Abstracts
Résumé
Cet article examine la territorialisation de l’économie circulaire à travers une analyse comparative de trois études de cas au Québec : la symbiose industrielle (Bécancour et MRC de La Rivière-du-Nord), la ville circulaire (Montréal et Victoriaville) et le métabolisme urbain (Québec). L’étude met en évidence que la transition vers une économie circulaire est synonyme d’une gouvernance adaptée aux réalités locales, de modèles organisationnels différenciés et de coordination intersectorielle renforcée. Trois types de gouvernance ont été identifiés : une approche évolutive et adaptative (Montréal), une planification perspective (Victoriaville) et une gouvernance systémique et intersectorielle (Québec). L’analyse souligne également le rôle clé des incitations économiques et des structures organisationnelles flexibles dans l’opérationnalisation des stratégies circulaires. Enfin, l’article discute des défis liés à la coordination multiniveau, du besoin d’indicateurs d’évaluation territorialisés et de l’importance d’une mobilisation citoyenne accrue pour garantir la pérennité des modèles circulaires.
Mots-clés :
- Économie circulaire,
- gouvernance territoriale,
- modèles organisationnels,
- innovation institutionnelle,
- approche comparative,
- analyse étude de cas
Abstract
This article examines the territorialization of circular economy through a comparative analysis of three case studies in Quebec: industrial symbiosis (Bécancour and MRC de La Rivière-du-Nord), circular city (Montreal and Victoriaville), and urban metabolism (Quebec City). The study highlights that the transition to a circular economy relies on governance adapted to local realities, on differentiated organizational models, and on enhanced intersectoral coordination. Three types of governance were identified: an evolutionary and adaptive approach (Montreal), prescriptive/perspective planning (Victoriaville), and systemic and intersectoral governance (Quebec City). The analysis also highlights the key role of economic incentives and flexible organizational structures in operationalizing circular strategies. Finally, the article discusses challenges related to multi-level coordination, to the need for territorialized evaluation indicators, and to the importance of increased citizen engagement to ensure the sustainability of circular models.
Keywords:
- Circular economy,
- territorial governance,
- organizational models,
- institutional innovation,
- comparative approach,
- case study analysis
Appendices
Bibliographie
- Adebayo, Y., Ikevuje, A. H., Kwakye Mensah, J. et Esiri, A. (2024). Driving circular economy in project management: Effective stakeholder management for sustainable outcome. GSC Advanced Research and Reviews, 20(3), 235‑245. https://doi.org/10.30574/gscarr.2024.20.3.0351
- Agudo, F., Bezerra, B. et Gobbo Jr, J. (2023). An overview of Brazilian companies’ readiness to implement industrial symbiosis. Business Strategy and the Environment, 33(2), 1066-1080. https://doi.org/10.1002/bse.3534
- Alaghemandi, M. (2024). Sustainable solutions through innovative plastic waste recycling technologies. Sustainability, 16(23), 10401. https://doi.org/10.3390/su162310401
- Ancapi, F. B. (2023). Ex ante analysis of circular built environment policy coherence. Buildings & Cities, 4(1), 575-593. https://doi.org/10.5334/bc.337
- Ansell, C. et Gash, A. (2018). Collaborative platforms as a governance strategy. Journal of Public Administration Research and Theory, 28(1), 16‑32. https://doi.org/10.1093/jopart/mux030
- Arijeniwa, F., Akinsemolu, A., Chukwugozie, D., Onawo, G., Ochulor Ngene, C., Uju, N., Kawino, D. et Onyeaka, H. (2024). Closing the loop: A framework for tackling single-use plastic waste in the food and beverage industry through circular economy – A review. Journal of Environmental Management, 359, 120816. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2024.120816
- Armillei, R., Wilson, B. et Reeves, J. (2024). Embedding a circular economy through local government in Gippsland: A case study, utilising smart specialisation methodology. Circular Economy and Sustainability, 5, 851-871. https://doi.org/10.1007/s43615-024-00432-z
- Azcárate-Aguerre, J. F., den Heijer, A. C., Arkesteijn, M. H., Vergara d’Alençon, L. M. et Klein, T. (2023). Facades-as-a-service: Systemic managerial, financial, and governance innovation to enable a circular economy for buildings – Lessons learnt from a full-scale pilot project in the Netherlands. Frontiers in Built Environment, 9. https://doi.org/10.3389/fbuil.2023.1084078
- Barles, S. (2010). Society, energy and materials: The contribution of urban metabolism studies to sustainable urban development issues. Journal of Environmental Planning and Management, 53(4), 439-445. https://doi.org/10.1080/09640561003703772
- Béhar, D. (2000). Les nouveaux territoires de l’action publique. Dans D. Pagès et N. Pélissier (dir.), Territoires sous influence (t. 2, p. 83‑101). L’Harmattan.
