Résumés
Abstract
Research has shown that music performance anxiety (mpa) is experienced by individuals of all ages and skill levels. Due to the need for effective management of performance anxiety in musicians, researchers have begun to investigate the viability of mindfulness, which has been proven as an effective treatment in populations with generalized anxiety. This study assessed the effects of a two-week mindfulness intervention on musicians before and after a performance, using the State component of the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (stai) and the Revised Kenny Music Performance Anxiety Inventory (kmpai-r). Results from this study suggest that mindfulness has a significantly positive effect on state anxiety in music performance, and that a two-week mindfulness training intervention model should be investigated further as a potential intervention to reduce mpa.
Keywords:
- anxiety,
- mindfulness,
- music,
- performance,
- questionnaire
Résumé
La recherche a montré que l’anxiété liée aux performances musicales (apm) est ressentie par des individus de tous les groupes d’âge et de tous les niveaux de compétence. En raison de la nécessité d’une gestion efficace de l’anxiété de performance chez les musicien·ne·s, les chercheur·euse·s ont commencé à étudier la viabilité de la pleine conscience. Cette approche s’est avérée être un traitement efficace chez les populations souffrant d’anxiété généralisée. Notre étude a évalué les effets d’une intervention de pleine conscience de deux semaines sur des musicien·ne·s, avant et après une performance, en utilisant les mesures du State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (stai) et le Revised Kenny Music Performance Anxiety Inventory (kmpai-r). Les résultats de cette étude suggèrent que la pleine conscience a un effet positif significatif sur l’anxiété de la performance musicale, et qu’un modèle d’intervention de formation à la pleine conscience de deux semaines devrait être étudié plus avant comme une intervention potentielle pour réduire l’amp.
Mots-clés :
- anxiété,
- musique,
- performance,
- pleine conscience,
- questionnaire
Parties annexes
Bibliography
- Astin, John (1997), “Stress Reduction through Mindfulness Meditation,” Psychotherapy and psychosomatics, vol. 66, no 2, pp. 97–106, https://doi.org/10.1159/000289116.
- Butković, Ana, Nikolina Vukojević, and Sara Carević (2022), “Music Performance Anxiety and Perfectionism in Croatian Musicians,” Psychology of Music, vol. 50, no 1, pp. 100–110, https://doi.org/10.1177/0305735620978692.
- Chang, Joanne, Elizabeth Midlarsky, and Peter Lin (2003), “Effects of Meditation on Music Performance Anxiety,” Medical Problems of Performing Artists, vol. 18, no 3, pp. 126–131, https://doi.org/10.21091/mppa.2003.3022.
- Clevenger, Laura (2015), A Study of the Correlation Between Mindfulness and Music Performance Anxiety Among College Music Majors. Implications for Counseling and Counselor Education, Ph.D. diss., Capella University, www.proquest.com/docview/1756672496?pq-origsite=gscholar&fromopenview=true.
- Cohen, Jacob ([1977]1988), Statistical Power Analysis for the Behavioral Sciences, 2nd ed., Mahwah, Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, www.utstat.toronto.edu/~brunner/oldclass/378f16/readings/CohenPower.pdf.
- Corbally, Linda, Mick Wilkinson, and Melissa Fothergil (2020), “Effects of Mindfulness Practice on Performance and Factors Related to Performance in Long-Distance Running. A Systematic Review,” Journal of Clinical Sport Psychology, vol. 14, no 4, pp. 376–398, https://doi.org/10.1123/jcsp.2019-0034.
- Czajkowski, Anne-Marie L., and Alinka E. Greasley (2015), “Mindfulness for Singers. The Effects of a Targeted Mindfulness Course on Learning Vocal Technique,” British Journal of Music Education, vol. 32, no 2, pp. 211–233, https://doi.org/10.1017/S0265051715000145.
- Czajkowski, Anne-Marie L., Alinka E. Greasley, and Michael Allis (2022), “Mindfulness for Musicians. A Mixed Methods Study Investigating the Effects of 8-Week Mindfulness Courses on Music Students at A Leading Conservatoire,” Musicae Scientiae, vol. 26, no 2, pp. 259–279, https://doi.org/10.1177/1029864920941570.
- Dehghani, Mahmood, et al. (2018), “Effectiveness of the Mindfulness-Acceptance-Commitment-Based Approach on Athletic Performance and Sports Competition Anxiety. A Randomized Clinical Trial,” Electronic physician, vol. 10, no 5, pp. 6749–6755, https://doi.org/10.19082/6749.
- Diaz, Frank (2018), “Relationships Among Meditation, Perfectionism, Mindfulness, and Performance Anxiety Among Collegiate Music Students,” Journal of Research in Music Education, vol. 66, no 2. pp. 150–167, https://doi.org/10.1177/0022429418765447.
