Résumés
Abstract
Gender inclusive and affirming practices expand on gender affirming care, normalizing gender diversity and recognizing that transgender and gender diverse (TGD) people exist within institutions—beyond being recipients of care—as nurses and nursing students. Gender inclusive and affirming practices draw on Hafferty’s (1998) three levels of curriculum framework, where formal curriculum is what is taught (e.g., gender affirming care), informal curriculum is how relationships provide unscripted learning (e.g., introductions with pronouns), and hidden curriculum is how environments are experienced (e.g., gender inclusive washrooms). Using initial and follow-up interviews, this interpretive descriptive study explored undergraduate nurse educators’ (n = 7) experiences with gender inclusive and affirming practices. Analysis drew on queer theory and the three levels of curriculum framework. Findings are presented across each level of curriculum. In the formal curriculum, nurse educators are implementing gender affirming care instruction despite significant barriers. At the informal level, gender inclusive and affirming practices are being championed by a few individuals across nursing institutions, which risks perpetuating cisnormativity. At the hidden level, schools of nursing are often not gender inclusive environments, lacking inclusive washrooms and TGD faculty and staff representation. The final theme outlines recommendations from nurse educators to integrate gender inclusive and affirming practices: opportunities for ongoing learning, gender affirming care as a curriculum requirement, evaluation, and shifting nursing values. Implications from this work include the necessity to support educators learning in gender affirming care, improve gender inclusive language, improve TGD representation, and evolve structural nursing changes, such as curriculum-shaping bodies (e.g., accreditors, regulators) explicitly naming gender affirming care in crucial practice documents.
Keywords:
- gender-affirming care,
- nurse educators,
- nurse curriculum,
- undergraduate education,
- nursing school
Résumé
Les pratiques inclusives et affirmatives de genre vont au-delà des soins affirmant la diversité de genre. Elles contribuent à normaliser la diversité de genres et à reconnaître que les personnes transgenres et d’identités de genre diverses (TGD) sont présentes au sein des établissements, non seulement comme bénéficiaires de soins, mais également comme infirmières et infirmiers et étudiantes et étudiants en sciences infirmières. Ces pratiques s’appuient sur le cadre des trois dimensions des programmes d’études proposé par Hafferty (1998). Le programme formel correspond à ce qui est enseigné (p. ex. les soins d’affirmation de genre), le programme informel renvoie à l’apprentissage spontané qui émerge des relations interpersonnelles (p. ex. les présentations incluant les pronoms), tandis que le programme caché reflète la manière dont les environnements sont vécus (p. ex. les toilettes inclusives pour tous les genres). À l’aide d’entrevues initiales et de suivi, cette étude descriptive interprétative a exploré les expériences d’infirmières enseignantes au premier cycle (n = 7) au regard des pratiques inclusives et affirmatives liées au genre. L’analyse s’est appuyée sur la théorie queer ainsi que sur le cadre des trois dimensions des programmes d’études. Les résultats sont présentés en fonction de chacune de ces dimensions. Au niveau du programme formel, les participantes intègrent l’enseignement des soins affirmatifs liés au genre malgré d’importants obstacles. Sur le plan du programme informel, les pratiques inclusives et affirmatives de genre sont principalement portées par un nombre restreint de personnes au sein des établissements de formation en sciences infirmières, ce qui risque de perpétuer la cisnormativité. Quant au programme caché, les écoles de sciences infirmières demeurent souvent peu inclusives de la diversité de genre, notamment en raison du manque de toilettes inclusives et de la faible représentation des personnes TGD parmi le corps professoral et le personnel. Le dernier thème présente les recommandations formulées par les infirmières enseignantes afin de favoriser l’intégration de pratiques inclusives et affirmatives liées à la diversité de genre. Celles-ci comprennent l’accès à des occasions d’apprentissage continu, l’intégration des soins affirmatifs de genre comme exigence au programme d’études, et la mise en place de mécanismes d’évaluation ainsi qu’une évolution des valeurs infirmières. Les retombées de cette étude soulignent la nécessité de soutenir la formation des enseignantes et enseignants en matière de soins affirmatifs liés au genre, d’améliorer l’utilisation d’un langage inclusif, d’accroître la représentation des personnes TGD, et de faire évoluer les structures de la profession infirmière. Cela inclut notamment que les organismes qui façonnent les programmes d’études (ex., agrément, réglementation), reconnaissent explicitement les soins affirmatifs liés au genre dans leurs documents de pratique.
