ror.org/01pxwe438
Résumés
Résumé
L’objectif de cet article utilisant une lunette qualitative à partir de mesures quantitatives est de dresser le portrait de quatre mères Indiennes réfugiées vivant un stress migratoire élevé et de présenter les conséquences liées à l’attachement de l’enfant. Les résultats indiquent des niveaux cliniques d’anxiété et de dépression ainsi qu’un soutien social variable selon la source de soutien. Chez l’enfant, la sécurité d’attachement est faible, il y a absence de comportements évitants et la prévalence de comportements ambivalents et désorganisés est élevée. Les résultats suggèrent que des approches qui misent sur un soutien de la dyade mère-enfant pourraient être appropriées pour ces femmes.
Mots-clés :
- anxiété,
- dépression,
- soutien social,
- attachement,
- réfugiés
Abstract
The objective of this article that uses a qualitative approach from quantitative measures is to describe the profile of four Indian refugee mothers experiencing high migration stress, and to present the challenges related to child attachment. Results indicate clinical levels of anxiety and depression, as well as variable social support depending on the source of support. Child attachment security is low, avoidant attachment behaviors are absent, and the prevalence of ambivalent and disorganized attachment behaviors is high. Results suggest that approaches that focus on supporting mother-child dyads would be appropriate for these women.
Keywords:
- anxiety,
- depression,
- social support,
- attachment,
- refugees
Parties annexes
Bibliographie
- Aber, J. L. et Allen, J. P. (1987). Effects of maltreatment on young children's socioemotional development: An attachment theory perspective. Developmental Psychology, 23(3), 406-414.
- Abouguendia, M. et Noels, K. A. (2001). General and acculturation-related daily hassles and psychological adjustment in first-and second-generation South Asian immigrants to Canada. International Journal of Psychology, 36(3), 163-173.
- Ahmad, F., Shik, A., Vanza, R., Cheung, A. M., George, U. et Stewart, D. E. (2005). Voices of South Asian women: immigration and mental health. Women & Health, 40(4), 113-130.
- Ainsworth, M. D. S. (1989). Attachments beyond infancy. American Psychologist, 44(4), 709-716.
- Ainsworth, M. D. S., Bell, S. M. et Stayton, D. J. (1971). Individual differences in strange-situation behaviour of one-year olds: The origins of human social relations. Londres, Royaume-Uni : Academic Press.
- Ainsworth, M. D. S., Blehar, M. C., Waters, E. et Wall, S. N. (1978). Patterns of attachment : A psychological study of the strange situation. Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
- Aroian, K., Templin, T. N. et Ramaswamy, V. (2010). Adaptation and Psychometric Evaluation of the Multidimensional Scale of Perceived Social Support for Arab Immigrant Women. Health Care for Women International, 31(2), 153-169.
- Atkinson, L., Goldberg, S., Raval, V., Pederson, D., Benoit, D., Moran, G.,… Leung, E. (2005). On the relation between maternal state of mind and sensitivity in the prediction of infant attachment security. Developmental Psychology, 41(1), 42-53.
- Ayotte, V., Fournier, M. et Riberdy, H. (2009). La détresse psychologique des enfants et des adolescents montréalais... l’expression de différentes réalités? Montréal, QC : Direction de santé publique, Agence de la santé et des services sociaux de Montréal.
- Bakermans-Kranenburg, M. J., van IJzendoorn, M. H. et Juffer, F. (2003). Less is more: Meta-analyses of sensitivity and attachment interventions in early childhood. Psychological Bulletin, 129(2), 195-215.
- Bakermans-Kranenburg, M. J., van IJzendoorn, M. H. et Juffer, F. (2005). Disorganized infant attachment and preventive interventions: A review and meta-analysis. Infant Mental Health Journal, 26(3), 191-216.
- Bhugra, D. et Ayonrinde, O. (2004). Depression in migrants and ethnic minorities. Advances in Psychiatric Treatment, 10(1), 13-17.
- Cassidy, J. et Marvin, R. S. (1992). Attachment organization in three- and four-year-olds: Procedures and coding manual. Document inédit. Charlottesville, VA: University of Virginia.
- Derogatis, L. R., Lipman, R. S., Rickels, K., Uhlenhuth, E. H. et Covi, L. (1974). The Hopkins Symptom Checklist (HSCL): A self-report symptom inventory. .Systems Research and Behavioral Science, 19(1), 1-15.
- Ellis, B. H., Murray, K. et Barrett, C. (2014). Understanding the mental health of refugees: trauma, stress, and the cultural context. Dans R. Parekh (dir.) The Massachusetts General Hospital Textbook on Diversity and Cultural Sensitivity in Mental Health (p. 165-187). New York, NY : Humana Press.
