Résumés
Abstract
Today, retaining skilled and talented employees is one of the main concerns of organizations. To this end, various policies have been considered in recent years, including policies to reconcile work with personal life. We sought to investigate the effect of work-life reconciliation on employee retention while considering the mediating role of employees’ perceived stress. In 2023, we surveyed a sample of Quebec employees who are caring for young children or other family members. In general, work-life reconciliation policies significantly increase employee retention. We also studied how employees’ perceived stress, due to work-life conflict and insufficient annual income, mediate the effect of work-life reconciliation on employee retention. Although caring for children under 18 or other family members increases employees’ perceived stress, it does not directly affect employee retention. In sum, we found that employee retention can be increased through policies that promote work-life reconciliation and thereby reduce perceived stress. Our findings have important implications and may help managers and employees implement policies to reconcile work with personal life, decrease stress, and thus increase employee retention.
Keywords:
- Work-life reconciliation and conflict,
- employee retention,
- perceived stress,
- annual income
Résumé
De nos jours, l'une des principales préoccupations des entreprises est de conserver leurs employés qualifiés et talentueux. À cette fin, les organisations prennent en considération diverses politiques et législations du travail. Les politiques touchant la conciliation entre vie professionnelle et vie privée sont l'une de ces politiques qui ont été mises en avant ces dernières années. Cependant, de nombreux lieux de travail ne disposent pas de mesures efficaces de conciliation de la vie professionnelle et de la vie privée, ce qui peut avoir de nombreuses répercussions sur les individus et l'organisation. Cette recherche vise à étudier l'effet de la conciliation travail-famille sur la rétention des travailleurs en tenant compte du rôle médiateur du stress perçu. Un échantillon d'employés québécois qui ont de jeunes enfants et qui sont responsables des soins familiaux a été sélectionné dans le cadre d'une enquête qui a été menée en 2023. Les résultats montrent qu'en général, les mesures de conciliation travail-famille ont des effets significatifs sur la rétention des employés. En outre, comme les employés perçoivent un conflit entre le travail et la vie privée et un revenu annuel insuffisant, le stress joue un rôle de médiateur entre ces deux éléments et la rétention de la main-d'oeuvre. Bien que le fait d'avoir des enfants de moins de 18 ans et de s'occuper d'un proche augmente le stress perçu par les employés, ces facteurs ne sont pas directement liés au maintien en poste du personnel. Selon les résultats de l'étude, les mesures et les programmes qui favorisent l'équilibre et la conciliation entre le travail et la vie privée, et qui réduisent le stress perçu, peuvent favoriser le maintien en poste des employés. Cette étude a des implications importantes pour les managers et les employés. Elle les guidera dans la mise en oeuvre de politiques visant à améliorer la conciliation de la vie professionnelle et de la vie privée, à réduire le stress et, par conséquent, à favoriser le maintien en poste des employés.
Mots-clés :
- Conciliation/équilibre/ et conflit entre vie professionnelle et vie privée,
- rétention de la main-d’oeuvre,
- stress perçu,
- revenu annuel
Parties annexes
References
- Aamir, A., Hamid, A. B. A., Haider, M., & Akhtar, C. S. (2016). Work-life balance, job satisfaction and nurses retention: moderating role of work volition. International Journal of Business Excellence, 10(4), 488-501.
- Abualrub, R. F. (2010). Work and non‐work social support and intent to stay at work among Jordanian hospital nurses. International Nursing Review, 57(2), 195-201.
- Alterman, T., Colligan, M., Goldenhar, L., Grubb, P., Hamilton, A., Hurrell, J. J., . . . Scharf, F. (1999). Stress--at work.
- Antunes, E. D., Bridi, L. R. T., Santos, M., & Fischer, F. M. (2023). Part-time or full-time teleworking? A systematic review of the psychosocial risk factors of telework from home. Frontiers in Psychology, 14, 1065593.
- Aydin, O. T. (2018). Impact of demographic variables on job stress factors: A study on Turkish employees. İşletme Araştırmaları Dergisi, 10(2), 803-826.
