Résumés
Abstract
This article is a close reading of Leonardo Bruni’s panegyric for the city of Florence (1404). It expands the discussion of the Laudatio Florentinae Urbis beyond the political context in which it has mostly, through the influence of Hans Baron’s pioneering work, been considered. It reads the text as a powerful assertion of Renaissance Humanism in its most secular, world-affirming mode. In exploring the value structure of the text, it finds the distinctly Aristotelian virtues ofmegaloprépeia (magnificence) and megalopsychia (great-souledness) structuring the text along with the Ciceronian and Aristidean virtue of humanitas. The article sees the appreciation of beauty as permeating the text, from its treatment of architecture, landscape, and city life to its treatment of the Florentine political institutions.
Keywords:
- Magnificence,
- Beauty,
- Rhetoric,
- magnitudo animi,
- humanitas,
- Aristotle,
- Aristides,
- Cicero
Résumé
Cet article propose une lecture attentive du panégyrique de Leonardo Bruni pour la ville de Florence (1404). Il élargit la discussion sur la Laudatio Florentinae Urbis au-delà du contexte politique dans lequel elle a été principalement examinée, sous l’influence des travaux pionniers de Hans Baron. Nous voyons dans ce texte une formidable affirmation de l’humanisme de la Renaissance dans sa forme la plus laïque et la plus ouverte au monde. Explorant les valeurs structurant le texte, cet article montre que les vertus aristotéliciennes demegaloprepeia (magnificence) et de megalopsychia (grandeur d’âme), ainsi que la vertu cicéronienne et aristidienne d’humanitas, charpentent le texte. L’article constate en outre que l’appréciation de la beauté imprègne le texte, depuis son traitement de l’architecture, du paysage et de la vie urbaine jusqu’à son traitement des institutions politiques florentines.
Parties annexes
Bibliography
- Aristides, Aelius. Panathenaic Oration and In Defence of Oratory. Edited and translated by C. A. Behr. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1973.Google Scholar Rechercher cette référence bibliographique sur Google Scholar
- Aristotle. Nicomachean Ethics. Translated by Martin Ostwald. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall, 1999.10.1093/oseo/instance.00258595 Google Scholar Rechercher cette référence bibliographique sur Google Scholar
- Aristotle. Nicomachean Ethics. Translated by Terence Irwin. Indianapolis: Hackett Publishing, 1985.Google Scholar Rechercher cette référence bibliographique sur Google Scholar
- Atkinson, Niall. The Noisy Renaissance: Sound, Architecture, and Florentine Urban Life. University Park, PA: Penn State University Press, 2016.Google Scholar Rechercher cette référence bibliographique sur Google Scholar
- Baldassarri, Stefano Ugo. “City Views, Maps and Panegyrics in Quattrocento Florence.” Letteratura Italiana Antica 18 (2017): 423–34.Google Scholar Rechercher cette référence bibliographique sur Google Scholar
- Baron, Hans. “Chronology and Historical Certainty: The Dates of Bruni’s Laudatio and Dialogi.” In From Petrarch to Leonardo Bruni: Studies in Humanistic and Political Literature, 102–37. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1968.Google Scholar Rechercher cette référence bibliographique sur Google Scholar
- Baron, Hans. “Civic Wealth and the New Values of the Renaissance: The Spirit of the Quattrocento.” In In Search of Florentine Civic Humanism, 226–57. Vol. 1, Essays on the Transition from Medieval to Modern Thought. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1988. https://doi.org/10.1515/Google Scholar Rechercher cette référence bibliographique sur Google Scholar
- Baron, Hans. The Crisis of the Early Italian Renaissance. Rev. ed. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1996. https://doi.org/10.2307/j.ctv24rgbqh.10.2307/j.ctv24rgbqh Google Scholar Rechercher cette référence bibliographique sur Google Scholar