- Bellos, I. et Ren, H. (2024). Moving from a product-based economy to a service-based economy for a more sustainable future. Dans Y. Bouchery, C. J. Corbett, J. C. Fransoo et T. Tan (dir.), Sustainable supply chains: A research-based textbook on operations and strategy (2e éd., 355‑373).
- Berck, P., Sears, M., Taylor, R. L. C., Trachtman, C., et Villas-Boas, S. B. (2024). Reduce, reuse, redeem: Deposit-refund recycling programs in the presence of alternatives. Ecological Economics, 217(C). https://ideas.repec.org//a/eee/ecolec/v217y2024ics0921800923003439.html
- Bhawna, B., Kang, P. et Sharma, S. (2024). Bridging the gap: A systematic analysis of circular economy, supply chain management, and digitization for sustainability and resilience. Operations Management Research, 17, 1039‑1057. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12063-024-00490-4
- Blackburn, O., Ritala, P. et Keränen, J. (2023). Digital platforms for the circular economy: Exploring meta-organizational orchestration mechanisms. Organization & Environment, 36(2), 253‑281. https://doi.org/10.1177/10860266221130717
- Böhm, S. et Alexander, A. (2024). Towards a place-based approach to circular innovation. Journal of Innovation Management, 12(1), 12-22. https://doi.org/10.24840/2183-0606_012.001_L002
- Boons, F. et Lüdeke-Freund, F. (2013). Business models for sustainable innovation: State of the art and steps towards a research agenda. Journal of Cleaner Production, 45, 9‑19. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2012.07.007
- Bowen, G. (2009). Document analysis as a qualitative research method. Qualitative Research Journal, 9(2), 27‑40. https://doi.org/10.3316/QRJ0902027
- Brandtner, C. (2022). Green American city: Civic capacity and the distributed adoption of urban innovations. American Journal of Sociology, 128(3), 627‑679. https://doi.org/10.1086/722965
- Brenner, B. et Drdla, D. (2023). Business model innovation toward sustainability and circularity: A systematic review of innovation types. Sustainability, 15(15), 11625. https://doi.org/10.3390/su151511625
- Cai, Y., Shu, Z.-Y., He, J.-W., Li, Y.-C., Cheng, Y.-D., Huang, K.-L., et Zhao, F.-Y. (2024). A state-of-the-art review of solar-induced ventilation technology for built environment regulation: Classification, modeling, evaluation, potential and challenges. Energy, 313(Copyright 2025, The Institution of Engineering and Technology), 133949. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.energy.2024.133949
- Castan Broto, V., Allen, A. et Rapoport, E. (2012). Interdisciplinary perspectives on urban metabolism. Journal of Industrial Ecology, 16(6), 851‑861. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1530-9290.2012.00556.x
- Centre de transfert technologique en écologie industrielle (CTTÉI). (s. d.). Publications du CTTÉI. https://www.cttei.com/publications
- Cerceau, J., Mat, N. et Junqua, G. (2018). Territorial embeddedness of natural resource management: A perspective through the implementation of industrial ecology. Geoforum, 89, 29‑42. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geoforum.2018.01.001
- Cesaretti, G. P., Covino, D., Borrelli, I. P. et Viola, I. (2020). Sustainability, territories and circular economy. Rivista di Studi Sulla Sostenibilità, 1, 11-28. https://doi.org/10.3280/RISS2020-001002
- Chaney, D. et Ben Slimane, K. (2015). Towards marketing of functionality: Insights from Michelin and Hilti. Journal of Strategic Marketing, 23(3), 224‑237. https://doi.org/10.1080/0965254X.2014.920903
- Chembessi, C., Bourdin, S. et Torre, A. (2024). Towards a territorialisation of the circular economy: The proximity of stakeholders and resources matters. Cambridge Journal of Regions Economy and Society, 17(3), 605-622. https://doi.org/10.1093/cjres/rsae007
- Chiasson, G. (2012). Territorialisation. Dans L. Côté et J.-F. Savard, Dictionnaire encyclopédique de l’administration publique. École nationale d’administration publique (ENAP). https://dictionnaire.enap.ca/dictionnaire/17/index_par_mot.enap?by=word&id=36
- Chiffoleau, Y. et Prévost, B. (2013). Les circuits courts, des innovations sociales pour une alimentation durable dans les territoires. Norois, 224, 7‑20. https://doi.org/10.4000/norois.4245
