Résumés
Résumé
La gratitude a été définie comme une émotion sociale agréable qui génère de nombreuses conséquences positives sur la santé physique, mentale et sociale par le biais d’une augmentation de la capacité à apprécier les expériences, à percevoir des bénéfices même en cas d’adversité, et à développer, maintenir et améliorer les relations sociales. Toutefois, loin d’être un état dont les effets ne bénéficieraient qu’à l’individu, la gratitude engendre également des effets bénéfiques pour autrui, notamment par le biais de son expression : l’expression de gratitude génère un sentiment d’utilité et de valeur sociale chez l’interlocuteur, augmentant par-là le bien-être psychologique. Au-delà du simple effet de contagion émotionnelle, la gratitude entraîne une amélioration réciproque des relations, ce qui favorise le maintien ou l’amélioration des relations sociales constructives, auxquelles le bien-être est étroitement lié. Les mécanismes explicatifs des liens entre gratitude et bien-être individuel et collectif sont présentés, ainsi que des perspectives de recherche et d’applications pratiques.
Mots-clés :
- gratitude,
- psychologie positive,
- bien-être,
- comportements prosociaux,
- connexion sociale
Abstract
Gratitude has been defined as a social emotion which generates numerous positive consequences on physical, mental and social well-being through the development of the ability to savor experiences, to find benefits even when facing adversity, and to develop, maintain, and increase positive relationships. However, far from leading to a state in which the effects would only benefit the individual, gratitude generates beneficial effects for others as well. Expressing gratitude generates feelings of social utility and social worth which positively impact psychological well-being of the receiving party. Beyond emotional contagion, through which relatives benefit from others’ positive emotions, gratitude opens a pathway that nurtures mutual positive relationships, thereby ensuring maintenance or increased well-being. The present article explains the mechanisms through which gratitude positively impacts individual and collective well-being, and presents further research and practical avenues.
Keywords:
- gratitude,
- positive psychology,
- well-being,
- prosocial behaviors,
- social connectedness
Parties annexes
Bibliographie
- Adler, M. G. et N. S. Fagley (2005). Appreciation : Individual differences in finding value and meaning as a unique predictor of subjective well-being, Journal of Personality, 73, 79-114.
- Ainsworth, M. D. (1989). Attachments beyond infancy. American Psychologist, 44, 709-716.
- Aknin, L., Norton, M. et Dunn, E. (2009). From wealth to well-being? Money matters, but less than people think. Journal of Positive Psychology, 4, 523-527.
- Algoe, S. B. (2012). Find, remind, and bind: The functions of gratitude in everyday relationships. Social and Personality Psychology Compass, 6, 455-469.
- Algoe, S. B. et Haidt, J. (2009). Witnessing excellence in action: The “other-praising” emotions of elevation, gratitude, and admiration. Journal of Positive Psychology, 4, 105-127.
- Algoe, S. B., Haidt, J. et Gable, S. L. (2008). Beyond reciprocity: Gratitude and relationships in everyday life. Emotion, 8, 425-429.
- Algoe, S. B., Fredrickson, B. L. et Gable, S. L. (2013). The social functions of the emotion of gratitude via expression. Emotion, 13, 605-609.
- Algoe, S. B., Kurtz, L. E. et Hilaire, N. M. (2016). Putting the 'you' in 'thank you': Examining other-praising behavior as the active relational ingredient in expressed gratitude. Social Psychological and Personality Science, 7, 658-666.
- Algoe, S. B. et Zhaoyang, R. (2016). Positive psychology in context: Effects of expressing gratitude in ongoing relationships depend on perceptions of enactor responsiveness. The Journal of Positive Psychology, 11, 399-415.
- Anderson, N. H. (1968). Likableness ratings of 555 personality-trait words. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 9, 272-279.
- Ashby, F. G., Isen, A. M. et Turken, A. U. (1999). A neuropsychological theory of positive affect and its influence on cognition. Psychological Review, 106, 529-550.
- Baron, R. A. (1984). Reducing organizational conflict - An incompatible response approach. Journal of Applied Psychology, 69, 272−279.
- Bartlett, M. Y. et DeSteno, D. (2006). Gratitude and prosocial behavior : Helping when it costs you, Psychological Science, 17, 319-325.
- Baumann, N. et Kuhl, J. (2005). Positive affect and flexibility: Overcoming the precedence of global over local processing of visual information. Motivation and Emotion, 29, 123-134.
