnh2mwo3.exactdn.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/01/metiseweb.pdf
- Macdougall, B. (2006). Wahkootowin: Family and cultural identity in northwestern Saskatchewan Métis communities. Canadian Historical Review, 87(3), 431–462. https://doi.org/10.3138/CHR/87.3.431
- Macdougall, B. (2010). One of the family: Métis culture in nineteenth-century northwestern Saskatchewan. UBC Press.
- Macdougall, B. (2021). How we know who we are: Historical literacy, kinscapes, and defining a people. In N. Kermoal & C. Andersen (Eds.), Daniels V. Canada: In and beyond the courts (pp. 233–267). University of Manitoba Press.
- Métis Centre @ National Aboriginal Health Organization. (2018). Principles of ethical Métis research. https://achh.ca/wp-content/uploads/2018/07/Guide_Ethics_NAHOMetisCentre.pdf
- Métis Nation of Alberta (formerly Métis Association of Alberta). (1990, November 14–16). Determining our destiny: The first annual Métis conference. Edmonton, AB, Canada.
- Métis Nation of Alberta. (1999). Native education policy review. https://legacy.teachers.ab.ca/News%20Room/ata%20news/Volume%2034/Number%2011/In%20the%20News/Pages/Native%20Education%20Policy%20Review.aspx
- Métis Nation of Alberta. (2004). Métis memories of residential schools: A testament to the strength of the Métis. https://www.rupertsland.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/01/Metis-Memories.pdf
- Métis National Council. (2022). Métis National Council K-12 program proposal [Position paper]. Métis Education Training and Standing Committee.
- Métis Settlements General Council. (n.d.). Our history. https://www.msgc.ca/our-history
- Mills, C. W. (2007). White ignorance. In S. Sullivan & N. Tuana, Race and epistemologies of ignorance (pp. 13–38). SUNY Press. https://doi.org/10.1515/9780791480038
- Mueller, J. (2020). Racial ideology or racial ignorance? An alternative theory of racial cognition. Sociological Theory, 38(2), 142–169. https://doi.org/10.1177/0735275120926197
- Muzyka, K. (2019, April 25). What’s Métis scrip? North America’s “largest land swindle,” says Indigenous lawyer. CBC. https://www.cbc.ca/radio/unreserved/from-scrip-to-road-allowances-canada-s-complicated-history-with-the-m%C3%A9tis-1.5100375/what-s-m%C3%A9tis-scrip-north-america-s-largest-land-swindle-says-indigenous-lawyer-1.5100507
- Oster, B., & M. Lizee (Eds.). (2021). Stories of Métis women: Tales my kookum told me Durvile & UpRoute Books.
- Paulson, J., Poitras Pratt, Y., & Contreras, G. (2015). Métis education in Alberta: K–12 policy discussion paper. Rupertsland Centre for Métis Research. https://www.rupertsland.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/08/metis-education-k-12-final-march-13-2015.pdf
- Payment, D. (2009). The free people = Li gens libres : A history of the Métis community of Batoche, Saskatchewan. University of Calgary Press.
- Poitras Pratt, Y. (2010). Merging new media with old traditions. Native Studies Review, 19(1), 19–27.
- Poitras Pratt, Y. (2020). Digital storytelling in Indigenous education: A decolonizing journey for a Métis community. Routledge, Taylor & Francis Group.
- Poitras Pratt, Y. (2021). Resisting symbolic violence: Métis community engagement in lifelong learning. International Journal of Lifelong Education, 40(4), 382–394. https://doi.org/10.1080/02601370.2021.1958017
- Poitras Pratt, Y., & Gladue, K. (2022). Re-defining academic integrity with Indigenous truths. In S. Eaton & J.-C. Hughes (Eds.), Academic integrity in Canada: An enduring and essential challenge (pp. 103–123). Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-83255-1_5
- Poitras Pratt, Y., Grant, B.-J., & Markides, J. (2021, April 27). Promises made, promises broken – How the draft K-6 curriculum recolonizes the Métis in Alberta. Alberta Curriculum Analysis. https://alberta-curriculum-analysis.ca/promises-made-promises-broken-how-the-draft-k-6-curriculum-recolonizes-the-metis-in-alberta-2/
- Poitras Pratt, Y., & Lalonde, S. (2019). The Alberta Métis Education Council: Realizing self-determination in education. In S. Carr-Stewart (Ed.), Knowing the past, facing the future: Indigenous education in Canada (pp. 265–287). Purich Books.
- Racette, S. F. (2010). The Métis: A visual history. Gabriel Dumont Institute.
- Royal Canadian Geographic Society. (2018). Aftermath of 1885. In Indigenous peoples atlas of Canada. Retrieved October 3, 2025, from https://indigenouspeoplesatlasofcanada.ca/article/aftermath-of-1885/
- Royal Commission on Aboriginal Peoples. (1996). Looking forward, looking back. https://data2.archives.ca/e/e448/e011188230-01.pdf
- Rupertsland Centre for Teaching and Learning. (2021). Homeland history: Métis foundational knowledge themes. https://www.rupertsland.org/wp-content/uploads/2022/03/Homeland-History-Foundational-Knowledge-Themes-01.25.22-Rupertsland-Institute.pdf
- Sandoval, C. D. M. (2022). Ancestral computing for sustainability learning from Indigenous mothering while (re)birthing computing education toward Indigenous futurities. Journal of Curriculum Theorizing, 39(3), 37–54. https://doi.org/10.63997/jct.v39i3.1209
- Saunders, K., & Dubois, J. (2019). Métis politics and governance in Canada. UBC Press.
- Sawchuk, J. (1998). The dynamics of native politics: The Alberta Métis experience. Purich Books.
- Teillet, J. (2019). The North-West is our mother: The story of Louis Riel’s people, the Métis nation. HarperCollins.
- Toulouse, P. R. (2018). Truth and reconciliation in Canadian schools. Portage & Main Press.
- Tuck, E., & Gaztambide-Fernández, R. (2013). Curriculum, replacement, and settler futurity. Journal of Curriculum Theorizing, 29(1), 72–89. https://doi.org/10.63997/jct.v29i1.411
- United Nations. (2007). United Nations Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples. https://www.un.org/development/desa/indigenouspeoples/wp-content/uploads/sites/19/2018/11/UNDRIP_E_web.pdf
- Vizina, Y. (2022). Ancestral knowledge in a contemporary world. In Y. Boyer & L. N. Chartrand (Eds.), Métis rising: Living our present through the power of our past (pp. 66–84). Purich Books.
- Wolfe, P. (2006). Settler colonialism and the elimination of the native. Journal of Genocide Research, 8(4), 387–409. https://doi.org/10.1080/14623520601056240

