Trade Regulation on State-Trading Enterprises in the Energy Sector: Are WTO Disciplines Comprehensive Enough?

Pursuing a PhD in International Trade Law at the University of Geneva was the most enriching academic journey, thanks to the supervision of Professor Gabrielle Marceau. Her mentorship didn’t just shape my doctoral research; it imparted to me an analytical mindset, ethical awareness, and a commitment to public service that still guides my work and inspires me on a daily basis. My doctoral thesis examined the intricate regulatory landscape occupied by State-Trading Enterprises (STEs) within the energy sector, with a particular emphasis on fossil fuels. These hybrid entities, which operate at the intersection of state control and market dynamics, present considerable challenges to the enforcement of World Trade Organisation (WTO) disciplines. Under Professor Marceau’s direction, I critically assessed whether the WTO’s legal framework sufficiently addresses the strategic and often opaque operations of STEs, particularly in sectors where their economic dominance and political sensitivity are pronounced. From this inquiry—bolstered by her meticulous feedback and extensive knowledge of WTO law—emerged the principal argument that, while beneficial, current regulations inadequately accommodate STE hybrid characteristics of STEs. My research scrutinized the legal complexities of attribution, identified deficiencies in the regulation of goods and services, and proposed reform pathways based on comparative legal experiences, as well as regional and multilateral commitments. Throughout this academic endeavour, Professor Marceau emphasised the necessity of maintaining a careful balance between doctrinal precision and innovative thinking. Professor Marceau’s mentorship set a high standard for academic supervision. She challenged me to refine my arguments, enhance my reasoning, and engage rigorously with both primary sources and overarching institutional debates. Most importantly, she imparted the perspective of law as a mechanism for promoting coherence, fairness, and development within the international community. The intellectual discipline fostered under her mentorship continues to inform every aspect of my professional life. This influence is evident in my role at United Nations Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD), where I help developing countries implement the WTO Trade Facilitation Agreement (TFA) and align trade policies with the Sustainable Development Goals. In tasks like analysing legal frameworks and designing strategies, I rely on the clarity, legal insight, and practicality that Professor Marceau fostered in me. Her teachings guide my approach to complex challenges, support for inclusive trade policies, and efforts to turn multilateral commitments into actionable strategies, demonstrating the real-world applicability of our academic work. Professor Marceau’s impact goes beyond her intellectual contributions; it resonates throughout the academic community she nurtures. The quarterly doctoral meetings became essential for critical exchange and camaraderie. In an often-isolating academic world, these gatherings created a sense of shared purpose. Her festive Christmas gathering reinforced that academic excellence and human connection go hand in hand. Professor Marceau is highly regarded as a respected scholar in the Global Trade Law community for her contributions to WTO law. She represents integrity, generosity, and intellectual passion to those of us who had her as a mentor. Her commitment to her students and her tireless work ethic have left a lasting impact on my journey and the paths of many scholars and practitioners she has inspired worldwide. Professor Marceau has genuinely been a role model in my life. She exemplifies the balance of intellectual authority and genuine empathy in a way that inspires those around her. I am incredibly grateful for the opportunity to learn from her, and I take great pride in contributing to the meaningful academic and professional legacy that she continues to build.