Résumés
Résumé
Cette recherche examine l’impact d’une privation relative sur la croyance en un monde juste et sur le désengagement vis-à-vis du travail. Deux études ont été menées, dans chacune desquelles deux groupes de Français d’origine maghrébine ont été confrontés à une situation dans laquelle ils devaient se mettre à la place d’un Français d’origine maghrébine indiquant avoir déjà été victime de discrimination vs déclarant n’en avoir jamais subi. Dans la première étude, ce Français essuyait un refus de promotion au profit d’un Français de souche (privation intergroupale) alors que dans la seconde c’était au profit d’un autre Français d’origine maghrébine (privation intragroupale). Les participants répondaient alors à un questionnaire de croyance en un monde juste et de désengagement vis-à-vis du travail. Il est constaté que dans la situation intergroupale, les participant(e)s de la condition « Négation de discrimination » et ceux de la condition « Reconnaissance de discrimination » ne se différencient sur aucune des deux variables dépendantes. En revanche, dans la situation intragroupale, les participants placés dans la condition « Négation de discrimination » croient davantage en un monde juste et dévaluent plus le travail que ceux de la condition « Reconnaissance de discrimination ». De plus, la croyance en un monde juste (VM) semble médiatiser la relation entre le type d’attribution (VI) et la dévaluation du travail (VD). Ces résultats sont confrontés à ceux de la littérature et discutés sur le plan de leurs implications.
Mots-clés :
- Attribution,
- privation relative,
- comparaison intragroupe,
- comparaison intergroupe
Summary
This research examines the impact of relative deprivation on belief in a just world and on disengagement from work. Two investigations were conducted, in which of each two groups of French people of Maghrebian origin were confronted with a situation in which they had to put themselves in the place of a French person of Maghrebian origin who said that he had already been the victim of discrimination vs claiming he never had suffered it. In the first investigation, this Frenchman was refused promotion in favor of a native French (intergroup deprivation) while in the second it was in favor of another French of Maghrebian origin (intragroup deprivation). Then the participants answered a questionnaire of belief in a just world and of disengagement from work. It is observed that in the intergroup situation, the participants of the “Negation of discrimination” condition and those of the “Recognition of discrimination” condition do not differ on any of the two dependent variables. On the other hand, in the intragroup situation, the participants placed in the “Negation of discrimination” condition believe more in a just world and devalue work more than those in the “Recognition of discrimination” condition. In addition, belief in a Just world seems to mediate the relationship between the type of attribution (IV) and the devaluation of work (DV). These results are compared with those of the literature and discussed in terms of their implications.
Parties annexes
Bibliographie
- Amadieu, Jean-François, & Roy, Alexandra (2019). Stéréotypes et discriminations dans le recrutement. Hermès, La Revue, 83, 162-169. https://doi.org/10.3917/herm.083.0162
- Arrow, Kenneth (1973). The Theory of Discrimination. In O. Ashenfelter & A. Rees (Eds), Discrimination in Labor Markets (pp. 3-33). Princeton University Press.
- Azzi, Assaad (1998). From Competitive Interests, Perceived Injustice, and Identity Needs to Collective Action: Psychological Mechanisms in Ethnic Nationalism. In C. Dandeker (Eds), Nationalism and violence. (pp. 73-138). New Brunswick, NJ: Transaction.
- Baron, Reuben, & Kenny, David (1986). The moderator-mediator variable distinction in social psychological research: conceptual, strategic, and statistical considerations. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology,51, 1173-1182. Doi:10.1037//0022-3514.51.6.1173
- Bègue, Laurent, & Bastounis, Marina (2003). Two spheres of belief in justice. Extensive support for the bidimensional model of Belief in Just World. Journal of Personality, 71, 435-463. https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-6494.7103007
- Bellemare, Karine (2020). Les formes subtiles de discrimination dans le processus d’insertion professionnelle des immigrantes racisées dans le domaine de la santé à Montréal. Diversité urbaine, 20(1), 54–78. https://doi.org/10.7202/1084962ar
- Bertrand, Marianne, Chugh, Dolly, & Mullainathan, Sendhil (2005). Implicit discrimination. The American Economic Review, 95(2), 94-98.
- Bornet, Corinne, & Brangier, Eric (2013). La méthode des personas : principes, intérêts et limites. Le Bulletin de psychologie. 66 (2), 115-134. https://doi.org/10.3917/bupsy.524.0115
- Branscombe, Nyla., Schmitt, Michael, & Harvey, Richard (1999). Perceiving pervasive discrimination among African-Americans: Implications for group identification and wellbeing. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 77, 135-149. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.77.1.135
- Crocker, Jennifer, & Major, Brenda (1989). Social stigma and self-esteem: the self-protective properties of stigma. Psychological Review, 96, 608-630. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-295X.96.4.608
- Crocker, Jennifer, Major, Brenda, & Steele, Claude (1998). Social Stigma. In Gilbert, D., Fiske, S. T., & Lindzey, G. (Eds), The Handbook of Social Psychology (4th ed., Vol 2, pp. 504-553). New York: McGraw Hill.