- Bogosian, R., & Byrd-Poller, L. (2023). The return-to-office decision post-COVID: The effects on firm performance. Rutgers Business Review, 8(2), 251-275.
- Burgess, C. (1999). Internal and external stress factors associated with the identity development of transgendered youth. Journal of Gay & Lesbian Social Services, 10(3-4), 35-47.
- Cloutier, O., Felusiak, L., Hill, C., & Pemberton-Jones, E. J. (2015). The importance of developing strategies for employee retention. Journal of Leadership, Accountability & Ethics, 12(2).
- Cohen, S. (1988). Perceived stress in a probability sample of the United States. https://psycnet.apa.org/record/1988-98838-002?email=RlFUZ1JKSTJwWWxt-206acc5db
- Collier, J. (2020). Applied structural equation modeling using AMOS: Basic to advanced techniques: Routledge.
- Colson, T. L., & Satterfield, C. (2018). The effects of strategic compensation on teacher retention. Power and Education, 10(1), 92-104.
- Das, B. L., & Baruah, M. (2013). Employee retention: A review of literature. Journal of business and management, 14(2), 8-16.
- De Sousa Sabbagha, M., Ledimo, O., & Martins, N. (2018). Predicting staff retention from employee motivation and job satisfaction. Journal of Psychology in Africa, 28(2), 136-140.
- Dibble, S. (1999). Keeping your valuable employees: retention strategies for your organization's most important resource: John Wiley & Sons.
- Dobrinić, D., & Fabac, R. (2021). Familiarity with mission and vision: Impact on organizational commitment and job satisfaction. Business Systems Research: International Journal of the Society for Advancing Innovation and Research in Economy, 12(1), 124-143.
- Emanuel, N., & Harrington, E. (2020). The payoffs of higher pay: elasticities of productivity and labor supply with respect to wages. Job Market Paper, 1(2), 91-110
- Fonseca, R., Morin, H., & Moro, A. I. (2021). Stress and retirement. Retrieved from. https://www.econstor.eu/handle/10419/234818
- Ford-Colin, M. (2022). Employee Retention and Profitability: The Role of Employee-Retention Strategies: South University.
- Goodman, A., & Goodman, R. (2009). Strengths and difficulties questionnaire as a dimensional measure of child mental health. Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 48(4), 400-403
- Garg, P., & Yajurvedi, D. N. (2016). Impact of Work-life Balance Practices on Employees Retention and Organisational Performance-A Study on IT Industry. Indian Journal of Ap-plied Research, 6 (8), 105, 108.
- Gillis, S. (2024). Mentoring the Mentor: A Mentor Training Program. https://epublications.regis.edu/theses/1125/
- Göktaş, A. (2023). The effect of work-life balance on job stress and fatigue in taxi drivers. Journal of occupational and environmental medicine, 65(10).
- Goswami, B. K., & Jha, S. (2012). Attrition issues and retention challenges of employees. International Journal of Scientific & Engineering Research, 3(4), 1-6.
- Graham, M., Weale, V., Lambert, K. A., Kinsman, N., Stuckey, R., & Oakman, J. (2021). Working at home: The impacts of COVID 19 on health, family-work-life conflict, gender, and parental responsibilities. Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, 63(11), 938-943.
- Grzywacz, J. G., & Carlson, D. S. (2007). Conceptualizing work—family balance: Implications for practice and research. Advances in developing human resources, 9(4), 455-471.
- Haar, J. M., Russo, M., Suñe, A., & Ollier-Malaterre, A. (2014). Outcomes of work–life balance on job satisfaction, life satisfaction and mental health: A study across seven cultures. Journal of Vocational behavior, 85(3), 361-373.
- Halkos, G., & Bousinakis, D. (2010). The effect of stress and satisfaction on productivity. International Journal of Productivity and Performance Management, 59(5), 415-431.
- Hansemark, O. C., & Albinsson, M. (2004). Customer satisfaction and retention: the experiences of individual employees. Managing Service Quality: An International Journal, 14(1), 40-57.