- Fehm, Lydia, and Katja Schmidt (2006), “Performance Anxiety in Gifted Adolescent Musicians,” Anxiety Disorders, vol. 20, no 1, pp. 98–109, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.janxdis.2004.11.011.
- Grossman, Paul, and Nicholas Van Dam (2011), “Mindfulness, by Any Other Name… Trials and Tribulations of Sati in Western Psychology and Science,” Contemporary Buddhism, vol. 12, no 1, pp. 219–239, https://doi.org/10.1080/14639947.2011.564841.
- Hoge, Elizabeth A., et al. (2013), “Randomized Controlled Trial of Mindfulness Meditation for Generalized Anxiety Disorder. Effects on Anxiety and Stress Reactivity,” The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry, vol. 74, no 8, pp. 786–792, https://doi.org/10.4088/JCP.12m08083.
- James, Ian (1998), “Western Orchestral Musicians are Highly Stressed,” Resonance. International Music Council, vol. 26, pp. 19–20.
- Kaleńska-Rodzaj, Julia (2021), “Music Performance Anxiety and Pre-performance Emotions in the Light of Psychology of Emotion and Emotion Regulation,” Psychology of Music, vol. 49, no 6, pp. 1758–1774, https://doi.org/10.1177/0305735620961154.
- Kenny, Dianna (2006), “Music Performance Anxiety. Origins, Phenomenology, Assessment and Treatment,” Context, vol. 31, pp. 51–64, https://search.informit.org/doi/10.3316/informit.321654703853337.
- Khalsa, Sat Bir, and Stephen Cope (2006), “Effects of a Yoga Lifestyle Intervention on Performance Related Characteristics of Musicians. A Preliminary Study,” Medical Science Monitor, vol. 12, no 8, pp. CR325–CR331, https://europepmc.org/article/med/16865063.
- Lin, Peter, et al. (2008), “Silent Illumination. A Study on Chan (Zen) Meditation, Anxiety, and Musical Performance Quality,” Psychology of Music, vol. 36, no 2, pp. 139–155, https://doi.org/10.1177/0305735607080840.
- Lo, Herman, Siu Ng, and Cecilia Chan (2014), “Evaluating Compassion-Mindfulness Therapy for Recurrent Anxiety and Depression. A Randomized Control Trial,” Research on Social Work Practice, vol. 25, no 6, pp. 715–725, https://doi.org/10.1177/1049731514537686.
- Sieger, Crystal (2017), “Music Performance Anxiety in Instrumental Music Students. A Multiple Case Study of Teacher Perspectives,” Contributions to Music Education, vol. 42, pp. 35–52, www.jstor.org/stable/26367435.
- Sparks, Katherine, et al. (2021). “Mindfulness, Reinvestment, and Rowing under Pressure. Evidence for Moderated Moderation of the Anxiety-Performance Relationship,” Psychology of Sport and Exercise, vol. 56, no 101998, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychsport.2021.101998.
- Spielberger, Charles D. (1989), State-Trait Anxiety Inventory. A Comprehensive Bibliography, 2nd ed., Palo Alto, Consulting Psychologists Press.
- Van Dam, Nicholas, et al. (2012), “Mind Your Words. Positive and Negative Items Create Method Effects on the Five Facet Mindfulness Questionnaire,” Assessment, vol. 19, no 2, pp. 198–204, https://doi.org/10.1177/1073191112438743.
- Van Dam, Nicholas, et al. (2014), “How does Mindfulness Reduce Anxiety, Depression, and Stress? An Exploratory Examination of Change Processes in Wait-List Controlled Mindfulness Meditation Training,” Mindfulness, vol. 5, no 5, pp. 574–588, https://doi.org/10.1007/s12671-013-0229-3.
- Van Dam, Nicholas, et al. (2018), “Mind the Hype. A Critical Evaluation and Prescriptive Agenda for Research on Mindfulness and Meditation,” Perspectives on Psychological Science, vol. 13, no 1, pp. 36–61, https://doi.org/10.1177/1745691617709589.
- Van Dam, Nicholas, Mitch Earleywine, and Sharon Danoff-Burg (2009), “Differential Item Function Across Meditators and Non-Meditators on the Five Facet Mindfulness Questionnaire,” Personality and Individual Differences, vol. 47, no 5, pp. 516–521, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2009.05.005.
- Van Kemenade, Johannes, Maarten Van Son, and Nicolette Van Heesch (1995), “Performance Anxiety Among Professional Musicians in Symphonic Orchestras. A Self-Report Study,” Psychological Reports, vol. 77, no 2, pp. 555–562, https://doi.org/10.2466/pr0.1995.77.2.555.
- Vøllestad, Jon, Børge Sivertsen, and Geir Nielsen (2011), “Mindfulness-based Stress Reduction for Patients With Anxiety Disorders. Evaluation in a Randomized Control Trial,” Behavior Research and Therapy, vol. 49, no 4, pp. 281–288, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.brat.2011.01.007.