Parties annexes
Bibliography
- AdJust Research Collective. (2026). Enhancing equity: Addressing nursing students’ experiences of discrimination. https://redcap.rcs.uvic.ca/surveys/?s=NHREMH4HXXNNERWA
- Airton, L., Searle, M., Melendez, S. I., Carbone, K., Watt, B., Martin, K., & Lefebvre, N. (2024). Toward proactive support for transgender and/or gender nonconforming students in teacher education: Initial findings of an action research study. Bulletin of Applied Transgender Studies, 3(1–2), 113–136. https://doi.org/10.57814/6aah-a175
- Almost, J. (2021, February). Regulated nursing in Canada: The landscape in 2021. Canadian Nurses Association. https://hl-prod-ca-oc-download.s3-ca-central-1.amazonaws.com/CNA/2f975e7e-4a40-45ca-863c-5ebf0a138d5e/UploadedImages/documents/Regulated-Nursing-in-Canada_e_Copy.pdf
- Bosse, J. D., Jackman, K. B., Connolly, S., & Von Visger, T. T. (2024). Response to ‘Transgender people in nursing discourse: An integrative review’ by Padhila and colleagues (2022). Journal of Advanced Nursing, 80(12), 5149–5151. https://doi.org/10.1111/jan.16179
- CASN Committee on Advancing SOGIESC Equity and Success. (2025). Promoting equitable, affirming, and inclusive environments for 2S LGBTQAI+ nursing students: Guidelines for Canadian schools of nursing. Canadian Association of Schools of Nursing. https://www.casn.ca/Assets/CASN/Documents/Resources/CASN/CASN-SOGIESC-Guidelines-2025-EN.pdf
- Cassidy, B., Fischl, A., Fasone, A., & Braxter, B. (2023). Stakeholders inform an LGBTQIA+ health best practices learning module for nursing students. Journal of Transcultural Nursing, 34(6), 453–463. https://doi.org/10.1177/10436596231191250
- Cicero, E. C. (2023). Anti-transgender legislation and gender-affirming care bans: Are position statements without subsequent nursing action the equivalent of thoughts and prayers? Nursing Outlook, 71(4), 102022. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.outlook.2023.102022
- Cicero, E. C., Bosse, J. D., Ducar, D., Rodriguez, C., & Dillard-Wright, J. (2024). Facilitating gender-affirming nursing encounters. Nursing Clinics of North America, 59(1), 75–96. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cnur.2023.11.007
- Courtney, K. L., Davison, K. S., Hunter, M., Watson, A., & Crawford, J. (2024). Gender harmony: A case for nursing informatics. In G. Strudwick, N. R. Hardiker, G. Rees, R. Cook, & Y. J. Lee (Eds.), Innovation in applied nursing informatics (Vol. 315, pp. 458–462). IOS Press. https://doi.org/10.3233/SHTI240190
- Crawford, J. (2025). Student and faculty perspectives of gender inclusive and affirming practices in undergraduate nursing education [Master’s thesis, University of Manitoba]. FGPS - Electronic Theses and Practica. http://hdl.handle.net/1993/38924
- Crawford, J., Brandt, A., Kramer, M., Ristock, J., & Schultz, A. S. H. (2024). Gender inclusive and affirming practices across undergraduate nursing curriculum: A scoping review. Nurse Education Today, 141, 106320. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nedt.2024.106320
- Crawford, J., Schultz, A., & Chernomas, W. M. (2024). Interpersonal transphobia within nursing: A critical concept exploration. Advances in Nursing Science, 47(2), 136–152. https://doi.org/10.1097/ANS.0000000000000491
- Crawford, J., Kramer, M., Ristock, J., & Schultz, A. S. H. (2025). “It’s very cisnormatively structured”: An interpretive description of undergraduate nursing students’ experiences of gender inclusive and affirming practices. Nursing Inquiry, 32(2), e12701. https://doi.org/10.1111/nin.12701
- Davison, K. S., Crawford, J., Hunter, M., Lau, F., Linton, J., & Courtney, K. L. (2026). Anatomical inventories for person-centred design in health information systems: A scoping review [Unpublished manuscript].