- Harlow, L. L. (2002). Book review of using multivariate statistics by Barbara G. Tabachnick and Linda S. Fidell. Structural Equation Modeling, 9(4), 621-636.
- Haupfleisch, R., Korolkova, K., Natter, M., & Wuiame, N. (2015). Reconciliation of work, family and private life in the European Union Policy Review. European Institute for Gender Equality, July.
- Herman, J. B., Dunham, R. B., & Hulin, C. L. (1975). Organizational structure, demographic characteristics, and employee responses. Organizational Behavior and human performance, 13(2), 206-232.
- Herman, R. E. (2005). HR managers as employee-retention specialists. Employment relations today, 32(2), 1.
- Hom, P. W., Allen, D. G., & Griffeth, R. W. (2019). Employee retention and turnover: Why employees stay or leave: Routledge.
- Hou, X., Kanani, A. Y., & Ye, J. (2018). Double lap adhesive joint with reduced stress concentration: Effect of slot. Composite Structures, 202, 635-642.
- Huang, W.-R., & Su, C.-H. (2016). The mediating role of job satisfaction in the relationship between job training satisfaction and turnover intentions. Industrial and Commercial Training, 48(1), 42-52.
- Iverson, R. D., Olekalns, M., & Erwin, P. J. (1998). Affectivity, organizational stressors, and absenteeism: A causal model of burnout and its consequences. Journal of Vocational behavior, 52(1), 1-23.
- Jawadu, L. (2020). Effect of Work Life Balance on Employees Retention in Tanzania: A Case Study of DSM Corridor Group Limited (DCG) (Doctoral dissertation, Mzumbe University).
- Jones, F., Kinman, G., & Payne, N. (2013). Work stress and health behaviors: a work—life balance issue. In Work-Life Balance (pp. 185-215): Psychology Press.
- Kangas, H., Pensar, H., & Rousi, R. (2023). I wouldn't be working this way if I had a family-Differences in remote workers' needs for supervisor's family-supportiveness depending on the parental status. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 147, 103939.
- Khan, M. Y., Khan, M. J., & Khan, W. (2019). The impact of faculty appreciation and recognition on employee retention. UW journal of management sciences, 3(1), 1-11.
- King, R. B., Karuntzos, G., Casper, L. M., Moen, P., Davis, K. D., Berkman, L., . . . Kossek, E. E. (2012). Work–family balance issues and work–leave policies. In Handbook of occupational health and wellness (pp. 323-339): Springer.
- Kirkcaldy, B. D., Trimpop, R., & Cooper, C. L. (1997). Working hours, job stress, work satisfaction, and accident rates among medical practitioners and allied personnel. International Journal of Stress Management, 4, 79-87.
- Koubova, V., & Buchko, A. A. (2013). Life‐work balance: Emotional intelligence as a crucial component of achieving both personal life and work performance. Management Research Review, 36(7), 700-719.
- Krafft, A. M. (2023). Perceived stress. In Our hopes, our future: insights from the hope barometer (pp. 55-61): Springer.
- Lafferty, A., Phillips, D., Fealy, G., Paul, G., Duffy, C., Dowling-Hetherington, L., . . . Kroll, T. (2023). Making it work: a qualitative study of the work-care reconciliation strategies adopted by family carers in Ireland to sustain their caring role. Community, Work & Family, 26(3), 292-311.
- Lau, C., & Leung, L. (2014). Mortgage debt as a moderator in the association between unemployment and health. Public Health, 128(3), 239-245.
- Lomax, R. (2013). Introduction to structural equation modeling. In Applied quantitative analysis in education and the social sciences (pp. 245-264): Routledge.
- Maltseva, K. (2024). Stress exposure, perceived stress severity, and their effects on health. Соціологія: теорія, методи, маркетинг, 2024.
