Abstracts
Abstract
In today’s urban environments, “datafication” of social interactions and community activities is ubiquitous and actualises in various applications. One may think of sensor-enabled urban mobility, data-driven water supply systems, innovative waste management plants, and so forth. Data-driven solutions, forming the “smart city”, aim to tackle complex urban problems, and largely depend on marketising or privatising public services. Smart city models, therefore, tend to disguise processes of data appropriation by private enterprises (“data ownership”). By contrast, there is a bourgeoning legal literature exploring how decentralised data infrastructures can open up access to “urban data commons” (UDC). A growing number of public-led (eg the DECODE Project in Barcelona), private-led (eg Sidewalk Toronto in Toronto), and informal projects have put data access into practice. These regulatory schemes aim to foster data access and data sharing, but they tend to neglect the redistribution of value flowing from the positive impact of citizens’ interactions and cooperation on smart city vendors’ activities – what I call “positive externalities”. This paper addresses the issue of data-driven value generation and redistribution in the smart city. It argues that data governance encompasses matters of both use and value that need to be addressed jointly. Therefore, it comes up with some recommendations that can help to incorporate matters of value from data-driven activities. Specifically, I seek to explore the ways to remunerate municipalities in cases where smart city vendors harness positive externalities. In doing so, I circumscribe my analysis to two solutions that have distributional implications for the governance of UDC, ie Fritz Schumacher’s proposal of (large-scale) ownership in his classic Small is beautiful: Economics as if people mattered and the (IP) benefit-sharing principle as applied to indigenous communities.
Keywords:
- Smart cities,
- Commons,
- Public space,
- Urban space,
- Community,
- Data,
- Society,
- Private / public
Résumé
Dans les environnements urbains actuels, la “datafication” des interactions sociales et des activités communautaires est omniprésente et se traduit dans diverses applications. On peut penser à la mobilité urbaine assistée par capteurs, aux systèmes d’approvisionnement en eau basés sur les données, aux usines de gestion des déchets innovantes, etc. Les solutions fondées sur les données, qui forment une “ville intelligente”, visent à résoudre des problèmes urbains complexes et dépendent largement de la commercialisation ou de la privatisation des services publics. Les modèles de villes intelligentes ont donc tendance à masquer les processus d’appropriation des données par des entreprises privées (“propriété des données”). En revanche, il existe une littérature juridique florissante qui explore la manière dont les infrastructures de données décentralisées peuvent ouvrir l’accès à des “données urbaines communes” (“UDC”). Un nombre croissant de projets publics (par exemple le projet DECODE à Barcelone), privés (par exemple Sidewalk Toronto à Toronto) et informels ont mis en pratique l’accès aux données. Ces dispositifs réglementaires visent à favoriser l’accès aux données et leur partage, mais ils ont tendance à négliger la redistribution de la valeur découlant de l’impact positif des interactions et de la coopération des citoyens sur les activités des fournisseurs de villes intelligentes – ce que j’appelle les “externalités positives”. Cet article aborde la question de la génération et de la redistribution de la valeur par les données dans la ville intelligente. Il fait valoir que la gouvernance des données englobe des questions d’utilisation et de valeur qui doivent être traitées conjointement. Par conséquent, il propose quelques recommandations qui peuvent aider à intégrer les questions de valeur des activités basées sur les données. Plus précisément, je cherche à explorer les moyens de rémunérer les municipalités dans les cas où les fournisseurs de villes intelligentes exploitent des externalités positives. Ce faisant, je circonscris mon analyse à deux solutions qui ont des implications distributives pour la gouvernance de l’UDC, à savoir la proposition de Fritz Schumacher concernant la propriété (à grande échelle) dans son classique Small is beautiful : Economics as if people mattered et le principe de partage des bénéfices (PI) appliqué aux communautés autochtones.
Mots-clés :
- Biens communs,
- Espace public,
- Espace urbain,
- Communauté,
- Smart cities,
- Données,
- Société,
- Privé / public
Appendices
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