- Emmen, R. A. G., Malda, M., Mesman, J., Ekmekci, H. et van IJzendoorn, M. H. (2012). Sensitive parenting as a cross-cultural ideal : Sensitivity beliefs of Dutch, Moroccan, and Turkish mothers in the Netherlands. Attachment & Human Development, 14(6), 601-619.
- Fazel, M., Wheeler, J. et Danesh, J. (2005). Prevalence of serious mental disorder in 7000 refugees resettled in western countries: a systematic review. The Lancet, 365(9467), 1309-1314.
- Furnham, A. et Shiekh, S. (1993). Gender, generational and social support correlates of mental health in Asian immigrants. International Journal of Social Psychiatry, 39(1), 22-33.
- García, M. F. M., Ramírez, M. G. et Jariego, I. M. (2002). Social support and locus of control as predictors of psychological well-being in Moroccan and Peruvian immigrant women in Spain. International Journal of Intercultural Relations, 26(3), 287-310.
- Gouvernement du Québec. (2014). Seuil de faible revenu (avant impôt) pour chaque année selon la taille du ménage. Repéré à http://cdn.carra.gouv.qc.ca/G%C3%A9n%C3%A9ral/Pages/IN99KXXX00A001.aspx.
- Grossmann, K. E., Grossmann, K. et Keppler, A. (2005). Universal and culture-specific aspects of human behavior: The case of attachment. Hove, Royaume-Uni: Erlbaum.
- Guzder, J., Santhanam-Martin, R. et Rousseau, C. (2014). Gender, power and ethnicity in cultural consultation: Encountering the other in mental health care. Dans L. J. Kirmayer, J. Guzder et C. Rousseau (dir.), Cultural consultation (p. 163-182). New York, NY : Springer.
- Hesse, E. et Main, M. (2000). Disorganized infant, child, and adult attachment: Collapse in behavioral and attentional strategies. Journal of the American Psychoanalytic Association, 48(4), 1097-1127.
- Huber, A., McMahon, C. A. et Sweller, N. (2015). Efficacy of the 20-week circle of security intervention: changes in caregiver reflective functionning, representations, and child attachment in an Australian clinical sample. Infant Mental Health Journal, 36(6), 556-574.
- Jacobvitz, D., Leon, K. et Hazen, N. (2006). Does expectant mothers' unresolved trauma predict frightened/frightening maternal behavior? Risk and protective factors. Development and Psychopathology, 18(2), 363-379.
- Jasinskaja-Lahti, I., Liebkind, K., Jaakkola, M. et Reuter, A. (2006). Perceived discrimination, social support networks, and psychological well-being among three immigrant groups. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 37(3), 293-311.
- Keller, H. (2016). Attachment. A pancultural need but a cultural construct. Current Opinion in Psychology, 8, 59-63.
- Khan, S. et Watson, J. C. (2005). The Canadian immigrantion experiences of Pakistani women: Dreams confront reality. Counselling Psychology Quarterly, 18(4), 307-317.
- Kirmayer, L. J., Narasiah, L., Munoz, M., Rashid, M., Ryder, A. G., Guzder, J.,… Pottie, K. (2011). Common mental health problems in immigrants and refugees: general approach in primary care. Canadian Medical Association Journal, 183(12), E959-E967.
- Lecompte, V. et Moss, E. (2014). Disorganized and controlling patterns of attachment, role reversal, and caregiving helplessness: Links to adolescents’ externalizing problems. American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, 84(5), 581-589.
- Lyons-Ruth, K., Easterbrooks, M. A. et Cibelli, C. D. (1997). Infant attachment strategies, infant mental lag, and maternal depressive symptoms: Predictors of internalizing and externalizing problems at age 7. Developmental Psychology, 33(4), 681-692.
- Madigan, S., Bakermans-Kranenburg, M. J., van IJzendoorn, M. H., Moran, G., Pederson, D. R. et Benoit, D. (2006). Unresolved states of mind, anomalous parental behavior, and disorganized attachment: A review and meta-analysis of a transmission gap. Attachment & Human Development, 8(2), 89-111.
- Main, M. et Cassidy, J. (1988). Categories of response to reunion with the parent at age 6: Predictable from infant attachment classifications and stable over a 1-month period. Developmental Psychology, 24(3), 415-426.
- Miller, K. E., Weine, S. M., Ramic, A., Brkic, N., Bjedic, Z. D., Smajkic, A.,… Worthington, G. (2002). The relative contribution of war experiences and exile-related stressors to levels of psychological distress among Bosnian refugees. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 15(5), 377-387.