- Baumeister, R. F., Bratslavsky, E., Finkenauer, C. et Vohs, K. D. (2001). Bad is stronger than good. Review of General Psychology, 5, 323-370.
- Baumeister, R. F. et Leary, M. R. (1995). The need to belong : Desire for interpersonal attachments as a fundamental human motivation. Psychological Bulletin, 117, 497-529.
- Becker, J. A. et Smenner, P. C. (1986). The spontaneous use of thank you by preschoolers as a function of sex, socioeconomic status, and listener status. Language in Society, 15, 537-545.
- Boehm, J. K., Lyubomirsky, S. et Sheldon, K. M. (2011). A longitudinal experimental study comparing the effectiveness of happiness-enhancing strategies in Anglo Americans and Asian Americans. Cognition and Emotions, 25, 1263-1272.
- Bolier, L., Haverman, M., Westerhof, G. J., Riper, H., Smit, F. et Bohlmeijer, E. T. (2013). Positive psychology interventions: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled studies. BMC Public Health, 13, 119.
- Bowlby, J. (1969). Attachment. Attachment and Loss. Vol. I. Londres, Grande-Bretagne : Hogarth.
- Carey, J. R., Clicque, S. H., Leighton, B. A. et Milton, F. (1976). A test of positive reinforcement of customers. Journal of Marketing, 40, 98-100.
- Cheng, S. T., Tsui, P. K. et Lam, J. H. (2015). Improving mental health in health care practitioners: Randomized controlled trial of a gratitude intervention. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 83, 177.
- Cialdini, R. B., Schaller, M., Houlihan, D., Arps, K., Fultz, J. et Beaman, A. L. (1987). Empathy-based helping : Is it selflessly or selfishly motivated? Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 52, 749-758.
- Cisler, J. M. et Koster, E. H. W. (2010). Mechanisms of attentional biases towards threat in anxiety disorders: An integrative review. Clinical Psychology Review, 30, 203-216.
- Clark, H. B., Northrop, J. T. et Barkshire, C. T. (1988). The effects of contingent thank-you notes on case managers’ visiting residential clients. Education and Treatment of Children, 11, 45-51.
- Crocker, J. et Wolfe, C. T. (2001). Contingencies of self-worth. Psychological Review, 108, 593-623.
- Deci, E. L. et Ryan, R. M. (2000). The « what » and « why » of goal pursuits: Human needs and the self-determination of behavior. Psychological Inquiry, 11, 227-268.
- Diener, E. et Seligman, M. E. P. (2002). Very happy people. Psychological Science, 13, 80-83.
- Duckworth, A. L., Steen, T. A. et Seligman, M. E. P. (2005). Positive psychology in clinical practice. Annual Review of Clinical Psychology, 1, 629-651.
- Dumas, J. E., Johnson, M. et Lynch, A.M. (2002). Likableness, familiarity, and frequency of 844 person-descriptive words. Personality and Individual Differences, 32, 523-531.
- Dunn, J. R. et Schweitzer, M. E. (2005). Feeling and believing: The influence of emotion on trust. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 88, 736-748.
- Emmons, R. A. et Crumpler, C. A. (2000). Gratitude as a human strength: Appraising the evidence. Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology, 19, 56-69.
- Emmons, R. A. et McCullough, M. E. (2003). Counting blessings versus burdens: An experimental investigation of gratitude and subjective well-being in daily life. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 84, 377-389.
- Estrada, C. A., Isen, A. M. et Young, M.J. (1997). Positive affect facilitates integration of information and decreases anchoring in reasoning among physicians. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 72, 117-135.
- Fiske, S. T., Cuddy, A. J. C. et Glick, P. (2007). Universal dimensions of social cognition: Warmth and competence. Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 11, 77-83.
- Fowler, J. H. et Christakis, N. A. (2008). Dynamic spread of happiness in a large social network: Longitudinal analysis over 20 years in the Framingham Heart Study. British Medical Journal, 338, 1-13.
- Fredrickson, B. L. (2001). The role of positive emotions in positive psychology: The broaden-and-build theory of positive emotions. The American Psychologist, 56, 218-226.
- Fredrickson, B. L. et Branigan, C. (2005). Positive emotions broaden the scope of attention and thought–action repertoires. Cognition and Emotion, 19(3), 313-332.
