Résumés
Résumé
Les résultats d’un programme de recherche écosystémique, mené dans le Parc Marin Saguenay–Saint-Laurent, sont résumés pour comprendre les processus fondamentaux responsables de l’existence de ce site traditionnel d’alimentation des baleines, découvert par les baleiniers basques il y a 450 ans. Un ensemble de processus pérennes maintient les proies des baleines agrégées à la tête du chenal principal du plateau continental de l’est du Canada. Quel est-il ?
Cette région est le site de la plus riche agrégation de krill documentée à ce jour pour le nord-ouest Atlantique. Les mécanismes responsables sont le pompage, la rétention et la concentration du krill adulte provenant du golfe du Saint‑Laurent par l’énergique circulation estuarienne du Saint‑Laurent. Les courants de marée remontant le long des talus des chenaux et des bancs sous-marins interagissent avec le comportement vertical du krill adulte et le concentrent. Ce processus est plus intense à la tête des chenaux où l’« upwelling » d’origine tidale (remontée d’eau profonde due à la marée) est amplifié. Il est rehaussé par endroits par l’« upwelling » côtier dû au vent. La circulation moyenne transporte les riches essaims de krill le long des rebords des bassins. À l’embouchure de l’estuaire, le krill, concentré à la marge de la grande gyre cyclonique (tourbillon anti-horaire) d’Anticosti, est injecté dans l’estuaire maritime du côté nord, lorsque les conditions de circulation sont favorables. L’étroit courant de talus remontant l’estuaire l’emporte alors vers la zone d’agrégation de krill du parc marin. Des poissons pélagiques fourragers, tel le capelan, se concentrent aussi à la tête du chenal et à l’entrée du fjord sous l’action de l’« upwelling », des courants de marée et des fronts, qui aussi concentrent et augmentent la disponibilité de leurs proies. Ils contribuent à nourrir les baleines et les oiseaux marins.
Des caractéristiques océanographiques spéciales, rarement réunies ailleurs, se combinent dans le parc marin pour créer ce site d’alimentation des baleines. Les pressions anthropiques et les changements climatiques sont les principales menaces à sa préservation pour les prochains siècles.
Mots clés:
- site d’alimentation des baleines,
- habitat critique,
- tête de chenal,
- canyon,
- « upwelling »,
- courants,
- estuaire
Abstract
The results from an ecosystem research program are summarized. It was conducted in the Saguenay–St. Lawrence Marine Park to understand the basic processes responsible for the existence of this traditional whale feeding ground, discovered by the Basques whalers 450 years ago. Persistent processes maintain aggregated whale preys at the head of the main deep-water channel of eastern Canada continental shelf. What are they?
This site is the richest krill aggregation yet documented in the northwest Atlantic. The mechanisms responsible are the pumping, retention and concentration of adult krill from the Gulf of St. Lawrence, by the strong estuarine circulation of the St. Lawrence. Tidal currents upwelling along channels and bank slopes combine with adult krill vertical behavior and concentrate it. This process is more intense at the head of the channels where tidal upwelling is amplified. It is locally enhanced by wind-driven coastal upwelling. The mean circulation transports the rich krill patches along the slopes of the basins. At the mouth of the estuary, the concentrated krill at the margin of the large cyclonic Anticosti gyre (counterclockwise) is injected into the lower estuary on the northern side, under favorable circulation conditions. The narrow slope current flowing upstream along the estuary then imports it towards the Marine Park krill aggregation zone. Pelagic forage fish such as capelin also aggregate at the channel head and entrance of the fjord under the action of the tidal upwelling currents and fronts, which also concentrate and enhance the availability of their preys. They contribute to the feeding of whales and sea birds.
Special oceanographic features, seldom found elsewhere, combine in the Marine Park to generate this whale feeding ground. Anthropogenic pressures and climate change are the main threats to its preservation for the next centuries.
Keywords:
- whale feeding ground,
- critical habitat,
- ecosystem hot spot,
- channel head,
- canyon,
- upwelling,
- currents,
- estuary
Parties annexes
Références
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