- Baron, Hans. “Franciscan Poverty and Civic Wealth in the Rise of Humanistic Thought.” Speculum 13, no. 1 (January 1938): 1–37. https://doi.org/10.2307/2848826.10.2307/2848826 Google Scholar Rechercher cette référence bibliographique sur Google Scholar
- Baron, Hans. From Petrarch to Leonardo Bruni: Studies in Humanistic and Political Literature. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1968.Google Scholar Rechercher cette référence bibliographique sur Google Scholar
- Baron, Hans. “Imitation, Rhetoric, and Quattrocento Thought in Bruni’s Laudatio.” In From Petrarch to Leonardo Bruni: Studies in Humanistic and Political Literature, 151–71. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1968.Google Scholar Rechercher cette référence bibliographique sur Google Scholar
- Berlin, Isaiah. “Two Concepts of Liberty.” In Four Essays on Liberty, 118–72. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1969.Google Scholar Rechercher cette référence bibliographique sur Google Scholar
- Bernard-Pradelle, Laurence. “L’Influence de la Seconde Sophistique sur la Laudatio Florentinae Urbis de Leonardo Bruni.” Rhetorica 18, no. 4 (2000): 355–87.10.1353/rht.2000.0000 Google Scholar Rechercher cette référence bibliographique sur Google Scholar
- Biow, Douglas. The Culture of Cleanliness in Renaissance Italy. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 2006. https://doi.org/10.7591/9781501726842.10.7591/9781501726842 Google Scholar Rechercher cette référence bibliographique sur Google Scholar
- Blanchard, W. Scott. “Leonardo Bruni and the Poetics of Sovereignty.” The European Legacy 20, no. 5 (2015): 477–91. https://doi.org/10.1080/10848770.2015.1041816.10.1080/10848770.2015.1041816 Google Scholar Rechercher cette référence bibliographique sur Google Scholar
- Bracciolini, Poggio. “On Avarice.” Translated by Benjamin G. Kohl and Elizabeth Welles. In The Earthly Republic: Italian Humanists on Government and Society, edited by Benjamin G. Kohl and Ronald G. Witt, 241–89. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 1978.Google Scholar Rechercher cette référence bibliographique sur Google Scholar
- Brown, Alison. “De-masking Renaissance Republicanism.” In Renaissance Civic Humanism: Reappraisals and Reflections, edited by James Hankins, 179–99. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2000. https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511558474.007.10.1017/CBO9780511558474.007 Google Scholar Rechercher cette référence bibliographique sur Google Scholar
- Brucker, Gene. Renaissance Florence. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1969.Google Scholar Rechercher cette référence bibliographique sur Google Scholar
- Bruni, Leonardo. The Dialogues. In The Humanism of Leonardo Bruni: Selected Texts, translated by Gordon Griffiths, James Hankins, and David Thompson, 63–84. Binghamton, NY: Renaissance Society of America, 1987.Google Scholar Rechercher cette référence bibliographique sur Google Scholar
- Bruni, Leonardo. Éloge de Florence. In Leonardo Bruni Aretino: Histoire, éloquence, et poésie au début du Quattrocento, translated by Laurence Bernard-Pradelle, 205–301. Paris: Honoré Champion, 2008.Google Scholar Rechercher cette référence bibliographique sur Google Scholar
- Bruni, Leonardo. Laudatio Florentinae Urbis. In From Petrarch to Leonardo Bruni: Studies in Humanistic and Political Literature, edited by Hans Baron, 232–63. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1968.Google Scholar Rechercher cette référence bibliographique sur Google Scholar
- Bruni, Leonardo. Lettres familières. Edited and translated by Laurence Bernard-Pradelle. 2 vols. Montpellier: Presses Universitaires de la Méditerranée, 2014.Google Scholar Rechercher cette référence bibliographique sur Google Scholar
- Bruni, Leonardo. Panegyric to the City of Florence. Translated by Benjamin G. Kohl. In The Earthly Republic: Italian Humanists on Government and Society, edited by Benjamin G. Kohl and Ronald G. Witt, 135–75. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 1978.Google Scholar Rechercher cette référence bibliographique sur Google Scholar