- De Sousa, I., Wytenbroek, L., Bailey, E., & Campbell, S. H. (2024). “They bring the topic [of social justice] but stop there”: Nursing students’ perceptions of teaching practices that develop awareness and engagement with social justice. Nurse Education Today, 139, 106241. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nedt.2024.106241
- Egale. (2025). Room for everyone: Resources for creating inclusive washrooms. https://egale.ca/awareness/inclusive-washrooms/
- Foronda, C., Prather, S., Baptiste, D.-L., & Luctkar-Flude, M. (2022). Cultural humility toolkit. Nurse Educator, 47(5), 267–271. https://doi.org/10.1097/NNE.0000000000001182
- Grasso, C., Goldhammer, H., Thompson, J., & Keuroghlian, A. S. (2021). Optimizing gender-affirming medical care through anatomical inventories, clinical decision support, and population health management in electronic health record systems. Journal of the American Medical Informatics Association, 28(11), 2531–2535. https://doi.org/10.1093/jamia/ocab080
- Hafferty, F. W. (1998). Beyond curriculum reform: Confronting medicine’s hidden curriculum. Academic Medicine, 73(4), 403–407. https://doi.org/10.1097/00001888-199804000-00013
- Hakkola, L., Ruben, M. A., McDonnell, C., Herakova, L. L., Buchanan, R., & Robbie, K. (2021). An equity-minded approach to faculty development in a community of practice. Innovative Higher Education, 46(4), 393–410. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10755-020-09540-8
- Jones, A. T., Tremblay, É., Costeux, A.-L., Avanthay Strus, J., & Barcket, A. (2024). What tools are available to assess climate and environmental health impacts on perinatal families with an equity lens? A rapid review of the Canadian context. BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth, 24(1), Article 680. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12884-024-06761-z
- Kellett, P., & Fitton, C. (2017). Supporting transvisibility and gender diversity in nursing practice and education: Embracing cultural safety. Nursing Inquiry, 24(1), e12146. https://doi.org/10.1111/nin.12146
- Kimmel, S. J., Schneider, J., & Gorrell, R. (2024). Nursing care of transgender persons: A systematic mapping study. Nurse Education in Practice, 77, 103979. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nepr.2024.103979
- Klepper, M., Clark, K. D., Bosse, J. D., Kerbyson, M., Roy, E., & Rushton, C. H. (2022). State-level anti-transgender policies in conflict with core principles of nursing: An educator call to action. Nurse Education Today, 119, 105608. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nedt.2022.105608
- Klepper, M., Deng, A., Sherman, A. D. F., Lawrence, C., Ling, C., Talbert, S., & Bower, K. M. (2023). LGBTQI+ representation in pre-licensure nursing textbooks: A qualitative descriptive analysis. Nurse Education Today, 127, 105858. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nedt.2023.105858
- Lim, F., Johnson, M., & Eliason, M. (2015). A national survey of faculty knowledge, experience, and readiness for teaching lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender health in baccalaureate nursing programs. Nursing Education Perspectives, 36(3), 144–152. https://doi.org/10.5480/14-1355
- Lowik, A. J., Parkyn, J., Wiesenthal, E., Hubinette, M., & Wiedmeyer, M.-L. (2024). A curricular audit method: Addressing the erasure of intersex, trans and Two-Spirit people and the imprecise use of gender and sex concepts in undergraduate medical education. Teaching and Learning in Medicine, 36(3), 280–292. https://doi.org/10.1080/10401334.2023.2226651
- Luctkar-Flude, M., Tyerman, J., Ziegler, E., Walker, S., & Carroll, B. (2021). Usability testing of the sexual orientation and gender identity nursing education eLearning toolkit and virtual simulation games. Teaching and Learning in Nursing, 16(4), 321–325. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.teln.2021.06.015
- Mawdsley, A., & Willis, S. C. (2023). Hetero- and cisnormativity—UK pharmacy education as a queer opponent. Medical Education, 57(6), 574–586. https://doi.org/10.1111/medu.15018
- McCann, H., & Monaghan, W. (2020). Queer theory now: From foundations to futures. Bloomsbury.
