Résumés
Abstract
Resistance in translation is a well known and accepted means for minorities and oppressed linguistic/cultural groups to access power, agency, and cultural repair (see Niranjana, 1992; Simon, 2005; Bandia, 2008; Cox, 2009; Tymoczko, 2010). Yet for all the good “retranslations” do, they remain yoked to a name that erases their significance by collapsing it with the simple act of “translating-again.” This paper argues for the adoption of a new term, “redressive translation,” to replace the term “retranslation” in contexts where redressive resistance in translation is manifest. It examines and defines two distinct varieties of redressive translation, namely “active redressive translation” and “passive redressive translation.” By adopting the name “redressive translation” to identify characteristics present in translated texts that resist politically and offer minority/minoritized cultures a means of healing, new clarity and strength can be brought to these translation offerings, enabling readers, researchers, translators, writers, and activists alike to share a common term for these essential articulations/manifestations of resistance.
Keywords:
- redressive translation,
- resistance in translation,
- cultural repair,
- retranslation
Résumé
La résistance traductive est un moyen bien connu et accepté par les minorités et les groupes linguistiques/culturels opprimés d’accéder au pouvoir, à l’action et à la réparation culturelle (voir Niranjana, 1992; Simon, 2005; Bandia, 2008; Cox, 2009; Tymoczko, 2010). Pourtant, malgré tout le bien qu’apportent les « retraductions », elles restent associées à un terme qui efface leur signification en les assimilant au simple fait de « traduire à nouveau ». Cet article plaide pour l’adoption d’un nouveau terme, « traduction réparatrice », pour remplacer le terme « retraduction » dans les contextes où la résistance réparatrice en traduction est manifeste. Il examine et définit deux variétés de traduction réparatrice, à savoir la traduction réparatrice active et la traduction réparatrice passive. En adoptant le terme « traduction réparatrice » pour englober les caractéristiques présentes dans les textes traduits qui témoignent d’une volonté de résistance politique et qui offrent aux culturelles minoritaires et minorisées une façon de guérir, une clarté et une force renouvelées sont associées à ces traductions. Les lecteurs, chercheurs, traducteurs, écrivains et activistes peuvent ainsi partager un terme commun pour ces articulations/manifestations essentielles de la résistance.
Mots-clés :
- traduction réparatrice,
- résistance en traduction,
- réparation culturelle,
- retraduction
Parties annexes
Bibliography
- Anderson, Benedict (2006). Imagined Communities: Reflections on the Origin and Spread of Nationalism. London, Verso.
- Armstrong, Paul B., ed. (2016). Heart of Darkness, by Joseph Conrad. 5th Norton Critical Edition, New York, W.W. Norton & Company.
- Baker, Mona (2006). Translation and Conflict: A Narrative Account. London and New York, Routledge.
- Baker, Mona and Kirsten Malmkjaer, eds. (2008). Routledge Encyclopedia of Translation Studies. 2nd ed. London and New York, Routledge.
- Bandia, Paul (2008). Translation as Reparation. Manchester, St. Jerome.
- Bakhtin, Mikhail (1984). Problems of Dostoevsky’s Poetics. Trans. and ed. Caryl Emerson. Minnesota, University of Minnesota Press.
- Bascara, Victor (2003). “Cultural Politics of Redress: Reassessing the Meaning of the Civil Liberties Act of 1988 after 9/11.” Asian American Law Journal, 10, 2, pp. 185-214.
- Berman, Antoine (1990). “La retraduction comme espace de la traduction.” Palimpsestes. 4, pp. 1-7.
- Best, R.I. et al., eds. (1954-1983). The Book of Leinster, formerly Lebar na Núachongbála. 6 vols. Dublin, Dublin Institute for Advanced Studies.
- Best, R.I. and Osborn Bergin, eds. (1929). Lebor na hUidre [Book of the Dun Cow]. Dublin, Hodges, Figgis, & Co.
- Bhabha, Homi (1994). The Location of Culture. London and New York, Routledge.
- Bourdieu, Pierre (1986). “The Forms of Capital.” In J. Richardson, ed. Handbook of Theory and Research for the Sociology of Education. Westport, Greenwood, pp. 241–58.
- Brasseaux, Carl (1988). In Search of Evangeline. Birth and Evolution of the Evangeline Myth. Thibodaux, Blue Heron Press.
- Conrad, Joseph (1899). “Heart of Darkness.” Blackwood’s Edinburgh Magazine, vol. CLXV, February, pp. 193-220, March, 479-502, April, pp. 634-657.