- Burckhardt, Jacob. The Civilization of the Renaissance in Italy. Translated by Ludwig Geiger and Walther Götz. 2 vols. New York: Harper and Row, 1958.Google Scholar Rechercher cette référence bibliographique sur Google Scholar
- Celenza, Christopher S. The Intellectual World of the Italian Renaissance: Language, Philosophy, and the Search for Meaning. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2018. https://doi.org/10.1017/9781139051613.10.1017/9781139051613 Google Scholar Rechercher cette référence bibliographique sur Google Scholar
- Cicero, Marcus Tullius. De officiis. Translated by Walter Miller. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1913.10.4159/DLCL.marcus_tullius_cicero-de_officiis.1913 Google Scholar Rechercher cette référence bibliographique sur Google Scholar
- Cicero, Marcus Tullius. De re publica. Translated by Clinton W. Keyes. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1928.10.4159/DLCL.marcus_tullius_cicero-de_re_publica.1928 Google Scholar Rechercher cette référence bibliographique sur Google Scholar
- Clarke, Georgia. “ ‘La più bella e meglio lavorata opera’: Beauty and Good Design in Italian Renaissance Architecture.” In Concepts of Beauty in Renaissance Art, edited by Francis Ames-Lewis and Mary Rogers, 107–23. New York: Routledge, 1998. https://doi.org/10.4324/9780429459382.10.4324/9780429459382 Google Scholar Rechercher cette référence bibliographique sur Google Scholar
- Clarke, Michelle T. “Doing Violence to the Roman Idea of Liberty? Freedom as Bodily Integrity in Roman Political Thought.” History of Political Thought 35, no. 2 (Summer 2014): 211–33. https://www.jstor.org/stable/26226878.Google Scholar Rechercher cette référence bibliographique sur Google Scholar
- De Angelis, Laura. “Florence’s Ruling Class at the Turn of the Fourteenth and Fifteenth Centuries.” Translated by Jean Boutier. Revue Française de science politique 64, no. 6 (2014): 1123–37. https://doi.org/10.3917/rfsp.646.1123.10.3917/rfsp.646.1123 Google Scholar Rechercher cette référence bibliographique sur Google Scholar
- Ettenhuber, Katrin. “Hyperbole: Exceeding Similitude.” In Renaissance Figures of Speech, edited by Sylvia Adamson, Gavin Alexander, and Katrin Ettenhuber, 197–214. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2007. https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511988806.025.10.1017/CBO9780511988806.025 Google Scholar Rechercher cette référence bibliographique sur Google Scholar
- Fasolt, Constantin. “Quod omnes tangit ab omnibus approbati debet: The Words and the Meaning.” In Past Sense: Studies in Medieval and Early Modern History, 222–67. Leiden: Brill, 2014. https://doi.org/10.1163/9789004269576_00610.1163/9789004269576_006 Google Scholar Rechercher cette référence bibliographique sur Google Scholar
- Field, Arthur. The Intellectual Struggle for Florence: Humanists and the Beginnings of the Medici Regime, 1420–1440. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2017.10.1093/oso/9780198791089.001.0001 Google Scholar Rechercher cette référence bibliographique sur Google Scholar
- Frangenberg, Thomas. “The Notion of Beauty in Francesco Bocchi’s Bellezze della città di Fiorenza, I.” In Concepts of Beauty in Renaissance Art, edited by Francis Ames-Lewis and Mary Rogers, 191–99. New York: Routledge, 1998. https://doi.org/10.4324/9780429459382.10.4324/9780429459382 Google Scholar Rechercher cette référence bibliographique sur Google Scholar
- Frood, Elizabeth. “Kings and Spin Doctors: Pomp and Propaganda in Ancient Egypt.” Times Literary Supplement, 13 October 2023. https://www.the-tls.co.uk/articles/ramesses-the-great-toby-wilkinson-a-history-of-ancient-egypt-john-romer-book-review-elizabeth-frood.Google Scholar Rechercher cette référence bibliographique sur Google Scholar
- Garin, Eugenio. “The Ideal City.” In Science and Civic Life in the Italian Renaissance, translated by Peter Munz, 21–48. Garden City, NY: Anchor Books, 1969.Google Scholar Rechercher cette référence bibliographique sur Google Scholar