- Moss, E., Bureau, J.-F., St-Laurent, D. et Tarabulsy, G. M. (2011a). Understanding disorganized attachment at preschool and school age: Examining divergent pathways of disorganized and controlling children. Dans J. Solomon et C. George (dir.), Disorganized attachment and caregiving (p. 52-79). New York, NY: Guilford Press.
- Moss, E., Cyr, C. et Dubois-Comtois, K. (2004). Attachment at early school age and developmental risk: examining family contexts and behavior problems of controlling-caregiving, controlling-punitive, and behaviorally disorganized children. Developmental Psychology, 40(4), 519-532.
- Moss, E., Dubois-Comtois, K., Cyr, C., Tarabulsy, G., St-Laurent, D. et Bernier, A. (2011b). Efficacy of a home-visiting intervention aimed at improving maternal sensitivity, child attachment, and behavioral outcomes for maltreated children: A randomized control trial. Development and psychopathology, 23(1), 195-210.
- Moss, E. et Lecompte, V. (2016). Attachment observation for preschool and school-age period. Document inédit.
- Moss, E., Lecompte, V. et Bureau, J. (2015). Preschool and early school-age attachment rating scales (PARS). Document inédit.
- Moss, E., Rousseau, D., Parent, S., St-Laurent, D. et Saintonge, J. (1998). Correlates of attachment at school age: Maternal reported stress, mother-child interaction, and behavior problems. Child Development, 69(5), 1390-1405.
- Moss, E., Tarabulsy, G. M., St-Georges, R., Dubois-Comtois, K., Cyr, C., Bernier, A.,… Lecompte, V. (2014). Video-feedback intervention with maltreating parents and their children: Program implementation and case study. Attachment & Human Development, 16(4), 329-342.
- Murray, K. E., Davidson, G. R. et Schweitzer, R. D. (2010). Review of refugee mental health interventions following resettlement: best practices and recommendations. American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, 80(4), 576-585.
- Nicholson, B. L. (1997). The influence of pre-emigration and postemigration stressors on mental health: A study of Southeast Asian refugees. Social Work Research, 21(1), 19-31.
- Nilaweera, I., Doran, F. et Fisher, J. (2014). Prevalence, nature and determinants of postpartum mental health problems among women who have migrated from South Asian to high-income countries: A systematic review of the evidence. Journal of Affective Disorders, 166, 213-226.
- Osterman, J. E. et de Jong, J. T. V. M. (2007). Cultural issues and trauma. Dans M. J. Friedman, T. M. Keane et P. A. Resick (dir.), Handbook of PTSD: Science and Practice (p. 425-446). New York, NY: Guilford Press.
- Pederson, D. R. et Moran, G. (1995). A categorical description of infant-mother relationships in the home and its relation to Q-sort measures of infant-mother interaction. Monographs of the Society for Research in Child Development, 60(2-3), 111-132.
- Pederson, D. R. et Moran, G. (1996). Expressions of the attachment relationship outside of the Strange Situation. Child Development, 67(3), 915-927.
- Samuel, E. (2009). Acculturative Stress : South Asian immigrant women's experiences in Canada's Atlantic Provinces. Journal of Immigrant & Refugee Studies, 7(1), 16-34.
- Schweitzer, R., Melville, F., Steel, Z. et Lacherez, P. (2006). Trauma, post-migration living difficulties, and social support as predictors of psychological adjustment in resettled Sudanese refugees. Australian and New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry, 40(2), 179-188.
- Solomon, J. et George, C. (2011). Disorganized attachment and caregiving. New York, NY : Guilford Press.
- Statistique Canada (2011). Immigration et diversité ethnoculturelle au Canada. Enquête nationale auprès des ménages. Repéré à http://www12.statcan.gc.ca/nhs-enm/2011/as-sa/99-010-x/99-010-x2011001-fra.pdf.
- Strang, A. et Ager, A. (2010). Refugee integration: Emerging trends and remaining agendas. Journal of Refugee Studies, 23(4), 589-607.
- Sulaiman, A. H., Bautista, D., Liu, C.-Y., Udomratn, P., Bae, J. N., Fang, Y.,… et Rush, A. J. (2014). Differences in psychiatric symptoms among Asian patients with depression: A multi-country cross-sectional study. Psychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences, 68(4), 245-254.
- Vahabi, M. et Damba, C. (2015). A feasibility study of a culturally and gender-specific dance to promote physical activity for South Asian immigrant women in the greater Toronto area. Women’s Health Issues, 25(1), 79-87.
- Zimet, G. D., Dahlem, N. W., Zimet, S. G. et Farley, G. K. (1988). The Multidimensional Scale of Perceived Social Support. Journal of Personality Assessment, 52(1), 30-41.