- McDowell, A., & Bower, K. M. (2016). Transgender health care for nurses: An innovative approach to diversifying nursing curricula to address health inequities. Journal of Nursing Education, 55(8), 476–479. https://doi.org/10.3928/01484834-20160715-11
- McGibbon, E. (2023). Applying critical leadership to advance 2SLGBTQIA+ health equity: A complex adaptive systems approach. Healthcare Management Forum, 37(3), 133–140. https://doi.org/10.1177/08404704231210868
- McGibbon, E., & Lukeman, S. (2019). Critical social justice: The moral imperative for critical perspectives in nursing. Witness: The Canadian Journal of Critical Nursing Discourse, 1(1), 3–12. https://doi.org/10.25071/2291-5796.21
- Millyard, A., & Gilbert, C. (2021, July). Neutralizing clinical language: Working with gender and sexual diversity. Heal All Consulting. https://cyndigilbert.ca/wp-content/uploads/2020/05/Neutralizing-Clinical-Language.pdf
- Moore, S. E., Coleman, C. L., Hughes, T. L., Dorsen, C., Smith, S. K., Bower, K. M., Clochesy, J. M., Clark, K., & Sherman, A. D. F. (2023). A systematic review of U.S. nursing faculty’s knowledge, awareness, inclusion, and perceived importance of sexual and gender minority-related content in nursing curricula. Nursing Outlook, 71(3), 101950. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.outlook.2023.101950
- Nye, C. M., Canales, M. K., & Somayaji, D. (2023). Exposing othering in nursing education praxis. Nursing Inquiry, 30(3), e12539. https://doi.org/10.1111/nin.12539
- Nye, C. M., & Dillard-Wright, J. (2023). Queering the classroom: Teaching nurses against oppression. Journal of Nursing Education, 62(4), 193–198. https://doi.org/10.3928/01484834-20230208-02
- Nye, C. M., Livingston, J. A., Foltz-Ramos, K., & Hequembourg, A. (2024). Undergraduate nursing faculty knowledge, beliefs, and experiences with teaching LGBTQ+ content: A scoping review. Journal of Professional Nursing, 54, 205–215. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.profnurs.2024.07.010
- O’Brien, B. C., Harris, I. B., Beckman, T. J., Reed, D. A., & Cook, D. A. (2014). Standards for reporting qualitative research: A synthesis of recommendations. Academic Medicine, 89(9), 1245–1251. https://doi.org/10.1097/ACM.0000000000000388
- Ray King, K., Fuselier, L., & Sirvisetty, H. (2021). LGBTQIA+ invisibility in nursing anatomy/physiology textbooks. Journal of Professional Nursing, 37(5), 816–827. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.profnurs.2021.06.004
- Sherman, A. D. F., Klepper, M., Claxton, A., Deng, A., Ling, C., Mollenkopf, N. L., & Bower, K. (2022). Development and psychometric properties of the tool for assessing LGBTQI+ health training (TALHT) in pre-licensure nursing curricula. Nurse Education Today, 110, 105255. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nedt.2021.105255
- Sherman, A. D. F., Smith, S. K., Moore, S. E., Coleman, C. L., Hughes, T. L., Dorsen, C., Balthazar, M. S., Klepper, M., Mukerjee, R., & Bower, K. M. (2023). Nursing pre-licensure and graduate education for LGBTQ health: A systematic review. Nursing Outlook, 71(2), 101907. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.outlook.2022.12.003
- Shortall, C. (2019). Teaching and evaluation/assessment requirements for LGBTQI2S+ health and wellness: A call to include LGBTQI2S+ content in Canadian English baccalaureate nursing curricula. Quality Advancement in Nursing Education - Avancées en formation infirmière, 5(1), Article 7. https://doi.org/10.17483/2368-6669.1169
- Slemon, A., Wonsiak, T., Delli Colli, A.-R., Blanchet Garneau, A., Varcoe, C., & Bungay, V. (2024). Social justice in Canadian nursing professional documents: A Foucauldian discourse analysis. Nursing Inquiry, 31(4), e12653. https://doi.org/10.1111/nin.12653
- Statistics Canada. (2023). Census profile, 2021 census of population. https://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2021/dp-pd/prof/index.cfm?Lang=E
- Thompson Burdine, J., Thorne, S., & Sandhu, G. (2021). Interpretive description: A flexible qualitative methodology for medical education research. Medical Education, 55(3), 336–343. https://doi.org/10.1111/medu.14380
- Thorne, S. (2016). Interpretive description: Qualitative research for applied practice (2nd ed.). Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315545196
- Wang, Y.-C., Miao, N.-F., You, M.-H., Wang, F. T. Y., Hsu, C.-Y., Lee, P.-H., & Du, S.-C. (2023). Enhancing cultural competence in caring for lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender patients: An online training program for Taiwanese student nurses and nurses. Nurse Education Today, 129, 105914. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nedt.2023.105914
- Webb, C. C., & Zablocki, G. M. (2023). Nurse educators’ perceptions of teaching patient-centered LGBTQ+ gender-affirming care to undergraduate students. Nursing Education Perspectives, 44(3), 175–177. https://doi.org/10.1097/01.NEP.0000000000000967
- Wound, Ostomy and Continence Institute. (2024). 2SLGBTQIA+ basics for health care professionals. https://www.wocinstitute.ca/2slgbtqia
- Ziegler, E., Bhatt, Y., Fournier, J.-L., & Hart, C. (2025). Examining the experiences of transgender and non-binary nursing students and nurses in Canada. Canadian Journal of Nursing Research, 08445621251346937. https://doi.org/10.1177/08445621251346937
- Ziegler, E., Sturgeon, S., & Hranilovic, S. (2023). Rainbow community of practice: Supporting nurse practitioners caring for 2SLGBTQ clients. Canadian Nurse Practitioner Journal, 3(2), 20–26. https://doi.org/10.28984/cnpj.v3i2.423

