Résumés
Abstract
This article compares three methods for assessing paraverbal aspects in oral productions: the holistic absolute method (overall score), the analytical absolute method (criterion-based rubric), and the holistic comparative method (Comproved software). The study addresses three key questions: 1) What is the inter-rater reliability of each evaluation method ? 2) What is the correlation between these methods ? 3) What differences in scoring can be observed among these methods ? Each method was used to evaluate oral productions based on paraverbal criteria such as intonation, volume, and pauses. The results reveal that, contrary to expectations, the holistic absolute method demonstrated the highest inter-rater reliability. Although significant correlations were found between the methods, notable discrepancies remained in the grading of the same productions. These findings question the systematic use of criterion-based rubrics and emphasize the need to adapt evaluation methods to specific objectives, particularly for assessing paraverbal aspects of oral productions.
Keywords:
- oral assessment,
- comparison of methods,
- paraverbal aspects,
- criterion-based rubric,
- inter-rater reliability
Résumé
Cet article compare trois méthodes d’évaluation des aspects paraverbaux dans les productions orales : la méthode holistique absolue (note globale), la méthode analytique absolue (grille critériée) et la méthode holistique comparative (logiciel Comproved). Trois questions principales guident l’étude : 1) Quelle est la fiabilité inter-évaluateurs de chaque méthode ? 2) Quelle est la corrélation entre ces méthodes ? et 3) Quels écarts de notation observe-t-on entre elles ? Chaque méthode a été utilisée pour évaluer des productions orales sur des critères paraverbaux tels que l’intonation, le volume et les pauses. Les résultats révèlent que, contrairement aux attentes, la méthode holistique absolue présente la meilleure fiabilité interévaluateurs. Bien que des corrélations significatives existent entre les méthodes, des écarts de notation importants subsistent. Ces résultats remettent en question l’utilisation systématique des grilles critériées et montrent qu’il est crucial d’adapter les méthodes d’évaluation aux objectifs spécifiques, notamment pour les aspects paraverbaux des productions orales.
Mots-clés :
- évaluation orale,
- comparaison des méthodes,
- aspects paraverbaux,
- fiabilité inter-évaluateurs,
- grille critériée
Resumo
Este artigo compara três métodos de avaliação dos aspetos paraverbais nas produções orais: o método holístico absoluto (nota global), o método analítico absoluto (rubrica) e o método holístico comparativo (software Comproved). Três questões principais orientam o estudo: 1) Qual é a fiabilidade inter-avaliadores de cada método? 2) Qual é a correlação entre esses métodos? 3) Que discrepâncias de pontuação se observam entre eles? Cada método foi utilizado para avaliar produções orais com base em critérios paraverbais como a entoação, o volume e as pausas. Os resultados revelam que, contrariamente às expectativas, o método holístico absoluto apresenta a melhor fiabilidade entre avaliadores. Embora existam correlações significativas entre os métodos, subsistem discrepâncias importantes nas pontuações. Estes resultados colocam em causa o uso sistemático de rubricas e mostram que é crucial adaptar os métodos de avaliação aos objetivos específicos, especialmente no que diz respeito aos aspetos paraverbais das produções orais.
