Résumés
Abstract
This paper draws on “reintegrative shame” (engaging the offender(s) in discussions of the moral dimensions of the act), and scholars who position shame as transformative. This paper reasserts shame as an ethical matter arguing that reconciliation is a particular response to the historical shame generated from the establishment of the Indian Residential Schools in Canada. What would it mean to conceive of education as a site for working through shame? If we find a way to acknowledge our settler-shame, what might a responsible way of acting on it be? This paper considers these questions to present evidence for the importance of education as a space for making shame a social, ethical, and pedagogical project.
Keywords:
- settler-shame,
- reconciliation,
- ethics,
- responsibility,
- truth and reconciliation,
- education,
- honte des colonisateurs,
- réconciliation,
- éthique,
- responsabilité,
- vérité et réconciliation,
- éducation
Résumé
Cet article s’appuie sur l’approche de « honte réintégrative » (impliquer le (s) contrevenant (s) dans des discussions portant sur les dimensions morales des actes posés) et sur les chercheurs considérant la honte transformatrice. Cet article repositionne la honte comme question éthique, soutenant que la réconciliation est une réponse spécifique à la honte historique engendrée par la mise en place des pensionnats indiens au Canada. Quelles seraient les conséquences d’envisager l’éducation comme un lieu pour évoluer à travers la honte? Si nous trouvions une manière de reconnaître notre honte en tant que colonisateurs, quelle serait une façon responsable de l’aborder et d’agir? Cet article analyse ces questions afin de démontrer l’importance de l’éducation comme lieu de transformation de la honte en projet social, éthique et pédagogique.
Parties annexes
Bibliography
- Ahmed, E., & Braithwaite, V. (2012). Learning to manage shame in school bullying: Lessons for restorative justice interventions. Critical Criminology, 20(1), 79-97.
- Alfred, T. (2009). Restitution is the real pathway to justice for Indigenous peoples. In G. Younging, J. Dewar, & M. DeGagne (Eds.), Response, responsibility, and renewal: Canada’s truth and reconciliation journey (pp. 179-190). Retrieved from http://www.ahf.ca/downloads/trc2.pdf
- Bartky, S. L. (2012). Feminitiy and domination: Studies in the phenomenology of oppression. New York, NY: Routledge.
- Benade, L. (2015). Shame: Does it have a place in an education for democratic citizenship? Educational Philosophy and Theory, 47(7), 661-674.
- Bewes, T. (2011). The event of postcolonial shame. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
- Biesta, G. J. (2015). Beautiful risk of education. New York, NY: Routledge.
- Bradshaw, J. (1988). Healing the shame that binds you. Deerfield Beach, FL: Health Communications.
- Braithwaite, J. (1989). Crime, shame and reintegration. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
- Braithwaite, J. (2000). Reintegrative shaming. In R. Paternoster & R. Bachman (Eds.), Explaining criminals and crime: Essays in contemporary criminological theory (pp. 242-251). Los Angeles, CA: Roxbury.
- Chambers, N. A. (2009). Reconciliation: A “dangerous opportunity” to unsettle ourselves. In G. Younging, J. Dewar, & M. DeGagne (Eds.), Response, responsibility, and renewal: Canada’s truth and reconciliation journey (pp. 283-308). Retrieved from http://www.ahf.ca/downloads/trc2.pdf
- Chrisjohn, R., & Wasacase, T. (2009). Half-truths and whole lies: Rhetoric in the “apology” and the Truth and Reconciliation Commission. In G. Younging, J. Dewar, & M. DeGagne (Eds.), Response, responsibility, and renewal: Canada’s truth and reconciliation journey (pp. 217-229). Retrieved from http://www.ahf.ca/downloads/trc2.pdf
- Chrisjohn, R., Young, S. L., & Maraun, M. (1997). The circle game: Shadows and substance in the Indian residential school experience in Canada. Penticton, BC: Theytus Books.
- Christou, J., & Chin-Yee, A. (Producers), & Barnaby, J. (Director). (2013). Rhymes for young ghouls [Motion picture]. Montreal, QC: Prospector Films.
- Galley, V. (2016, June 1). Revitalizing Indigenous languages is key to reconciliation. Policy Options. Retrieved from http://policyoptions.irpp.org/magazines/june-2016/revitalizing-indigenous-languages-is-key-to-reconciliation/
- Gathorne-Hardy, J. (1977). The old school tie: The phenomenon of the English public school. New York, NY: Viking Press.
- Haig-Brown, C. (1988). Resistance and renewal: Surviving the Indian residential school. Vancouver, BC: Arsenal Pulp Press.
- Haig-Brown, C. (2009). Decolonizing diaspora. Cultural and Pedagogical Inquiry, 1(1), 4-21.
- Harper, J. M., & Hoopes, M. H. (1990). Uncovering shame: An approach integrating individuals and their family systems. New York, NY: WW Norton.
- Ignatieff, M. (1996). Articles of faith. Index on Censorship, 25(5), 110-122.
- Kaufman, G. (1985). Shame: The power of caring (rev. ed.). Rochester, VT: Schenkman Books.