- Gellius, Aulus. The Attic Nights of Aulus Gellius. Edited and translated by John C. Rolfe. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1927.10.4159/DLCL.gellius-attic_nights.1927 Google Scholar Rechercher cette référence bibliographique sur Google Scholar
- Goldthwaite, Richard A. Wealth and the Demand for Art in Italy, 1300–1600. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1993.Google Scholar Rechercher cette référence bibliographique sur Google Scholar
- Griffiths, Gordon, James Hankins, and David Thompson, trans. The Humanism of Leonardo Bruni: Selected Texts. Binghamton, NY: Renaissance Society of America, 1987.Google Scholar Rechercher cette référence bibliographique sur Google Scholar
- Hankins, James. “The ‘Baron Thesis’ after Forty Years and Some Recent Studies of Leonardo Bruni,” Journal of the History of Ideas 56, no. 2 (April 1995): 309–38. https://doi.org/10.2307/2709840.10.2307/2709840 Google Scholar Rechercher cette référence bibliographique sur Google Scholar
- Hankins, James. Plato in the Italian Renaissance. Vol. 1. Leiden: Brill, 1991. https://doi.org/10.1163/9789004452367.10.1163/9789004452367 Google Scholar Rechercher cette référence bibliographique sur Google Scholar
- Hankins, James. “Rhetoric, History, and Ideology: The Civic Panegyrics of Leonardo Bruni.” In Renaissance Civic Humanism: Reappraisals and Reflections, edited by James Hankins, 143–78. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2000. https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511558474.006.10.1017/CBO9780511558474.006 Google Scholar Rechercher cette référence bibliographique sur Google Scholar
- Hankins, James. Virtue Politics: Soulcraft and Statecraft in Renaissance Italy. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2019. https://doi.org/10.2307/j.ctv252504z.10.2307/j.ctv252504z Google Scholar Rechercher cette référence bibliographique sur Google Scholar
- Høgel, Christian. The Human and the Humane: Humanity as Argument from Cicero to Erasmus. Göttingen: Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht, 2015. https://doi.org/10.14220/9783737004411.10.14220/9783737004411 Google Scholar Rechercher cette référence bibliographique sur Google Scholar
- Hörnquist, Mikael. “The Two Myths of Civic Humanism.” In Renaissance Civic Humanism: Reappraisals and Reflections, edited by James Hankins, 105–42. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2000. https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511558474.005.10.1017/CBO9780511558474.005 Google Scholar Rechercher cette référence bibliographique sur Google Scholar
- Howard, Peter. Creating Magnificence in Renaissance Florence. Toronto: Centre for Reformation and Renaissance Studies, 2012.Google Scholar Rechercher cette référence bibliographique sur Google Scholar
- Ianziti, Gary. Writing History in Renaissance Italy: Leonardo Bruni and the Uses of the Past. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2012. https://doi.org/10.4159/harvard.9780674063266.10.4159/harvard.9780674063266 Google Scholar Rechercher cette référence bibliographique sur Google Scholar
- Lapouge, Gilles. “Utopie et hygiène.” Cadmos 3, no. 9 (Spring 1980): 97–121.Google Scholar Rechercher cette référence bibliographique sur Google Scholar
- Lines, David A. “Aristotle’s Ethics in the Renaissance.” In The Reception of Aristotle’s Ethics, edited by Jon Miller, 171–93. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2012. https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511979873.010.10.1017/CBO9780511979873.010 Google Scholar Rechercher cette référence bibliographique sur Google Scholar
- Machiavelli, Niccolò. The Prince: A Bilingual Edition. Translated and edited by Mark Musa. New York: St. Martin’s Press, 1964.Google Scholar Rechercher cette référence bibliographique sur Google Scholar