- Mansour, S., & Tremblay, D. G. (2016). Workload, generic and work–family specific social supports and job stress: Mediating role of work–family and family–work conflict. International Journal of Contemporary Hospitality Management, 28(8), 1778-1804
- Matei, A., Ghența, M., & Mladen-Macovei, L. (2024). Early Childhood Education and Care Services, and Parents’ Work–Life Balance. Education Sciences, 14(11), 1186.
- Mathieu, S., & Tremblay, D.-G. (2022). Parentalité, conciliation emploi-famille et composition genrée de la main-d’oeuvre dans les organisations en temps de pandémie: le cas du Québec 1. Relations industrielles/Industrial Relations, 77(2).
- Mathieu, S., Tremblay, D. G., Treleaven, C., & Fuller, S. (2023). Determinants of work‐family balance satisfaction during the pandemic: Insights from Québec. Canadian Review of Sociology/Revue canadienne de sociologie, 60(2), 212-228
- McCormack, N., & Cotter, C. (2013). Managing burnout in the workplace: A guide for information professionals: Elsevier.
- Michael, B., PRINCE, A. F., & Chacko, A. (2016). IMPACT OF COMPENSATION PACKAGE ON EMPLOYEE RETENTION. CLEAR International Journal of Research in Commerce & Management, 7(10).
- Monsey, L. M., Beckman, K. L., & Baker, M. G. (2023). How does gender and work location impact perceived worker stress during COVID-19? Findings from King County, WA. Journal of workplace behavioral health, 38(1), 75-101.
- Mueller, R. O., & Hancock, G. R. (2018). Structural equation modeling. In The reviewer’s guide to quantitative methods in the social sciences (pp. 445-456): Routledge.
- Nekoranec, J., & Kmosena, M. (2015). Stress in the workplace-sources, effects and coping strategies. Review of the Air Force Academy(1), 163.
- Nogues, S., & Tremblay, D. G. (2025). Work Intensification, Work–Life Conflict and Turnover Intentions in the Teaching Profession: Evidence From School Teachers in Quebec, Canada. Industrial Relations Journal
- Ombanda, P. O. (2015). The perceived relationship between employee retention practices and organization citizenship behaviour at DT Dobie (K) Ltd. University of Nairobi,
- Panda, A. (2019). Impact of work-life balance on employee retention: The mediation and moderation effect of employee commitment, psychological empowerment and organizational citizenship behaviour.
- Panigrahi, C. A. (2016). Managing stress at workplace. Journal of Management Research and Analysis, 3(4), 154-160.
- Paoletti, J., Chen, M. A., Wu-Chung, E. L., Brown, R. L., LeRoy, A. S., Murdock, K. W., . . . Fagundes, C. P. (2023). Employment and family income in psychological and immune outcomes during bereavement. Psychoneuroendocrinology, 150, 106024.
- Parkes, L. P., & Langford, P. H. (2008). Work–life bal ance or work–life alignment? A test of the importance of work-life balance for employee engagement and intention to stay in organisations. Journal of management & organization, 14(3), 267-284.
- Perreira, T. A., Berta, W., & Herbert, M. (2018). The employee retention triad in health care: Exploring relationships amongst organisational justice, affective commitment and turnover intention. Journal of clinical nursing, 27(7-8), e1451-e1461.
- Platts, K., Breckon, J., & Marshall, E. (2022). Enforced home-working under lockdown and its impact on employee wellbeing: a cross-sectional study. BMC Public Health, 22(1), 199
- Prada-Ospina, R. (2019). Social psychological factors and their relation to work-related stress as generating effect of burnout. Interdisciplinaria, 36(2), 39-53.
- Presbitero, A., Roxas, B., & Chadee, D. (2016). Looking beyond HRM practices in enhancing employee retention in BPOs: focus on employee–organisation value fit. The International Journal of Human Resource Management, 27(6), 635-652
- Price, R. H. (1992). Psychosocial impact of job loss on individuals and families. Current directions in psychological science, 1(1), 9-11
- Pruessner, J. C., Hellhammer, D. H., & Kirschbaum, C. (1999). Burnout, perceived stress, and cortisol responses to awakening. Psychosomatic medicine, 61(2), 197-204.