- Croizet, Jean-Claude, & Martinot, Delphine (2003). Stigmatisation et estime de soi. In J.C. Croizet, & J.P. Leyens (Eds). Mauvaises réputations. Réalités et enjeux de la stigmatisation sociale. (pp. 25-59). Paris : Armand Colin.
- Crosby, Fae (1976). A model of egoistical relative deprivation. Psychological Review, 83, 85-113. Doi: 10.1037/0033-295x.83.2.85
- Crosby, Faye (1982). Relative deprivation and working women. New York: Oxford University Press.
- Crosby, Faye (1984). Relative deprivation in organizational settings. Research in Organizational settings, 6, 51-93.
- Dalbert, Claudia (2002). Beliefs in a just world as a buffer against anger. Social Justice Research, 15(2), 123-145. Doi:10.1023/A:1019919822628
- Défenseur des droits- OIT Paris (2022). 15ème baromètre sur la perception des discriminations dans l’emploi. https://www.ilo.org/paris/publications/WCMS_863555/lang--fr/index.htm
- Défenseur des droits- OIT Paris (2021). 14ème baromètre sur la perception des discriminations dans l’emploi. https://www.defenseurdesdroits.fr/fr/dossier-de-presse/2021/12/14e-barometre-sur-la-perception-des-discriminations-dans-lemploi
- Défenseur des droits- OIT Paris (2020). 13ème baromètre sur la perception des discriminations dans l’emploi. https://www.ilo.org/paris/publications/WCMS_763022/lang--fr/index.htm
- Dovidio, John, Kawakami, Kerry, & Gaertner, Samuel (2002). Implicit and explicit prejudice and interracial interaction. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 82, 62-68. Doi: 10.1037//0022-3514.82.1.62
- Dubé, L., & Guimond, S. (1986). Relative deprivation and social protest: the personal-group issue. In J. M. Olson, C.P. Herman, & M. P. Zanna (Eds), Relative deprivation and social comparison. The Ontario Symposium. (Vol 4, pp. 201-216). Hillsdale NJ : Erlbaum.
- Duchon, Coralie (2010). Le poids des croyances et des normes en milieu professionnel : Croyance en un Monde Juste et Allégeance. Thèse de Doctorat. Paris : Université Paris X.
- Dupont, E., & Leyens, J.P. (2003). Perceptions différentes des discriminations individuelle et groupale. In J.C. Croizet & J.P. Leyens (Eds), Mauvaises réputations. Réalités et enjeux de la stigmatisation sociale. (pp. 93-117). Paris : Armand Colin.
- Festinger, Leon (1954). A theory of social comparison processes. Human Relations, 7, 117-140. https://doi.org/10.1177/001872675400700202
- Guimond, S., & Tougas, F. (1994). Sentiments d’injustice et actions collectives : la privation relative. In R.Y. Bourhis, & J.P. Leyens (Eds). Stéréotypes, discrimination et relations intergroupes. (pp. 201-231). Liège : Mardaga.
- Heider, F. (1958). The Psychology of Interpersonal Relations. Hillsdale, New Jersey: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
- Huguet, Pascal, Dumas, Florence, Monteil, Jean-Marie, & Genestoux, Nicolas (2001). Social comparison choices in the classroom: further evidence for students’ upward comparison tendency and its beneficial impact on performance. European Journal of Social Psychology, 31, 557-578. https://doi.org/10.1002/ejsp.81
- Katz, Irwin, & Hass, Gien (1988). Racial ambivalence and American value conflict: correlational and priming studies of dual cognitive structures. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 55, 893-905. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.55.6.893
- Katz, Irwin, Wackenhut, Joyce, & Hass, R. G. (1986). Racial ambivalence, value duality and behaviour. In J. F. Dovidio et S. L. Gaertner (Eds.). Prejudice, discrimination and racism. New York: Academic Press, 35-60.
- Keyes, Corey Lee, & Ryff, Carol (2000). Subjective change and mental health: a self-concept theory. Social Psychology Quarterly, 63(3), 264-279. https://doi.org/10.2307/2695873
- Laplante, Joëlle, & Tougas, Francine (2011). La privation relative et le niveau d’identification comme déclencheurs du désengagement psychologique : une étude exploratoire auprès d’éducatrices. Les Cahiers Internationaux de Psychologie Sociale, 89-90, 43-61. https://doi.org/10.3917/cips.089.0043
- Lerner, Melvin (1975). The justice motive in social behavior: introduction. Journal of Social Issues, 31(3), 1-19. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-4560.1975.tb00995.x
- Lerner, Melvin (1980). The belief in a just world: a fundamental delusion. New York: Plenum Press.