- Mansfield, Harvey C. “Bruni and Machiavelli on Civic Humanism.” In Renaissance Civic Humanism: Reappraisals and Reflections, edited by James Hankins, 223–46. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2000. https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511558474.009.10.1017/CBO9780511558474.009 Google Scholar Rechercher cette référence bibliographique sur Google Scholar
- Margolis, Oren J. “After Baron, Back to Burckhardt?” In After Civic Humanism: Learning and Politics in Renaissance Italy, edited by Nicholas Scott Baker and Brian Jeffrey Maxson, 33–49. Toronto: Centre for Reformation and Renaissance Studies, 2015.Google Scholar Rechercher cette référence bibliographique sur Google Scholar
- Martin, John Jeffries. Myths of Renaissance Individualism. New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2004. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-0-230-53575-6.Google Scholar Rechercher cette référence bibliographique sur Google Scholar
- More, Thomas. Utopia. Edited by Edward Surtz and J. H. Hexter. Vol. 4 of The Complete Works of St. Thomas More. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1965.Google Scholar Rechercher cette référence bibliographique sur Google Scholar
- Najemy, John M. “Civic Humanism and Florentine Politics.” In Renaissance Civic Humanism: Reappraisals and Reflections, edited by James Hankins, 75–104. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2000. https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511558474.004.10.1017/CBO9780511558474.004 Google Scholar Rechercher cette référence bibliographique sur Google Scholar
- Oudot, Estelle. “Aelius Aristides.” In The Oxford Handbook to the Second Sophistic, edited by Daniel S. Richter and William A. Johnson, 255–71. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2017. https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199837472.013.37.10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199837472.013.37 Google Scholar Rechercher cette référence bibliographique sur Google Scholar
- Oudot, Estelle. “Aelius Aristides and Thucydides: Some Remarks about the Panathenaic Oration.” In Aelius Aristides between Greece, Rome, and the Gods, edited by William V. Harris and Brooke Holmes, 31–49. Leiden: Brill, 2008. https://doi.org/10.1163/ej.9789004172043.i-326.14.10.1163/ej.9789004172043.i-326.14 Google Scholar Rechercher cette référence bibliographique sur Google Scholar
- Petrarch, Francesco. “How a Ruler Ought to Govern His State.” Translated by Benjamin G. Kohl. In The Earthly Republic: Italian Humanists on Government and Society, edited by Benjamin G. Kohl and Ronald G. Witt, 35–78. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 1978.Google Scholar Rechercher cette référence bibliographique sur Google Scholar
- Pitti, Buonaccorso. Two Memoirs of Renaissance Florence: The Diaries of Buonaccorso Pitti and Gregorio Dati. Translated by Julia Martines. Edited by Gene Brucker. Long Grove, IL: Waveland Press, 1967.Google Scholar Rechercher cette référence bibliographique sur Google Scholar
- Pound, Ezra. “Cantico del Sole.” In Personae, 183. New York: New Directions, 1926.Google Scholar Rechercher cette référence bibliographique sur Google Scholar
- Quint, David. “Humanism and Modernity: A Reconsideration of Bruni’s Dialogues.” Renaissance Quarterly 38, no. 3 (Autumn 1985): 423–45. https://doi.org/10.2307/2861078.10.2307/2861078 Google Scholar Rechercher cette référence bibliographique sur Google Scholar
- Santosuosso, Antonio. “Leonardo Bruni Revisited: A Reassessment of Hans Baron’s Thesis on the Influence of the Classics in the Laudatio Florentinae Urbis.” In Aspects of Late Medieval Government and Society: Essays Presented to J. R. Lander, edited by J. G. Rowe, 25–52. Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1986.Google Scholar Rechercher cette référence bibliographique sur Google Scholar
- Schadee, Hester. “A Tale of Two Languages: Latin, the Vernacular, and Leonardo Bruni’s Civic Humanism.” Humanistica Lovaniensa 67, no. 1 (Spring 2018): 11–46. https://www.jstor.org/stable/27172450.10.30986/2018.011 Google Scholar Rechercher cette référence bibliographique sur Google Scholar