- Christensen, T. B. (2021). Towards a circular economy in cities: Exploring local modes of governance in the transition towards a circular economy in construction and textile recycling. Journal of Cleaner Production, 305, 127058. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2021.127058
- Communauté métropolitaine de Québec. (2017). Plan métropolitain de gestion des matières résiduelles (PMGMR) 2016-2021 (Rive-Nord). https://cmquebec.qc.ca/matieres-residuelles/pmgmr-2016-2021
- Cooper, S. J. G., Giesekam, J., Hammond, G. P., Norman, J. B., Owen, A., Rogers, J. G. et Scott, K. (2017). Thermodynamic insights and assessment of the “circular economy”. Journal of Cleaner Production, 162, 1356‑1367. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2017.06.169
- Corbin, J. et Strauss, A. (2014). Basics of qualitative research: Techniques and procedures for developing grounded theory. SAGE.
- Corsini, F., De Bernardi, C. et Frey, M. (2023). Industrial symbiosis as a business strategy for the circular economy: Identifying regional firms’ profiles and barriers to their adoption. Journal of Environmental Planning and Management, 67(5), 1148‑1168. https://doi.org/10.1080/09640568.2022.2154201
- Dagilienė, L., Varaniūtė, V. et Bruneckienė, J. (2021). Local governments’ perspective on implementing the circular economy: A framework for future solutions. Journal of Cleaner Production, 310, 127340. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2021.127340
- de Almeida, L. et van Zeben, J. (2023). The (in)coherence-(in)effectiveness nexus of the EU’s circular energy system. Dans L. de Almeida et J. van Zeben (dir.), Law in the EU’s circular energy system (p. 261‑268). Elgar. https://doi.org/10.4337/9781802205879.00023
- de Jesus, A., Antunes, P., Santos, R. et Mendonça, S. (2018). Eco-Innovation in the transition to a circular economy: An analytical literature review. Journal of Cleaner Production, 172, 2999‑3018. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2017.11.111
- Debeissat, A. (2021, 17 novembre). Nouveau laboratoire de technologies propres au CTTÉI. CTTÉI. https://www.cttei.com/le-cttei-inaugure-un-laboratoire-de-technologies-propres-unique-au-canada
- Desjardins, J. (2022, 9 mai). Vers une stratégie d’économie circulaire à Montréal : comment accélérer la transition? Québec Circulaire. https://www.quebeccirculaire.org/library/h/vers-une-strategie-d-economie-circulaire-a-montreal-comment-accelerer-la-transition.html
- Drakulović, V., Mihajlovic, V., Vujic, B., Đurđev, M. et Marković, M. (2024, octobre). Integration of circular economy and industrial ecology: Pathways to sustainable industrial development. XIV International Conference on Industrial Engineering and Environmental Protection, Zrenjanin (Serbie). https://doi.org/10.46793/IIZS24.319D
- Dziedzic, R., Pondicherry, P., et Dziedzic, M. (2025). Review of national policy instruments motivating circular construction. Resources, Conservation and Recycling, 215, 108053. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.resconrec.2024.108053
- Emmanuel, O. O., Sher, W. et Temitope, E. (2021). Circular economy pillars: A semi-systematic review. Clean Technologies and Environmental Policy, 23(3), 899‑914. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10098-020-02012-9
- Ertz, M., Raufflet, E. et Tremblay-Racicot, F. (2023). La gestion du changement et la transition vers l’économie circulaire : une perspective territoriale. Organisations & Territoires, 32(3), 4‑11. https://doi.org/10.1522/revueot.v32n3.1673
- Fabbri, J. et Charue-Duboc, F. (2013). Un modèle d’accompagnement entrepreneurial fondé sur des apprentissages au sein d’un collectif d’entrepreneurs : le cas de La Ruche. Management international, 17(3), 86‑99. https://doi.org/10.7202/1018269ar
- Faria, E., Caldeira-Pires, A. et Barreto, C. (2021). Social, economic, and institutional configurations of the industrial symbiosis process: A comparative analysis of the literature and a proposed theoretical and analytical framework. Sustainability, 13(13), 7123. https://doi.org/10.3390/su13137123
- Faure, A. et Douillet, A.-C. (dir.). (2005). L’action publique et la question territoriale. Presses universitaires de Grenoble.