- Cox, Amanda Leigh (2009). Articulating Resistance: Translating Acadie and Ireland as Postcolonial and Subaltern. Masters Thesis, Département d’études françaises, Concordia University.
- Derrida, Jacques. (1976). Of Grammatology. Trans. Gayatri Chakravorty Spivak. Baltimore and London, Johns Hopkins.
- Doucette, Leonard E. et al. (2015). “Culture of Acadia.” Canadian Encyclopedia. [http://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/culture-of-acadia/].
- Dunn, Joseph (1914). The Ancient Irish Epic Tale the Tàin Bo Cualgne—The Cualgne Cattle Raid. Whitefish, Kessinger.
- Dunn, Joseph and P. J. Lennox, eds. (1914) The Glories of Ireland. Washington, Phoenix Limited.
- Faraday, Winifred (1904). The Cattle Raid of Cualnge, Tain Bo Cuailnge: An Old Irish Prose Epic. Whitefish, Kessinger.
- Gregory, Lady Augusta (1902). Cuchulain of Muirthemne. Whitefish, Kessinger.
- Gürçağlar, Shenaz Tahir (2008) “Retranslation.” In M. Baker and K. Malmkjaer, eds. Routledge Encyclopedia of Translation Studies. 2nd ed. London and New York, Routledge.
- Halbwachs, Maurice (1993). On Collective Memory. Trans. Lewis A. Coser. Chicago, University of Chicago Press.
- Heywood, Andrew. (2013). Politics. 4th ed. Basingstoke, Palgrave Macmillan.
- Jakobson, Roman (1959). “On Linguistic Aspects of Translation.” In R.A. Brower, ed. On Translation. Cambridge, Harvard University Press, p. 232-239.
- LeMay, Pamphile (1969). Textes choisis et présentés par Romain Légaré. Montreal, Fides.
- Longfellow, Henry Wadsworth (1909). The Poems of Henry Wadsworth Longfellow 1823-1866. New York, JM Dent and Sons Ltd.
- Maillet, Antonine. (1971). La Sagouine. 1st ed. Montreal, Éditions Leméac.
- Maillet, Antonine (1975). Évangéline deusse. Montreal, Éditions Leméac.
- Merriam-Webster Dictionary (n.d.). “Indigenous.” [https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/indigenous].
- Merriam-Webster Dictionary (n.d.). “Redress.” [https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/redress].
- Mezei, Kathy, Sherry Simon and Luise von Flotow, (2014). “Introduction.” In K. Mezei, S. Simon and L. von Flotow, eds. Translation Effects. The Shaping of Modern Canadian Culture. Montreal, McGill-Queen’s University Press, pp. 3-27.
- Morency, Jean, ed. (2005). Henry Wadsworth Longfellow – Évangéline – Traduction française par Pamphile LeMay (éd. bilingue). Montreal, Les Éditions du Boréal.
- Niranjana, Tejaswini (1992). Siting Translation: History, Post-Structuralism, and the Colonial Context. Berkeley, University of California Press.
- Nolke, Henning (2017). Linguistic Polyphony. The Scandinavian Approach: ScaPoLine. Leiden, Brill.
- Quetchenbach, Bernard (1998). Evangéline: An Overview. Fort Kent, University of Maine.
- Said, Edward (1978). Orientalism. London, Penguin.
- Simon, Sherry (2005). “Presentation.” TTR, 18, 2, pp. 9-16.
- Simon, Sherry (2014). “Translating Cultural/Race Politics.” In K. Mezei, S. Simon and L. von Flotow, eds. Translation Effects. The Shaping of Modern Canadian Culture. Montreal, McGill-Queen’s University Press, pp. 50-62.
- Spivak, Gayatri (1988). “Can the Subaltern Speak?” In C. Nelson and L. Grossberg, eds. Marxism and the Interpretation of Culture. Basingstoke, MacMillan Educational, pp. 271-313.
- Tymoczko, Maria (1999). Translating in a Postcolonial Context: Early Irish Literature in English Translation. Manchester, St. Jerome.
- Tymoczko, Maria, ed. (2010). Translation,Resistance, Activism. Amherst, University of Massachusetts Press.
- Venuti, Lawrence (1998). The Translator’s Invisibility: A History of Translation. London and New York, Routledge.
- Weiss, Jonathan M. (1977). “Acadia Transplanted: The Importance of Evangeline Deusse in the Work of Antonine Maillet.” Colby Library Quarterly, 13, 3, pp. 173-185.
- Wolfe, Patrick. (1998) Settler Colonialism and the Transformation of Anthropology: The Politics and Poetics of an Ethnographic Event. Writing Past Colonialism. London and New York, Bloomsbury.
10.7202/015743ar