- Seigel, Jerrold E. “ ‘Civic Humanism’ or Ciceronian Rhetoric? The Culture of Petrarch and Bruni.” Past & Present 34, no. 1 (July 1966): 3–48. https://doi.org/10.1093/past/34.1.3.10.1093/past/34.1.3 Google Scholar Rechercher cette référence bibliographique sur Google Scholar
- Shakespeare, William. Coriolanus. Edited by Peter Holland. London: Bloomsbury, 2013.Google Scholar Rechercher cette référence bibliographique sur Google Scholar
- Shupeck, Lekha. “Patrocinium Orbis Terrae: Principles of Roman Foreign Relations to the Fall of Carthage.” PhD diss., University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 2016.Google Scholar Rechercher cette référence bibliographique sur Google Scholar
- Skinner, Quentin. The Foundations of Modern Political Thought. Vol. 1, The Renaissance. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1978. https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511817878.10.1017/CBO9780511817878 Google Scholar Rechercher cette référence bibliographique sur Google Scholar
- Skinner, Quentin. “The Idea of Negative Liberty: Machiavellian and Modern Perspectives.” In Visions of Politics, 186–212. Vol. 2, Renaissance Virtues. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2002. https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511613777.10.1017/CBO9780511613777 Google Scholar Rechercher cette référence bibliographique sur Google Scholar
- Strier, Richard. “Afterword: How Formalism Became a Dirty Word, and Why We Can’t Do Without It.” In Renaissance Literature and Its Formal Engagements, edited by Mark David Rasmussen, 207–15. New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2002. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-137-07177-4_10.10.1007/978-1-137-07177-4_10 Google Scholar Rechercher cette référence bibliographique sur Google Scholar
- Strier, Richard. “From Diagnosis to Operation.” In The Theatrical City: Culture, Theatre and Politics in London, 1576–1649, edited by David L. Smith, Richard Strier, and David Bevington, 224–43. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1995.Google Scholar Rechercher cette référence bibliographique sur Google Scholar
- Strier, Richard. The Unrepentant Renaissance: From Petrarch to Shakespeare to Milton. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2011.10.7208/chicago/9780226777535.001.0001 Google Scholar Rechercher cette référence bibliographique sur Google Scholar
- Sulek, Marty. “On the Classical Meaning of Philanthrôpía.” Nonprofit and Voluntary Sector Quarterly 39, no. 3 (June 2010): 385–408. https://doi.org/10.1177/0899764009333050.10.1177/0899764009333050 Google Scholar Rechercher cette référence bibliographique sur Google Scholar
- Thucydides. The Peloponnesian War. Translated by Rex Warner. New York: Penguin, 1972.Google Scholar Rechercher cette référence bibliographique sur Google Scholar
- Weinstein, Donald. Savonarola and Florence: Prophecy and Patriotism in the Renaissance. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1970.Google Scholar Rechercher cette référence bibliographique sur Google Scholar
- Wellek, René. Concepts of Criticism. Edited by Stephen G. Nichols. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1963.Google Scholar Rechercher cette référence bibliographique sur Google Scholar
- Witt, Ronald G. In the Footsteps of the Ancients: The Origins of Humanism from Lovato to Bruni. Leiden: Brill, 2000. https://doi.org/10.1163/9789004476059.10.1163/9789004476059 Google Scholar Rechercher cette référence bibliographique sur Google Scholar
- Woodhouse, Adam. “Subjection without Servitude: The Imperial Protectorate in Renaissance Political Thought.” Journal of the History of Ideas 79, no. 4 (October 2018): 547–69. https://doi.org/10.1353/jhi.2018.0034.10.1353/jhi.2018.0034 Google Scholar Rechercher cette référence bibliographique sur Google Scholar