- Ferrão, P. et Fernández, J. (2013). Sustainable urban metabolism. MIT Press.
- Furlan, C., Wandl, A., Cavalieri, C. et Unceta, P. M. (2022). Territorialising circularity. Dans L. Amenta, M. Russo et A. van Timmeren (dir.), Regenerative territories (p. 31‑49). Springer International. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-78536-9_2
- Geissdoerfer, M., Savaget, P., Bocken, N. M. P. et Hultink, E. J. (2017). The circular economy: A new sustainability paradigm? Journal of Cleaner Production, 143, 757‑768. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2016.12.048
- Genois-Lefrançois, P., Vialleix, M. et Scherrer, F. (2023). L’approche du métabolisme urbain : un portrait des modes d’adoption pour le déploiement urbain de l’économie circulaire. Organisations & Territoires, 32(3), 33-54. https://doi.org/10.1522/revueot.v32n3.1675
- Genovese, A., Acquaye, A., Figueroa, A. et Koh, S. (2015). Sustainable supply chain management and the transition towards a circular economy: Evidence and some applications. Omega, 66(B), 344-357. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.omega.2015.05.015
- Genovese, A. et Pansera, M. (2021). The circular economy at a crossroads: Technocratic eco-modernism or convivial technology for social revolution? Capitalism Nature Socialism, 32(2), 95‑113. https://doi.org/10.1080/10455752.2020.1763414
- Ghisellini, P., Ncube, A., Casazza, M. et Passaro, R. (2022). Toward circular and socially just urban mining in global societies and cities: Present state and future perspectives. Frontiers in Sustainable Cities, 4. https://doi.org/10.3389/frsc.2022.930061
- Gupta, R. (2024). A qualitative inquiry into the implementation challenges of circular economy practices in supply chains. University of Portsmouth. https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-4284012/v1
- Han, Y., Shevchenko, T., Yannou, B., Ranjbari, M., Shams Esfandabadi, Z., Saidani, M., Bouillass, G., Bliumska-Danko, K. et Li, G. (2023). Exploring how digital technologies enable a circular economy of products. Sustainability, 15(3), 2067. https://doi.org/10.3390/su15032067
- Hendra, O., Prasojo, E., Fathurrahman, R. et Pilbeam, C. (2024). Vertical-horizontal actor collaboration in governance network: A systematic review. Public Organization Review, 24, 1233‑1252. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11115-024-00794-w
- Herczeg, G., Akkerman, R. et Hauschild, M. (2018). Supply chain collaboration in industrial symbiosis networks. Journal of Cleaner Production, 171, 1058‑1067. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2017.10.046
- Heurkens, E. et Dąbrowski, M. (2021). Circling the square: Governance of the circular economy transition in the Amsterdam metropolitan area. European Spatial Research and Policy, 27(2), 11‑31. https://doi.org/10.18778/1231-1952.27.2.02
- Hobson, K. et Lynch, N. (2016). Diversifying and de-growing the circular economy: Radical social transformation in a resource-scarce world. Futures, 82, 15‑25. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.futures.2016.05.012
- Institut national de la recherche scientifique (INRS). (2024, 16 août). Deux nouveaux regroupements de recherche en sciences environnementales financés par l’INRS. https://inrs.ca/actualites/deux-nouveaux-regroupements-de-recherche-en-sciences-environnementales-finances-par-linrs
- Ji, Y. (2024). A methodological exploration of document analysis as a qualitative research method. Korean Association for Qualitative Inquiry, 10, 25‑56. https://doi.org/10.30940/JQI.2024.10.3.25