- Fredrickson, B. L. et Levenson, R. W. (1998). Positive emotions speed recovery from the cardiovascular sequelae of negative emotions. Cognition and Emotion, 12, 191-220.
- Fredrickson, B. L., Maynard, K. E., Helms, M. J., Haney, T. L., Seigler, I. C et Barefoot, J. C. (2000). Hostility predicts magnitude and duration of blood pressure response to anger. Journal of Behavioral Medicine, 23, 229-243.
- Fredrickson, B. L., Mancuso, R. A., Branigan, C. et Tugade, M. M. (2000). The undoing effect of positive emotions. Motivation and Emotion, 24, 237-258.
- Fredrickson, B. L., Tugade, M. M., Waugh, C. E. et Larkin, G. R. (2003). What good are positive emotions in crisis? A prospective study of resilience and emotions following the terrorist attacks on the United States on September 11. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 84, 365-376.
- Fredrickson, B. L. et Joiner, T (2002). Positive emotions trigger upper spirals toward emotional well-being. Psychological Science, 13, 172-175.
- Freeman, R. B. (1997). Working for nothing : The supply of volunteer labor. Journal of Labor Economics, 15, 140-166.
- Frey, B. S. et Meier, S. (2004). Pro-social behavior in a natural setting. Journal of Economic Behavior and Organization, 54, 65-88.
- Froh, J. J., Bono, G. et Emmons, R. A. (2010). Being grateful is beyond good manners: Gratitude and motivation to contribute to society among early adolescents. Motivation and Emotion, 34, 144-157.
- Froh, J. J., Kashdan, T. B., Ozimkowski, K. M. et Miller, N. (2009). Who benefits the most from a gratitude intervention in children and adolescents? Examining positive affect as a moderator. Journal of Positive Psychology, 4, 408-422.
- Froh J. J., Sefick, W. et Emmons, R. A. (2008). Counting blessings in early adolescents : An experimental study of gratitude and subjective well-being. Journal of School Psychology, 46, 213-233.
- Gallo, L. C. et Matthews, K. A. (2003). Understanding the association between socioeconomic status and physical health: do negative emotions play a role? Psychological Bulletin, 129, 10-51.
- Gleason, J. B. et Weintraub, S. (1976). The acquisition of routines in child language. Language in Society, 5, 129-136.
- Gordon, C. L., Arnette, R. A. M. et Smith, R. E. (2011). Have you thanked your spouse today? Felt and expressed gratitude among married couples. Personality and Individual Differences, 50, 339-343.
- Gouldner, A. W. (1960). The norm of reciprocity: A preliminary statement. American Sociological Review, 25, 161-178.
- Grant, A. et Gino, F. (2010). A little thanks goes a long way : Explaining why gratitude expressions motivate prosocial behaviour. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 98, 946-955.
- House, J. S., Landis, K. R. et Umberson, D. (1988). Social relationships and health. Science, 241, 540-545.
- Huffman, J. C., DuBois, C. M., Healy, B. C., Boehm, J. K., Kashdan, T. B., Celano, C. M. et Lyubomirsky, S. (2014). Feasibility and utility of positive psychology exercises for suicidal inpatients. General Hospital Psychiatry, 36, 88-94.
- Jackowska, M., Brown, J., Ronaldson, A. et Steptoe, A. (2016). The impact of a brief gratitude intervention on subjective well-being, biology and sleep. Journal of Health Psychology, 21, 2207-2217.
- Jia, L., Lee, L. N. et Tong, E. M. W. (2015). Gratitude facilitates behavioral mimicry. Emotion, 15, 134-138.
- Jiang, H., Sun, P., Liu, Y., Pan, M. (2016). Gratitude and late adolescents’ school well-being: The mediating role of materialism. Social Indicators Research, 127, 1363-1376.
- Joormann, J. et Gotlib I. H. (2007). Selective attention to emotional faces following recovery from depression. Journal of Abnormal Psycholology, 116, 80-85.
- Kabat-Zinn, J. (2003). Mindfulness-based interventions in context: past, present, and future. Clinical Psychology : Science et Practice, 10, 144-156.
- Kaczmarek, L. D., Kashdan, T. B., Drążkowski, D., Enko, J., Kosakowski, M., Szäefer, A. et Bujacz, A. (2015). Why do people prefer gratitude journaling over gratitude letters? The influence of individual differences in motivation and personality on web-based interventions. Personality and Individual Differences, 75, 1-6.
