Résumés
Résumé
L’objectif de cet article est d’analyser les méthodes utilisées par les multinationales pour transférer des connaissances vers leurs fournisseurs locaux. Nous présentons les résultats d’une étude menée auprès de 121 filiales de multinationales américaines au Brésil. Dans une première étape de la recherche, nous établissons une typologie des méthodes de transfert. Dans une seconde étape, chacune des méthodes identifiées est analysée en fonction des objectifs stratégiques du transfert pour l’émetteur. Les résultats de cette recherche permettent de proposer des définitions des méthodes de transfert et de souligner les intérêts stratégiques du transfert pour l’émetteur.
Mots-clés :
- Connaissance,
- transfert,
- relations inter-organisationnelles,
- multinationales
Abstract
The purpose of this article is to analyze how multinational corporations transfer knowledge to their local suppliers. We present the results of a survey of 121 US multinational subsidiaries in Brazil. In the first stage of the research we identify the different transfer methods. In the second stage we analyze each transfer method in order to define the source company’s strategic objectives behind the transfer. With the results of this research, we intend to provide definitions of transfer methods and to highlight the strategic interests of the transfer for the source company.
Keywords:
- Knowledge,
- Transfer,
- Inter-firm relationships,
- Multinational corporations
Resumen
El artículo analiza los métodos utilizados por empresas multinacionales para transferir conocimientos hacia sus proveedores locales. Son presentados los resultados de un estudio realizado en 121 filiales de multinacionales estadounidenses en Brasil. Se establece primeramente una tipología de métodos de transferencia. Luego, cada uno de los métodos utilizados es analizado en función de los objetivos estratégicos de la transferencia según el emisor. Los resultados de esta investigación permiten proponer identificaciones de métodos de transferencia y de destacar los intereses estratégicos de la transferencia por parte del emisor.
Palabras clave:
- Conocimiento,
- transferencia,
- relaciones interorganizacionales,
- multinacionales
Parties annexes
Bibliographie
- Almeida, Paul; Song, Jaeyong; Grant, Robert (2002). « Are firms superior to alliances? An empirical test of cross-border knowledge building », Organization Science, Vol. 13, N° 2, p. 147-161
- Ambos, Tina; Ambos, Björn (2009). « The impact of distance on knowledge transfer effectiveness in multinational corporations », Journal of International Management, Vol. 15, N° 1, p. 1-14
- Argote, Linda; Ingram, Paul (2000). « Knowledge transfer: a basis for competitive advantage », Organizational Behaviour and Human Decision Process, Vol. 82, N° 1, p. 150-169
- Argote, Linda; Ingram, Paul, Levine, John; Moreland, Richard (2000). « Knowledge transfer in organizations: Learning from experience of others », Organizational Behaviour and Human Decision Processes, Vol. 82, N° 1, p. 1-8
- Coff, Russell; Coff, David; Eastvold, Roger (2006). « The knowledge leveraging paradox: How to achieve scale without making knowledge imitable » Academy of Management Review, Vol. 31, No. 2, p. 452–465
- Cohen, Wesley; Levinthal, Daniel (1990). « Absorptive capacity: A new perspective on learning and innovation », Administrative Science Quarterly, Vol. 35, p. 128-152
- Conner, Kathleen; Prahalad, C. K. (1996). « A resource-based theory of the firm: Knowledge versus opportunism », Organization Science, Vol. 7, N° 5, p. 477-501
- Cusumano, Michael; Takeishi, Akira (1991). « Supplier relations and management: A survey of Japanese, Japanese-transplant, and U.S. auto plants », Strategic Management Journal. Vol. 12, p. 563-588
- Dhanaraj, Charles; Lyles, Marjorie; Steensma, Kevin; Tihanyi, Laszlo (2004). « Managing tacit and explicit knowledge transfer in IJVs: The role of relational embededness and the impact on performance », Journal of International Business Studies, Vol. 35, N° 5, p. 428-442