- Joensuu, T., Edelman, H. et Saari, A. (2020). Circular economy practices in the built environment. Journal of Cleaner Production, 276, 124215. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2020.124215
- Kampelmann, S. (2016). Mesurer l’économie circulaire à l’échelle territoriale : une analyse systémique de la gestion des matières organiques à Bruxelles. Revue de l’OFCE, 145(1), 161‑184. https://doi.org/10.3917/reof.145.0161
- Kasmi, F. (2021). Industrial symbiosis and territorial development: The cross-fertilization of proximity dynamics and the role of information and knowledge flows. Journal of the Knowledge Economy, 12, 342-362. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13132-020-00631-7
- Keh, P., Rodhain, F., Meissonier, R. et Llorca, V. (2012). Financial performance, environmental compliance, and social outcomes: The three challenges of reverse logistics – Case study of IBM Montpellier. Supply Chain Forum, 13(3), 26-38. https://doi.org/10.1080/16258312.2012.11517296
- Kennedy, C., Cuddihy, J. et Engel-Yan, J. (2007). The changing metabolism of cities. Journal of Industrial Ecology, 11(2), 43‑59. https://doi.org/10.1162/jie.2007.1107
- Kirchherr, J., Piscicelli, L., Bour, R., Kostense-Smit, E., Muller, J., Huibrechtse-Truijens, A. et Hekkert, M. (2018). Barriers to the circular economy: Evidence from the European Union (EU). Ecological Economics, 150, 264‑272. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolecon.2018.04.028
- Kirchherr, J., Yang, N.-H. N., Schulze-Spüntrup, F., Heerink, M. J. et Hartley, K. (2023). Conceptualizing the circular economy (revisited): An analysis of 221 definitions. Resources, Conservation and Recycling, 194, 107001. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.resconrec.2023.107001
- Korhonen, J., Honkasalo, A. et Seppälä, J. (2018). Circular economy: The concept and its limitations. Ecological Economics, 143, 37‑46. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolecon.2017.06.041
- Lavigne, M.-C. (2025, 10 mars). Les symbioses industrielles au service de la compétitivité des entreprises. Conseil régional de l’environnement du Centre-du-Québec. https://crecq.qc.ca/ledito-de-lexperte-les-symbioses-industrielles-au-service-de-la-competitivite-des-entreprises
- Lieder, M. et Rashid, A. (2016). Towards circular economy implementation: A comprehensive review in context of manufacturing industry. Journal of Cleaner Production, 115, 36‑51. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2015.12.042
- Loorbach, D., Wittmayer, J., Avelino, F., von Wirth, T. et Frantzeskaki, N. (2020). Transformative innovation and translocal diffusion. Environmental Innovation and Societal Transitions, 35, 251-260. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eist.2020.01.009
- Maeder, M., & Froehling, M. (2024). Conceptualizing circular economy policy instruments : The case of recycled content standards. Sustainable Production and Consumption, 52, 333‑346. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.spc.2024.11.009
- Maheux-Picard, C. (2015, 30 décembre). Visite de la symbiose industrielle de Bécancour. CTTÉI. https://www.cttei.com/visite-de-la-symbiose-industrielle-du-parc-industriel-et-portuaire-de-becancour
- Maillefert, M. (2024). Du développement durable à l’économie circulaire : comment passer d’une politique d’accommodement à une transition vers un changement de modèle? Revue juridique de l’environnement, 49(3), 525‑528. https://shs.cairn.info/revue-juridique-de-l-environnement-2024-3-page-525
- Merli, R., Preziosi, M. et Acampora, A. (2018). How do scholars approach the circular economy? A systematic literature review. Journal of Cleaner Production, 178, 703‑722. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2017.12.112