- Leitch, R. (1999). The shaming game: The role of shame and shaming rituals in education and development. Paper presented at the Annual Conference of the Amereican Educational Research Association, Montreal, QC. Retrieved from https://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/ED433483.pdf
- Levinas, E., & Cohen, R. A. (1987). Time and the Other: (And additional essays). Pittsburg, PA: Duquesne University Press.
- Meyer, C. (2018, August 21). Rodriguez connects with Indigenous leaders to protect languages with fall legislation. Canada’s National Observer. Retrieved from https://www.nationalobserver.com/2018/08/21/news/rodriguez-connects-indigenous-leaders-protect-languages-fall-legislation
- Miller, J. R. (1996). Shingwauk’s vision: A history of Native residential schools. Toronto, ON: University of Toronto Press.
- Milloy, J. S. (1999). A national crime: The Canadian government and the residential school system, 1879 to 1986 (Vol. 11). Winnipeg, MB: University of Manitoba Press.
- Moon, C. (2009). Healing past violence: Traumatic assumptions and therapeutic interventions in war and reconciliation. Journal of Human Rights, 8(1), 71-91.
- Morgan, M. L. (2008). On shame. New York, NY: Routledge.
- New heritage minute highlights shame of Canada’s residential schools. (2016, June 21). Global News. Retrieved from https://globalnews.ca/news/2776217/new-heritage-minute-highlights-shame-of-canadas-residential-schools/
- Probyn, E. (2005). Blush: Faces of shame. Minneapolis, MN: U of Minnesota Press.
- Regan, P. (2010). Unsettling the settler within: Indian residential schools, truth telling, and reconciliation in Canada. Vancouver, BC: UBC Press.
- Schaverien, J. (2015). Boarding school syndrome: The psychological trauma of the ‘privileged’ child. London, UK: Taylor & Francis.
- Sellars, B. (2013). They called me number one: Secrets and survival at an Indian residential school. Vancounver, BC: Talonbooks.
- Tangney, J. P., & Dearing, R. L. (2003). Shame and guilt. New York, NY: Guilford Press.
- Tangney, J. P., Stuewig, J., & Mashek, D. J. (2007). Moral emotions and moral behavior. Annual Review of Psychology, 58, 345-372.
- Taylor, P. S. (2018, February 20). Guilt over Aboriginals can lead to teaching children untruths. It’s happening in Canada. National Post. Retrieved from https://nationalpost.com/opinion/guilt-over-aboriginals-can-lead-to-teaching-children-untruths-its-happening-in-canada
- Todd, S. (2009). Toward an imperfect education: Facing humanity, rethinking cosmopolitanism. New York, NY: Paradigm Publishers.
- Tomkins, S. S. (1962). Affect imagery consciousness: Volume I: The positive affects. New York, NY: Springer.
- Truth and Reconciliation Commission of Canada (TRC). (2015a). A knock on the door: The essential history of residential schools from the Truth and Reconciliation Commission of Canada, edited and abridged. Winnipeg, MB: University of Manitoba Press.
- Truth and Reconciliation Commission of Canada (TRC). (2015b). Final report of the Truth and Reconciliation Commission of Canada, volume one: Summary. Toronto, ON: Lorimer.
- Truth and Reconciliation Commission of Canada (TRC). (2015c). Canada’s residential schools: Reconciliation: The final report of the Truth and Reconciliation Commission of Canada, volume 6. Retrieved from http://www.myrobust.com/websites/trcinstitution/File/Reports/Volume_6_Reconciliation_English_Web.pdf
- Truth and Reconciliation Commission of Canada (TRC). (2017a). Residential school shame: The TRC report. Retrieved from https://media.curio.ca/filer_public/fb/0a/fb0afc81-d3eb-4280-9568-9f3aed56f7fc/nir1509trc2.pdf
- Truth and Reconciliation Commission of Canada (TRC). (2017b). Canadian TRC mandate . Retrieved June 25, 2017, from http://www.trc.ca/websites/trcinstitution/File/pdfs/SCHEDULE_N_EN.pdf
- Truth and Reconciliation Commission of Canada (TRC). (2017c). TRC findings: TRC final report [Report]. Retrieved from http://caid.ca/TRCFinExeSum2015.pdf
- Truth and Reconciliation Commission of Canada (TRC). (2017d). Truth and reconciliation commission of Canada: Calls to action [Report]. Retrieved from https://nctr.ca/assets/reports/Calls_to_Action_English2.pdf
- Turner, M. (2013, November 22). Witnesses: Art and Canada’s Indian residential schools. Canadian Art. Retrieved from https://canadianart.ca/reviews/witnesses-belkin/
- Waziyatawin. (2009). You can’t un-ring a bell: Demonstrating contrition through action. In G. Younging, J. Dewar, & M. DeGagne (Eds.), Response, responsibility, and renewal: Canada’s truth and reconciliation journey (pp. 191-202). Retrieved from http://www.ahf.ca/downloads/trc2.pdf
- Werry, M., & O’Gorman, R. (2007). Shamefaced: Performing pedagogy, outing affect. Text and Performance Quarterly, 27(3), 213-230.
- Wurmser, L. (1981). The mask of shame. Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University Press.