- Darr, Eric; Kurtzenberg, Terri (2000). « An investigation of partner similarity dimensions on knowledge transfer », Organizational Behaviour and Human Decision Process, Vol. 82, N° 1, p. 28-44
- Dyer, Jeffrey (1996). « Specialized Supplier Networks as a Source of Competitive Advantage: Evidence from the Auto Industry », Strategic Management Journal, Vol. 17, No. 4, p. 271-291
- Dyer, Jeffrey; Hatch, Nile (2006). « Relation-specific capabilities and barriers to knowledge transfers: creating advantage through network relationships », Strategic Management Journal, Vol. 27, p. 701-719
- Dyer, Jeffrey; Nobeoka, Kentaro (2000). « Creating and managing a high-performance knowledge-sharing network: The Toyota case », Strategic Management Journal, Vol. 21, p. 345-367
- Dyer, Jeffrey; Singh, Harbir (1998). « The relational view: Cooperative strategy and sources of inter-organizational competitive advantage », Academy of Management Review, Vol. 23, N° 4, p. 660-679
- Easterby-Smith, Mark; Lyles, Marjorie; Tsang, Eric (2008). « Inter-organizational knowledge transfer: current themes and future prospects », Journal of Management Studies, Vol. 45, N° 4, p. 677-690
- Eunni, Rangamohan; Kasuganti, Ram; Kos, Anthony (2006). « Knowledge Management Processes in International Business Alliances: A Review of Empirical Research, 1990-2003 », International Journal of Management, Vol. 23, No. 1, p. 34-42
- Grant, Robert (1996). « Toward a knowledge-based theory of the firm », Strategic Management Journal, Vol. 17, winter special issue, p. 109-122
- Gupta, Anil; Govindarajan, Vijay (2000). « Knowledge flows within multinational corporations », Strategic Management Journal, Vol. 21, p. 473-496
- Hall, Richard (2000). « The management of external resources », Journal of General Management, Vol. 26, N° 1, p. 56-68
- Hamel, Gary (1991). « Competition for competence and inter-partner learning within international strategic alliances », Strategic Management Journal, Vol. 12, p. 83-103
- Huber, George (1991). « Organizational learning: the contributing processes and the literature », Organization Science. Vol. 2, N° 1, p. 88-115
- Hurt, Marcus; Hurt, Stephanie (2005). « Transfer of managerial practices by French food retailers to operations in Poland », Academy of Management Executive. Vol. 19, N° 2, p. 37-49
- Inkpen, Andrew; Dinur, Adva (1998). « Knowledge management processes and international joint ventures », Organization Science, Vol. 9, N° 4, p. 454-468
- Inkpen, Andrew; Tsang, Eric (2005). « Social capital, networks and knowledge transfer », Academy of Management Review. Vol. 30, N° 1, p. 146-165
- Inkpen, Andrew (2008) « Knowledge transfer and international joint ventures: the case of NUMMI and General Motors », Strategic Management journal, Vol. 29, N° 4, p. 447-453
- Ingham, Marc (1994) « L’apprentissage organisationnel dans les coopérations », Revue Française de Gestion, janv-fév, p. 105-121
- Khanna, Tarun; Gulati, Ranjay; Nohria, Nitin (1998). « The Dynamics of Learning Alliances: Competition, Cooperation, and Relative Scope », Strategic Management Journal, Vol. 19, No. 3, p. 193-210
- Kogut, Bruce, Zander, Udo (1992). « Knowledge of the firm, combinative capabilities and the replication of technology », Organization Science, Vol. 3, N° 3, p. 383-397
- Kogut, Bruce; Zander, Udo (1993). « Knowledge of the firm and the evolutionary theory of the multinational corporation », Journal of International Business Studies. Vol. 24, N° 4, p. 625-641
- Kotabe, Masaaki; Martin, Xavier; Domoto, Hiroshi (2003). « Gaining from vertical partnership: Knowledge transfer, relationship duration and supplier performance in the US and Japanese automotive industries », Strategic Management Journal, Vol. 24, N° 4, p. 293-317
- Laseter, Timothy (2001). « Balanced sourcing: the Honda way », dans J. A. Woods (Ed.), The supply chain year book, McGraw Hill, p. 205-213.