- Lerner, Melvin, & Simmons, Carolyn (1966). Observer’s reaction to the « innocent victim »: compassion or rejection ? Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 4, 203-210. https://doi.org/10.1037/h0023562
- Locke, Kenneth (2003). Status and solidarity in social comparison: Agentic and communal values and vertical and horizontal directions. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 84, 619–63. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.84.3.619
- Maisondieu Jean (1997). La fabrication des exclus. Paris : Bayard.
- Major, Brenda, McCoy, Shannon, Kaiser, Cheryl, & Quinton, Wendy (2003). Prejudice and self-esteem: a transactional model. European Review of Social Psychology, 14, 77-104. https://doi.org/10.1080/10463280340000027
- Major, Brenda, & Schmader, Toni (1998). Coping with stigma through psychological disengagement. In J. Swim, & C. Stangor (Eds), Prejudice: the Target's Perspective. (pp. 219-241). New York: The Academic Press.
- Major, Brenda, & Schmader, Toni (2001). Legitimacy and the construal of social disadvantage. In J. T. Jost, & B. Major (Eds), The psychology of legitimacy: emerging perspectives on ideology, justice and intergroup relations. (pp. 176-204). Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press.
- Major, Brenda, Sciacchitano, Anne-Marie, & Crocker, Jennifer (1993). Ingroup vs outgroup comparisons and self-esteem, Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 19, 711-721. https://doi.org/10.1177/0146167293196006
- Major, Brenda, Spencer, Steven, Schmader, Toni, Wolfe, Connie, & Crocker, Jennifer (1998). Coping with negative stereotypes about intellectual performance: the role of psychological disengagement. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 24, 34-50. Doi: 10.1177/0146167298241003
- Martinot, Delphine, Redersdorff, Sandrine, Guimond, Serge, & Dif, Stéphane (2002). Ingroup vs Outgroup Comparisons and Self-Esteem: the role of group status and Ingroup Identification. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 28, 1586-1600. https://doi.org/10.1177/014616702237585
- Merton, Robert (1948). The self-fulfilling prophecy. Antioch Review, 8, 193-210.
- McConahay, John (1986). Modern racism, ambivalence, and the modern racism scale. In J. F. Dovidio & S. L. Gaertner (Eds.), Prejudice, discrimination, and racism (pp. 91-125). New York: Academic Press.
- Michinov, Nicolas (2003). Stigmates sociaux et comparaisons interpersonnelles. In J.C. Croizet, & J.P. Leyens (Eds). Mauvaises réputations. Réalités et enjeux de la stigmatisation sociale. Paris : Armand Colin, pp. 215-234.
- Morse, Stan, & Gergen, Kenneth (1970). Social comparison, self-consistency, and the concept of self, Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 16, 148-156. https://doi.org/10.1037/h0029862
- Mussweiler, Thomas, Rüter, Katia, & Epstude, Kai (2004). The man who wasnʹt there: subliminal social comparison standards influence self-evaluation. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 40, 689-696. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jesp.2004.01.004
- Ndobo, André (2010). Les nouveaux visages de la discrimination. Bruxelles : De Boeck.
- Ndobo, André, & Gardair, Emmanuèle (2006). Le discours de la discrimination en situation de sélection professionnelle : un exemple de persistance du biais de différenciation intergroupe. Les Cahiers Internationaux de Psychologie Sociale, 70, 21-34. Doi : 10.3917/cips.070.0021
- Noon, Mike (2018). Pointless Diversity Training: Unconscious Bias, New Racism and Agency. Work, employment and society, 32 (1), 198-209. https://doi.org/10.1177%2F0950017017719841
- Pettigrew, Thomas, & Meertens, Roel (1995). Subtle and blatant prejudice in Western Europe. European Journal of Social Psychology, 25, 57-75. https://doi.org/10.1002/ejsp.2420250106
- Phelps, Edmund (1972). The Statistical Theory of Racism and Sexism, American Economic Review, 62(4), 659-661.