- Mhatre, P., Panchal, R., Singh, A. et Bibyan, S. (2020). A systematic literature review on the circular economy initiatives in the European Union. Sustainable Production and Consumption, 26, 187-202. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.spc.2020.09.008
- Millar, N., Mclaughlin, E. et Börger, T. (2019). The circular economy: Swings and roundabouts? Ecological Economics, 158, 11‑19. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolecon.2018.12.012
- Ministère de l’Environnement, de la Lutte contre les changements climatiques, de la Faune et des Parcs (MELCCFP). (2024a). Accélérer le développement de l’économie circulaire : feuille de route gouvernementale en économie circulaire 2024-2028. Gouvernement du Québec. https://cdn-contenu.quebec.ca/cdn-contenu/adm/min/environnement/publications-adm/developpement-durable/strategie-gouvernementale/feuille-route-economie-circulaire.pdf
- Ministère de l’Environnement, de la Lutte contre les changements climatiques, de la Faune et des Parcs (MELCCFP). (2024b). Rapport annuel de gestion 2023-2024. Gouvernement du Québec. https://cdn-contenu.quebec.ca/cdn-contenu/adm/min/environnement/publications-adm/rapport-annuel-de-gestion/rapport-annuel-gestion-2023-2024-melccfp.pdf
- Ministère du Développement durable, de l’Environnement et des Parcs (MDDEP). (2011). Politique québécoise de gestion des matières résiduelles : plan d’action 2011-2015 – Allier économie et environnement. Gouvernement du Québec. https://www.environnement.gouv.qc.ca/matieres/pgmr/presentation.pdf
- Neves, A., Godina, R., Carvalho, H., Azevedo, S. et Matias, J. (2019). Industrial symbiosis initiatives in United States of America and Canada: Current status and challenges. 8th International Conference on Industrial Technology and Management (ICITM), Cambridge (R. U.). https://doi.org/10.1109/ICITM.2019.8710744
- Neves, S. A., Marques, A. C. et de Sá Lopes, L. B. (2024). Is environmental regulation keeping e-waste under control? Evidence from e-waste exports in the European Union. Ecological Economics, 216, 108031. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolecon.2023.108031
- Niang, A., Bourdin, S. et Torre, A. (2023). The geography of circular economy: Job creation, territorial embeddedness and local public policies. Journal of Environmental Planning and Management, 67(12), 2939-2954. https://doi.org/10.1080/09640568.2023.2210749
- Nwabekee, U. S., Abdul-Azeez, O. Y., Agu, E. E. et Ijomah, T. I. (2024). Challenges and opportunities in implementing circular economy models in FMCG industries. International Journal of Frontline Research in Science and Technology, 3(2), 73‑91. https://doi.org/10.56355/ijfrst.2024.3.2.0048
- Nyakudya, P., Madushele, N. et Madyira, D. M. (2023, mai). Industrial symbiosis: A panacea to industrial waste management challenges in Harare. 14th International Conference on Mechanical and Intelligent Manufacturing Technologies (ICMIMT), Le Cap (Afrique du Sud). https://doi.org/10.1109/ICMIMT59138.2023.10201222
- Paché, G. (2024). Kalundborg industrial symbiosis: Circular strategy in the light of mutualism. Journal of Strategic Innovation and Sustainability, 19(3), 89-97. https://doi.org/10.33423/jsis.v19i3.7330
- Palagonia, C., Michelini, L. et Mattelin-Pierrard, C. (2023, juin). Exploring industrial symbiosis. New Business Models Conference Proceedings 2023, Maastricht (Pays-Bas). https://doi.org/10.26481/mup.2302.14
- Pieroni, M. P. P., McAloone, T. C. et Pigosso, D. C. A. (2019). Business model innovation for circular economy and sustainability: A review of approaches. Journal of Cleaner Production, 215, 198‑216. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2019.01.036