- Kaczmarek, L. D., Kashdan, T., Drażkowski, D., Bujacz, A. et Goodman, F. (2014). Why do greater curiosity and fewer depressive symptoms predict gratitude intervention use? Utility beliefs, social norm beliefs, and perceived self-control. Personality and Individual Differences, 66, 165-170.
- Kashdan, T. B., Mishra, A., Breen, W. E. et Froh, J. J. (2009). Gender differences in gratitude: Examining appraisals, narratives, the willingness to express emotions, and changes in psychological needs. Journal of Personality, 77, 691-730.
- Kashdan, T. et Rottenberg, J. (2010). Psychological flexibility as a fundamental aspect of health. Clinical Psychology Review, 30, 865-878.
- Krause, N. (2006). Gratitude toward God, stress, and health in late life. Research on Aging, 28, 163-183.
- Lambert, N. M., Clarke, M. S., Durtschi, J. A., Fincham, F. D. et Graham, S. M. (2010). Benefits of expressing gratitude: Expressing gratitude to a partner changes one's view of the relationship. Psychological Science, 21, 574-580.
- Lambert, N. M. et Fincham, F. D. (2011). Expressing gratitude to a partner leads to more relationship maintenance behavior. Emotion, 11, 52-60.
- Lambert, N. M., Fincham, F. D. et Stillman, T. F. (2012). Gratitude and depressive symptoms: The role of positive reframing and positive emotion. Cognition and Emotion, 26, 602-614.
- Lambert, N. M., Fincham, F. D., Stillman, T. F. et Dean, L. R. (2009). More gratitude, less materialism: The mediating role of life satisfaction. Journal of Positive Psychology, 4, 32-42.
- Lambert, N. M., Graham, S. M., Fincham, F. D. et Stillman, T. F. (2009). A changed perspective: How gratitude can affect sense of coherence through positive reframing. Journal of Positive Psychology, 4, 461-470.
- Lauzier, M., Côté, K. et Samson, A. (2015). Effet du soutien social sur le bien-être psychologique et la poursuite des études postsecondaires : une étude chez les élèves en contexte francophone minoritaire. Orientation Scolaire et Professionnelle, 44. doi: 10.4000/osp.4506
- Levant, R. F. et Kopecky, G. (1995). Masculinity, reconstructed. New York, NY : Dutton.
- Li, S., Tan, J., Qian, M. et Liu, X. (2008). Continual training of attentional bias in social anxiety. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 46, 905-912.
- Lyubomirsky, S., Dickerhoof, R., Boehm, J. K. et Sheldon, K. M. (2011). Becoming happier takes both a will and a proper way: An experimental longitudinal intervention to boost well-being. Emotion, 11, 391-402.
- McAdams, D. P. et de St. Aubin, E. (1992). A theory of generativity and its assessment through self-report, behavioral acts, and narrative themes in autobiography. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 62, 1003-1015.
- McCracken, L.M, Morley, S. (2014). The psychological flexibility model : A basis for integration and progress in psychological approaches to chronic pain management. The Journal of Pain, 15(3), 221-234.
- McCraty, R. (2002). Influence of cardiac afferent input on heart-brain synchronization and cognitive performance. International Journal of Psychophysiology, 45, 72-73.
- McCraty R., Atkinson M., Tiller W. A., Rein G. et Watkins A. D. (1995). The effects of emotions on short term heart rate variability using power spectrum analysis. American Journal of Cardiology, 76, 1089-1093. doi: 10.1016/S0002-9149(99)80309-9
- McCraty, R. et Childre, D. (2004). The grateful heart: The psychophysiology of appreciation. Dans R. A. Emmons et M. E. McCullough (dir.). The psychology of gratitude (p. 230-255). New York, NY: Oxford University Press.
- McCullough, M. E., Emmons, R. A. et Tsang, J. (2002). The grateful disposition: A conceptual and empirical topography. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 82, 112-127.
- McCullough, M. E., Kilpatrick, S. D., Emmons, R. A. et Larson, D. B. (2001). Is gratitude a moral affect? Psychological Bulletin, 127, 249-266.
- McCullough, M. E., Kimeldorf, M. B. et Cohen, A. D. (2008). An adaptation for altruism? The social causes, social effects, and social evolution of gratitude. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 17, 281-284.
- McCullough, M. E., Tsang, J. et Emmons, R. A. (2004). Gratitude in intermediate affective terrain : Links of grateful moods to individual differences and daily emotional experience. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 86, 295-309.