- Lassere, Philippe (1982). « Training: key to technology transfer », Long Range Planning, Vol. 15, N° 3, p. 43-49
- Lavie, Dovev (2006). « The Competitive Advantage of Interconnected Firms: An Extension of the Resource-Based View », Academy of Management Review, Vol. 31, No. 3, p. 638-658
- Liu, Yuwen; Pucel, David; Bartlett, Kenneth (2006). « Knowledge Transfer Practices in Multinational Corporations in China’s Information Technology Industry », Human Resource Development International, Vol. 9, No. 4, p. 529-552
- Lorenzoni, Gianni; Lipparini, Andrea (1999). « The Leveraging of Interfirm Relationships as a Distinctive Organizational Capability: A Longitudinal Study », Strategic Management Journal, Vol. 20, No. 4, p. 317-338
- Madu, Christian (1989). « Transferring technology to developing countries », Long Range Planning, Vol. 22, N° 4, p. 115-124
- Makhija, Mona; Ganesh, Usha (1997). « The relationship between control and partner learning in learning-related joint ventures », Organization Science, Vol. 8, N° 5, p. 508-527
- Mesquita, Luiz; Anand, Jaideep; Brush, Thomas (2008). « Comparing the resource-based and the relational views: knowledge transfer and spillover in vertical alliances », Strategic Management Journal, Vol. 29, N° 9, p. 913-941
- Modi, Sachin; Mabert, Vincent (2007). « Supplier development: Improving supplier performance through knowledge transfer », Journal of Operations Management, Vol. 25, N° 1, p. 42-64
- Mowery, David, Oxley, Joanne; Silverman, Brian (1996). « Strategic alliances and inter-firm knowledge transfer », Strategic Management Journal, Vol. 17, winter special issue, p. 77-91
- Nonaka, Ikujiro (1994). « A dynamic theory of organizational knowledge creation », Organization Science, Vol. 5, N° 1, p. 14-37
- Norman, Patricia (2004). « Knowledge acquisition, knowledge loss, and satisfaction in high technology alliances », Journal of Business Research, Vol. 57, N° 6, p. 610-619
- O’Dell, Carla; Grayson, Jackson (1998). « If only we knew what we know: Identification and transfer of internal best practices », California Management Review, Vol. 40, N° 3, p. 154-174
- Paturel, Robert; Degravel, Daniel (1998). « L’effet en retour du transfert de technologie à l’étranger : apports conceptuels », Management Technologie Innovation, Vol. 1, N° 2, p. 5-36
- Prévot, Frédéric; Spencer, Robert (2006). « Supplier competence alignment: Cases from the buyer perspective in the Brazilian market », Industrial Marketing Management, Vol. 35, p. 944-960
- Rebentisch, Eric; Ferretti Marco (1995). « A knowledge asset-based view of technology transfer in international joint ventures. », International Journal of Technology Management, Vol.12, p. 1-25
- Simonin, Bernard (1999). « Ambiguity and the process of knowledge transfer in strategic alliances », Strategic Management Journal. Vol. 20, p. 596-623
- Simonin, Bernard (2004). « An empirical investigation of the process of knowledge transfer in international strategic alliances », Journal of International Business Studies, Vol. 35, p. 407-427
- Soosay, Claudine; Hyland, Paul (2008). « Managing knowledge transfer as a strategic approach to competitive advantage », International Journal of Technology Management, Vol. 42, N° 1/2, p. 143-157
- Spender, J. C.; Grant, Robert (1996). « Knowledge and the firm: Overview », Strategic Management Journal, Vol. 17, winter special issue, p. 5-9
- Szulanski, Gabriel (1996). « Exploring internal stickiness: Impediments to the transfer of best practice within the firm », Strategic Management Journal, Vol. 17, winter special issue, p. 27-43
- Szulanski, Gabriel (2000). « The process of knowledge transfer: A diachronic analysis of stickiness », Organizational Behaviour and Human Decision Process, Vol. 82, N° 1, p. 9-27
- Szulanski, Gabriel; Jensen, Robert (2006). « Presumptive adaptation and the effectiveness of knowledge transfer », Strategic Management Journal, Vol. 27, N° 10, p. 937-957
- Takeishi, Akira (2001) « Bridging inter- and intra- firm boundaries: Management of supplier involvement in automobile product development », Strategic Management Journal, Vol. 22, p. 403-433
- Teece, David; Pisano, Gary; Shuen, Amy (1997). « Dynamic capabilities and strategic management », Strategic Management Journal, Vol. 18, N° 7, p. 509-533
- Tsang, Eric (1999). « A preliminary typology of learning in international strategic alliances », Journal of World Business, Vol. 34, N° 3, p. 211-229
- VanWijk, Raymond; Jansen, Justin; Lyles, Marjorie (2008). « Inter- and intra-organizational knowledge transfer: A meta analytic review and assessment of its antecedents and consequences », Journal of Management Studies, Vol. 45, N° 4, p. 830-853
- Williams, Charles (2007). « Transfer in context: replication and adaptation in knowledge transfer relationships », Strategic Management Journal, Vol. 28, N° 9, p. 867-889
- Winter, S. 1987. « Knowledge and competences as strategic assets », dans D. Teece (Ed), The Competitive Challenge, Ballinger, p. 159-184.
- Yakhlef, Ali (2007). « Knowledge transfer as the transformation of context », Journal of High Technology Management Research, Vol. 18, N° 1, p. 43-57
- Zander, Udo & Kogut, Bruce (1995). « Knowledge and the speed of the transfer of organizational capabilities: An empirical test », Organization Science, Vol. 6, N° 1, p. 76-92
- Zhao, Zheng; Anand, Jaideep; Mitchell, Will (2004). « Transferring Collective Knowledge: Teaching and Learning in the Chinese Auto Industry », Strategic Organization, Vol. 2, N° 2, p. 133-167