- Prendeville, S., Cherim, E. et Bocken, N. (2018). Circular cities: Mapping six cities in transition. Environmental Innovation and Societal Transitions, 26, 171‑194. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eist.2017.03.002
- RECYC-QUÉBEC. (2023). Bilan 2021 de la gestion des matières résiduelles au Québec. Gouvernement du Québec. https://www.recyc-quebec.gouv.qc.ca/sites/default/files/documents/bilan-gmr-2021-complet.pdf
- RECYC-QUÉBEC. (2023, 23 mai). Économie circulaire dans les communautés nordiques du Québec : RECYC-QUÉBEC diffuse une nouvelle étude. Gouvernement du Québec. https://www.recyc-quebec.gouv.qc.ca/actualite/economie-circulaire-dans-les-communautes-nordiques-du-quebec-recyc-quebec-diffuse-une-nouvelle-etude
- RECYC-QUÉBEC. (2024, 13 juin). RECYC-QUÉBEC s’engage à soutenir Synergie Québec pour renforcer le réseau des symbioses industrielles. Gouvernement du Québec. https://www.recyc-quebec.gouv.qc.ca/communiques-de-presse/recyc-quebec-sengage-a-soutenir-synergie-quebec-pour-renforcer-le-reseau-des-symbioses-industrielles
- RECYC-QUÉBEC. (2025a). L’économie circulaire, une priorité. Gouvernement du Québec. https://www.recyc-quebec.gouv.qc.ca/entreprises-organismes/mieux-gerer/economie-circulaire
- RECYC-QUÉBEC. (2025b). Prévenir et mieux gérer les résidus de construction, de rénovation et de démolition. Gouvernement du Québec. https://www.recyc-quebec.gouv.qc.ca/entreprises-organismes/performer/crd
- RECYC-QUÉBEC. (2025c). Trousse pour une feuille de route régionale en économie circulaire. Gouvernement du Québec. https://www.recyc-quebec.gouv.qc.ca/municipalites/mieux-gerer/economie-circulaire/trousse-feuille-de-route
- Rocca, L., Veneziani, M. et Carini, C. (2023). Mapping the diffusion of circular economy good practices: Success factors and sustainable challenges. Business Strategy and the Environment, 32(4), 2035‑2048. https://doi.org/10.1002/bse.3235
- Rubio, S., Chamorro, A., Miranda, F. J. et Jiménez-Parra, B. (2019). Reverse logistics and urban logistics: Making a link. Sustainability, 11(20), 5684. https://doi.org/10.3390/su11205684
- Savini, F. (2023). Futures of the social metabolism: Degrowth, circular economy and the value of waste. Futures, 150, 103180. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.futures.2023.103180
- Schwanholz, J. et Leipold, S. (2020). Sharing for a circular economy? An analysis of digital sharing platforms’ principles and business models. Journal of Cleaner Production, 269, 122327. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2020.122327
- Serra, B. et Buclet, N. (2019). L’économie de fonctionnalité comme modèle d’échange innovant : le concept originel à l’épreuve des systèmes de légitimité. Technologie et innovation, 5(1), 1-19. https://doi.org/10.21494/ISTE.OP.2020.0442
- Sgambaro, S., Chiaroni, D. et Urbinati, A. (2024). Fostering the transition towards circular economy through collaborations: An open innovation perspective in the building industry. Creativity and Innovation Management, 34(1), 30-46. https://doi.org/10.1111/caim.12623
- Skripnuk, D., Didenko, N., Gazizulina, A., Kikkas, K. N. et Skripniuk, K. (2023). Methodology of a circular economy in a specific territory. Sustainability, 15(13), 10363. https://doi.org/10.3390/su151310363
- Souza Piao, R., Vincenzi, T., Vazquez-Brust, D., Yakovleva, N., Bonsu, S. et Carvalho, M. (2023). Barriers toward circular economy transition: Exploring different stakeholders’ perspectives. Corporate Social Responsibility and Environmental Management, 31(1), 153-168. https://doi.org/10.1002/csr.2558
- Stake, R. E. (1995). The art of case study research. SAGE.