- Ramchand, R., Dalton, S., Dubowitz, T., Hyde, K., . . . Awabe, G. (2024). caregivers. https://www.rand.org/content/dam/rand/pubs/research_reports/rra3200/rra3212-1/rand_rra3212-1.pdf
- Riyanto, S., Endri, E., & Herlisha, N. (2021). Effect of work motivation and job satisfaction on employee performance: Mediating role of employee engagement. Problems and Perspectives in Management, 19(3), 162.
- Sayli, H., Baytok, A., & Soybali, H. H. (2010). The effects of employees' demographic characteristics on the perception of organizational culture: A study in service enterprise. Paper presented at the 2nd International Symposium on Sustainable Development.
- Sheehan, R., Mutch, J., Marston, L., Osborn, D., & Hassiotis, A. (2021). Risk factors for in-patient admission among adults with intellectual disability and autism: investigation of electronic clinical records. BJPsych Open, 7(1), e5.
- Shockley, K. M., Smith, C. R., & Knudsen, E. A. (2017). The impact of work–life balance on employee retention. The Wiley Blackwell handbook of the psychology of recruitment, selection and employee retention, 513-543.
- Shrestha, N. (2021). Factor analysis as a tool for survey analysis. American journal of Applied Mathematics and statistics, 9(1), 4-11.
- Sikora, D. M., Thompson, K. W., Russell, Z. A., & Ferris, G. R. (2016). Reimagining overqualified human resources to promote organizational effectiveness and competitive advantage. Journal of Organizational Effectiveness: People and Performance, 3(1), 23-42.
- Spasova, S., Baeten, R., Coster, S., Ghailani, D., Peña-Casas, R., & Vanhercke, B. (2018). Challenges in long-term care in Europe. Eurohealth, 24(4), 7-12.
- Stafford Joe. 2019. Working mothers up to 40% more stressed, study finds. Manchester 1824. Online. Available in: https://www.manchester.ac.uk/about/news/working-mothers-up-to-40-more-stressed/
- Stein, C. M., Morris, N. J., & Nock, N. L. (2012). Structural equation modeling. Statistical human genetics: Methods and protocols, 495-512.
- Stratigaki, M. (2004). The cooptation of gender concepts in EU policies: The case of “reconciliation of work and family”. Social Politics: International Studies in Gender, State & Society, 11(1), 30-56.
- Sumathi, V., & Velmurugan, R. (2020). The impact of stress and work life balance on job satisfaction among female faculty at select arts and science colleges in Coimbatore District. Journal of Critical Reviews, 7(4), 744-746.
- Tremblay, D.-G., & Genin, É. (2008). Permeability between work and non-work: The case of self-employed IT workers. Canadian Journal of communication, 33(4), 701-720.
- Tremblay, D. G. (2021). Issues of attraction and retention of nurses: job control, time and work-family issues. Journal of Human Resource and Sustainability Studies, 9(4), 524-540
- Tremblay, S. M., Lal, S., Ferro, M. A., & Anaby, D. (2025). Services Addressing Mental Health Needs of Youth in Physical Rehabilitation: Perspectives of Clinicians, Youth and Family Members. Child: Care, Health and Development, 51(1), e70019.
- Venkat, M. V. V., Khan, S. R. K., Gorkhe, M., Reddy, M., & Rao, S. (2023). Fostering talent stability: a study on evaluating the influence of competency management on employee retention in the automotive industry. Remittances Review, 8(4), 2300-2328.
- Wray, D. (2024). " Sandwiched" Between Unpaid Care for Children and Care-dependent Adults: A Gender-based Study: Statistics Canada= Statistique Canada.
- Yohannes, T. (2021). The Effect of Work-Life Conflict on Employees Job Performance (The Case of Bank of Abyssinia, Bahir Dar City Branches).
- Zumrah, A. R., Nizah, M. A. M., & Jalil, N. (2022). Impact of work-life balance on employee retention: Home mortgage as moderator. Global Business and Management Research, 14(3s), 595-600.