- McGovern, L. P., Ditzian, J. L. et Taylor, S. P. (1975). The effect of positive reinforcement on helping with cost. Psychonomic Society Bulletin, 5, 421-423.
- Michie, S. (2009). Pride and gratitude: How positive emotions influence the prosocial behaviors of organizational leaders. Journal of Leadership and Organizational Studies, 15, 393-403.
- Miyake, A., Friedman, N.P., Emerson, M.J., Witzki, A.H., Howerter, A. et Wager, T. (2000). The unity and diversity of executive functions and their contributions to complex "frontal lobe" tasks : A latent variable analysis. Cognitive Psychology, 41, 49-100.
- Myers, D. G. (1993). Social psychology (4e éd.). New York, NY: Mcgraw-Hill Book Company.
- O'Connell, B. H., O'Shea, D., Gallagher, S. (2016). Mediating effects of loneliness on the gratitude-health link. Personality and Individual Differences, 98, 179-183.
- Otake, K., Shimai, S., Tanaka-Matsumi, J., Otsui, K. et Fredrickson, B. L. (2006). Happy people become happier through kindness: A counting kindnesses intervention. Journal of Happiness Studies, 7, 361-375.
- Ouimet, A. J., Gawronski, B. et Dozois, D. J. A. (2009). Cognitive vulnerability to anxiety: a review and an integrative model. Clinical Psychology Review, 29, 459-470.
- Park, N., Peterson, C. et Seligman, M. E. P. (2004). Strengths of character and well-being. Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology, 23, 603-619.
- Peterson, C., Ruch, W., Beerman, U., Park, N. et Seligman, M. E. P. (2007). Strengths of character, orientations to happiness, and life satisfaction. Journal of Positive Psychology, 2, 149-156.
- Petrocchi, N. et Couyoumdjian, A. (2016). The impact of gratitude on depression and anxiety: The mediating role of criticizing, attacking, and reassuring the self. Self & Identity, 15, 191-205.
- Poelker, K. E. et Kuebli, J. E. (2014). Does the thought count? Gratitude understanding in elementary school students. The Journal of Genetic Psychology : Research and Theory on Human Development, 175, 431-448.
- Redwine, L. S.; Henry, B. L., Pung, M. A., Wilson, K., Chinh, K., Knight, B., … Mills, P. J. (2016). Pilot randomized study of a gratitude journaling intervention on heart rate variability and inflammatory biomarkers in patients with stage B heart failure. Psychosomatic Medicine, 78, 667-676.
- Rind, B. et Bordia, P. (1995). Effect of server’s “thank you” and personalization on restaurant tipping. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 25, 745-751.
- Robustelli, B. L. et Whisman, M. A. (2016). Gratitude and life satisfaction in the United States and Japan. Journal of Happiness Studies. Advanced publication online. doi: 10.1007/s10902-016-9802-5
- Rosen, S., Mickler, S. E. et Collins, J. E. (1987). Reactions of would-be helpers whose offer of help is spurned. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 53, 288-297.
- Ryan, R. M. et Deci, E. L. (2001). On happiness and human potentials : A review of research on hedonic and eudemonic well-being. Dans S. Fiske (dir.), Annual review of psychology (p.141-166). Palo Alto, CA: Annual Reviews, Inc.
- Schwartz, S. H. et Bilsky, W. (1990). Toward a theory of the universal content and structure of values: extensions and cross-cultural replications. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 58, 878-891.
- Seligman, M. E. P., Steen, T., Park, N. et Peterson, C. (2005). Positive psychology progress. American Psychologist, 60, 410-421.
- Shankland, R. (2016). Les pouvoirs de la gratitude. Paris, France : Odile Jacob.
- Shankland, R. (2012). Bien-être subjectif et comportements altruistes : les individus heureux sont-ils plus généreux? Cahiers internationaux de psychologie sociale, 77-88.
- Shankland, R. (2014a). La gratitude. Dans J. Lecomte (dir.), Introduction à la psychologie positive (2e éd.). Paris, France : Dunod.
- Shankland, R. (2014b). La psychologie positive (2e éd.). Paris, France: Dunod.
- Shankland, R. et André, C. (2014). Pleine conscience et psychologie positive : incompatibilité ou complémentarité? Revue québécoise de psychologie, 35, 157-178.