- Postmes, Tom, Branscombe, Nyla, Spears, Russell, & Young, Heather (1999). Comparative processes in personal and group judgements: resolving the discrepancy. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 76, 320-338. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.76.2.320
- Rosenthal, Robert, & Fode, Kermit (1963a). The effect of experimenter bias on the performance of the albino rat. Behavioral Science, 8(3), 183–189. https://doi.org/10.1002/bs.3830080302
- Rosenthal, Robert & Fode, Kermit (1963b). Psychology of the scientist: three experiments in experimenter bias. Psychological Reports, 12, 491-511. https://doi.org/10.2466/pr0.1963.12.2.491
- Ross, Lee (1977). The intuitive psychologist and his shortcomings: distortions in the attribution process. In L. Berkowitz (Eds), Advances in experimental social psychology. (pp. 173-240). Orlando, FL: Academic Press.
- Ruggiero, Karen, & Taylor, Donald (1995). Coping with discrimination: how disadvantaged group members perceive the discrimination that confronts them. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 68, 826-838. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.68.5.826
- Ruggiero, Karen, & Taylor, Donald (1997). Why minority group members perceive or do not perceive the discrimination that confronts them: the role of self-esteem and perceived control. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 72, 373-389. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.72.2.373
- Runciman, Walter (1966). Relative Deprivation and Social Justice. London: RKP.
- Santrock, John, Smith, Priscilla, & Bourbeau, Philip (1976). Effects of social comparison on aggression and regression in groups of young children. Child Development, 47 (3), 831-837.
- Schmitt, Michael, & Branscombe, Nyla (2002a). The internal and external causal loci of attributions to prejudice. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 28, 620-628. https://doi.org/10.1177/0146167202288006
- Schmitt, Michael, Branscombe, Nyla, Kobrynowicz, Diane, & Owen, Susan (2002). Perceiving discrimination against one’s gender group has different implications for well-being in women and men. Personality & Social Psychology Bulletin, 28, 197-210.
- Schmader, Toni, Major, Brenda, Eccleston, Collette, & McCoy, Shannon (2001). Devaluing domains in response to threatening intergroup comparisons: perceived legitimacy and the status value asymmetry. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 80(5), 782-796. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.80.5.782
- Spence, Michael (1973). Job Market Signaling, The Quarterly Journal of Economics, 87(3), 355-374. https://doi.org/10.2307/1882010
- Steele, Claude, & Aronson, Joshua (1995). Stereotype threat and the intellectual test performance of African Americans. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 69(5), 797-811. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.69.5.797
- Sue, Derald (2010). Microagressions in Everyday Life: Race, Gender, and Sexual Orientation. N J: Wiley.
- Tajfel, Henri, & Turner, John (1979). An integrative theory of intergroup conflict. In S. Worchel., & W. Austin (Eds), The social psychology of intergroup relations. (pp. 33-48). Pacific Grove: CA/ Brooks/Cole.
- Tajfel, Henri, & Turner, John (1986). The social identity theory of intergroup behavior. In S.Worchel, & W. Austin (Eds), Psychology of intergroup relations. (2nd ed., pp. 7-24). Chicago: Nelson-Hall.
- Taylor, Marylee (2002). Fraternal deprivation, collective threat and racial resentment. Perspectives on white racism. In I. Walker, & H. J. Smith (Eds), Relative deprivation. Specification, development and integration. Cambridge: Cambrige University Press.
- Taylor, Donald, Wright, Stephen, & Porter, Lana (1994). Dimensions of Perceived Discrimination: The Personal/Group Discrimination Discrepancy. In Zanna, M. P., & Olson, J. M. (Eds), The Psychology of Prejudice: The Ontario Symposium. (Vol 7, pp. 233-255). Hillsdale: Erlbaum.
- Tougas, Francine, & Beaton, Ann (2002). Personal and group relative deprivation: connecting the « I » to the « we ». In I. Walker, & H. J. Smith (Eds), Relative deprivation: specification, development and integration (pp. 119-135). Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press.
- Tougas, Francine, Lagacé, Martine, Laplante, Joëlle, & Bellehumeur, Christian (2008). Shielding self-esteem through the adoption of psychological disengagement mechanisms: the good and the bad news. International Journal of Aging and Human Development, 67, 129-148. Doi:10.2190/AG.67.2.b
- Van Laer, Koen, & Janssens, Maddy (2011). Ethnic Minority Professionals’ Experiences with Subtle Discrimination in the Workplace. Human Relations, 64 (9), 1203- 1227. https://doi.org/10.1177/0018726711409263
- Walker, Iain, & Mann, Leon (1987). Unemployment, relative deprivation, and social protest. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 13, 275-283. https://doi.org/10.1177/0146167287132012
- Wills, Thomas (1981). Downward comparison principles in social psychology, Psychological Bulletin, 90, 245-271. Doi:10.1037/0033-2909.90.2.245
- Wood, Joanne (1989). Theory and Research Concerning Social Comparisons of Personal Attributes. Psychological Bulletin, 106(2), 231-248. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-2909.106.2.231
10.7202/1084962ar