- Synergie Québec et Centre de transfert technologique en écologie industrielle (CTTÉI). (s. d.). Économie circulaire Centre-du-Québec. Synergie Québec. https://synergiequebec.ca/symbioses/economie-circulaire-centre-du-quebec
- Taylor, M., Garner, P., Oliver, S. et Desmond, N. (2024). Use of qualitative research in World Health Organisation guidelines: A document analysis. Health Research Policy and Systems, 22, 44. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12961-024-01120-y
- Tochtrop, C., Von Geibler, J., Ruckschloss, J. et Schlegel, M.-C. (2024, juin). Product features: Upgraded functionality or sustainability problem? An environmental assessment approach for additional product functions and its application in the case of fridge-freezers. International Conference Electronics Goes Green 2024+: From silicon to sustainability, Berlin (Allemagne). https://doi.org/10.23919/EGG62010.2024.10631252
- Torre, A. et Dermine-Brullot, S. (2019). Circular territorial economy: Towards sustainable territories? Food Systems, 4(varia), 27‑47. https://doi.org/10.48611/isbn.978-2-406-09829-4.p.0027
- Vasiliauskas, A. V. et Navickienė, O. (2024). Challenges of implementing reverse logistics in ensuring circular economy goals. Dans O. Prentkovskis, I. Yatskiv (Jackiva), P. Skačkauskas, M. Karpenko et M. Stosiak (dir.), TRANSBALTICA XIV: Transportation science and technology (p. 486-494). Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-52652-7_48
- Ville de Montréal. (2020). Stratégie du Plan directeur de gestion des matières résiduelles de l’agglomération de Montréal : Montréal, zéro déchet 2020-2025. https://ville.montreal.qc.ca/pls/portal/docs/page/enviro_fr/media/documents/strategie_zero_dechet_2020.pdf
- Ville de Montréal. (2023). Éco-quartier. https://montreal.ca/programmes/eco-quartier
- Ville de Montréal. (2025). Plan climat MHM 2022-2030 : accélérer la transition écologique. https://montreal.ca/articles/plan-climat-mhm-2022-2030-accelerer-la-transition-ecologique-19608
- Ville de Québec. (2018). Vision 2018-2028 pour une saine gestion des matières résiduelles. https://www.ville.quebec.qc.ca/apropos/planification-orientations/matieres-residuelles/index.aspx
- Ville de Québec. (2025). Centre de biométhanisation de l’agglomération de Québec. https://www.ville.quebec.qc.ca/apropos/planification-orientations/matieres-residuelles/valorisation_matieres_organiques/
- Ville de Victoriaville. (2022). Plan stratégique 2022-2027. https://victoriaville.ca/documents-officiels/plan-strategique-2022-2027
- Ville de Victoriaville. (2025a). Parcs industriels. https://vic.to/parcsindustriels
- Ville de Victoriaville. (2025b, 20 janvier). Victoriaville offre une subvention pour aider les entreprises à chauffer vert. https://vic.to/nouvelle/5737
- Voukkali, I., Papamichael, I., Economou, F., Loizia, P., Klontza, E., Lekkas, D., Naddeo, V. et Zorpas, A. (2023). Factors affecting social attitude and behavior for the transition towards a circular economy. Sustainable Chemistry and Pharmacy, 36, 101276. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scp.2023.101276
- Wang, H.-C. (2022). Case studies of urban metabolism: What should be addressed next? Urban Affairs Review, 59(3), 949-968. https://doi.org/10.1177/10780874221080145
- Williams, J., Prawiyogi, A., Rodriguez, M. et Kovac, I. (2024). Enhancing circular economy with digital technologies: A PLS-SEM approach. International Transactions on Education Technology (ITEE), 2(2), 140‑151. https://doi.org/10.33050/itee.v2i2.590
- Winans, K., Kendall, A. et Deng, H. (2017). The history and current applications of the circular economy concept. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 68(1), 825‑833. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2016.09.123
- Wohnsdorf, S., Simon, J. et Klapper, U. (2022, juillet). Opportunities and challenges of smart textile systems for occupational safety of electricians. International Conference on Flexible and Printable Sensors and Systems (FLEPS), Vienne (Autriche). https://doi.org/10.1109/FLEPS53764.2022.9781589
- Yin, R. K. (2009). Case study research: Design and methods (4e éd.). SAGE.
- Yin, R. K. (2017). Case study research and applications: Design and methods (6e éd.). SAGE.
- Ziegler, R., Poirier, C., Lacasse, M. et Murray, E. (2023). Circular economy and cooperatives: An exploratory survey. Sustainability, 15(3), 2530. https://doi.org/10.3390/su15032530
- Zorba, R. et Malarvizhi, G. (2025). Urban metabolism: A dual-perspective case study and its implications in the urban political economy of developing nations for an effective SDG framework. Frontiers in Sustainable Cities, 7, 1538006. https://doi.org/10.3389/frsc.2025.1538006
10.7202/1018269ar