- Shankland, R. et Rosset, E. (2015). Positive Emotions in Youth Program. Gratitude et bien-être à l’école et dans les familles. Rapport de recherche, LIPC/PC2S, Université Grenoble Alpes.
- Sin, N. L. et Lyubomirsky, S. (2009). Enhancing well-being and alleviating depressive symptoms with positive psychology interventions: A practice-friendly meta-analysis. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 65, 467-487.
- Sirois, F. M. et Wood, A. M. (2016). Gratitude uniquely predicts lower depression in chronic illness populations: A longitudinal study of inflammatory bowel disease and arthritis. Health Psychology, 36(2), 122-132. doi: 10.1037/hea0000436.
- Smith, R. H. et Kim, S. H. (2007). Comprehending envy. Psychological Bulletin, 133, 158-168.
- Smith, R. H., Turner, T., Leach, C., Garonzik, R., Urch-Druskat, V., et Weston, C. M. (1996). Envy and schadenfreude. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 22, 158-168.
- Tennen, H. et Affleck, G. (2005). Benefit-finding and benefit-reminding. Dans C. R. Snyder et S. J. Lopez (dir.), Handbook of positive psychology (p. 584-597). New York, NY: Oxford University Press.
- Tesser, A., Gatewood, R. et Driver, M. (1968). Some determinants of gratitude. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 9, 233-236.
- Tsang, J.-A. (2006). Gratitude and prosocial behavior : An experimental test of gratitude. Cognition & Emotion, 20, 138-148.
- Wadlinger, H. A. et Isaacowitz, D. M. (2008). Looking happy: The experimental manipulation of a positive visual attention bias. Emotion, 8, 121-126.
- Waters, L. (2012). Predicting job satisfaction : Contributions of individual gratitude and institutionalized gratitude. Psychology, 3. doi: 10.4236/psych.2012.312A173.
- Watkins, P. C., Grimm, D. L. et Kolts, R. (2004). Counting your blessings : Positive memories among grateful persons. Current Psychology, 23, 52-67.
- Watkins, P. C., Martin, B. D. et Faulkner, G. (2003). Are grateful people happy people? Informant judgments of grateful acquaintances. Presentation to the 83rd annual convention of the Western Psychological Association, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada.
- Watkins, P. C., Scheer, J., Ovnicek, M. et Kolts, R. (2006). The debt of gratitude : Dissociating gratitude and indebtedness. Cognition and Emotion, 20, 217-241.
- Williams, L. A. et Bartlett, M. Y. (2015). Warm thanks: Gratitude expression facilitates social affiliation in new relationships via perceived warmth. Emotion, 15, 1-5.
- Witvliet, C. V. O., Knoll, R. W., Hinman, N. G. et DeYoung, P. A. (2010). Compassion-focused reappraisal, benefit-focused reappraisal, and rumination after an interpersonal offense: Emotion regulation implications for subjective emotion, linguistic responses, and physiology. The Journal of Positive Psychology, 5, 226-242.
- Wood, A. M., Froh, J. J. et Geraghty, A. W. A. (2010). Gratitude and well-being : A review and theoretical integration. Clinical Psychology Review, 30, 890-905.
- Wood, A. M., Joseph, S. et Linley, P. A. (2007). Coping style as a psychological resource of grateful people. Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology, 26, 1108-1125.
- Wood, A. M, Joseph, S., Lloyd, J. et Atkins, S. (2009). Gratitude influences sleep through the mechanism of pre-sleep cognitions. Journal of Psychosomatic Research, 66, 43-48.
- Wood, A. M., Joseph, S. et Maltby, J. (2008a). Gratitude uniquely predicts satisfaction with life: Incremental validity above the domains and facets of the five factor model. Personality and Individual Differences, 45, 49-54.
- Wood, A. M., Joseph, S. et Maltby, J. (2009). Gratitude predicts psychological well-being above the Big Five facets. Personality and Individual Differences, 46, 443-447.
- Wood, A. M., Maltby, J., Stewart, N. et Joseph, S. (2008b). Conceptualizing gratitude and appreciation as a unitary personality trait. Personality and Individual Differences, 44, 619-630.
- Wood, A. M., Maltby, J., Stewart, N., Linley, P. A. et Joseph, S. (2008c). A social-cognitive model of trait and state levels of gratitude. Emotion, 8, 281-290.
- Young, F. W. et Glasgow, N. (1998). Voluntary social participation and health. Research on Aging, 20, 339-62.