Palavras chaves:
- aspectos paraverbais,
- avaliação oral,
- comparação de métodos,
- fiabilidade entre avaliadores,
- rubrica
Parties annexes
Bibliography
- Aguert, M., Laval, V. & Bernicot, J. (2010). Understanding the speaker’s communicative intent: a study of the role of intonation and context in children aged 5 to 9. L’Année psychologique, 110, 49-70. https://doi.org/10.3917/anpsy.101.0049
- Alpes, Y. (2012). About PISA: why and for whom should we assess and compare students’ skills? Questions Vives. Educational Research, 6(16), 11-14. https://doi.org/10.4000/questionsvives.892
- Alrabadi, E. (2011). What method should be adopted for teaching/learning oral communication? Didáctica. Lengua y Literatura, 23, 15-34. https://doi.org/10.5209/rev_DIDA.2011.v23.36308
- Aouchiche-Ait Yala, O. & Zoubida, B. (2022). The challenges of assessing oral communication. Pratiques & didactique, 1(1), 72-86. https://www.asjp.cerist.dz/en/downArticle/764/1/1/177627
- Aubergé, V. (2002). Prosody and emotion. Proceedings of the second national conference of the GdR, I3. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/228760016_Prosodie_et_emotion
- Balan, A., & Jönsson, A. (2018). Increased explicitness of assessment criteria: Effects on student motivation and performance. Frontiers in Education, 3, 81. https://doi.org/10.3389/feduc.2018.00081
- Barbier, É. & Colognesi, S. (2024). Do the practices recommended in teacher training influence the lesson plans of future French teachers? Canadian Journal of Education, 47(1), 113-148.
- Barkaoui, K. (2010). Explaining ESL essay holistic scores: A multilevel modelling approach. Language Testing, 27(4), 515-535. https://doi.org/10.1177/0265532210368717
- Bélec, C. (2017). Why assess? College teaching, 30(4), 10–16. https://eduq.info/xmlui/bitstream/handle/11515/35711/belec-30-4-2017.pdf?sequence=2&isAllowed=y
- Berthiaume, D., David, J., & David, T. (2011). Reducing subjectivity in learning assessment using a criterion-based rubric: theoretical benchmarks and applications to interdisciplinary teaching. Revue internationale de pédagogie de l’enseignement supérieur, 27(2). http://ripes.revues.org/524
- Boureux, M. (2017). Better perception for better pronunciation. Which corrective phonetics to help Italian learners speak French well. Rivista Interculturale, Università di Lecce, 43-68. http://magali.boureux.com/IMG/pdf/2017-03-11_actesrome2016boureux.pdf
- Bourhis, V. (2012). Reading situations in nursery school: the role of paraverbal communication. Le Français aujourd’hui, (4), 85-97. https://doi.org/10.3917/lfa.179.0085
- Bourhis, V. (2014). Teacher’s voice, student’s voice: interlocutory dialogism. Éla. Études de linguistique appliquée, 173, 73-85. https://doi.org/10.3917/ela.173.0073.
- Bouwer, R. & Koster, M. (2016). Bringing writing research into the classroom. The effectiveness of Tekster, a newly developed writing programme for primary school pupils. [Doctoral thesis, Utrecht University]. Utrecht University Repository https://dspace.library.uu.nl/handle/1874/338041
- Bouwer, R., Koster, M. & van den Bergh, H. (2023). Benchmark rating procedure, best of both worlds? Comparing procedures to rate text quality in a reliable and valid manner. Assessment in Education: Principles, Policy & Practice, 30(3–4), 302–319. https://doi.org/10.1080/0969594X.2023.2241656
- Bramley, T. (2007). Paired comparison methods. In P. Newton, J. A. Baird, H. Goldstein, H. Patrick, & P. Tymms (Eds.), Techniques for monitoring the comparability of examination standards (pp. 246–300). QCA.
- Candea, M. (2000). Contribution to the study of silent pauses and phenomena known as “hesitations” in spontaneous spoken French. Study based on a corpus of narratives in French classes [Doctoral thesis, Université de la Sorbonne nouvelle-Paris III]. HAL. https://theses.hal.science/tel-00290143v1
- Cicchetti, D. V. (1994). Guidelines, criteria, and rules of thumb for evaluating normed and standardised assessment instruments in psychology. Psychological Assessment, 6(4), 284–290. https://doi.org/10.1037/1040-3590.6.4.284
- Chabanne, J. C. (1999). Verbal, paraverbal, and nonverbal aspects of humorous verbal interaction. In J. M. Defays & L. Rosier (Eds.), Approaches to comic discourse (pp. 35–53). Mardaga. https://hal.science/hal-00921934
- Cohen, J. (1988). Statistical Power Analysis for the Behavioural Sciences (2nd ed.). Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Publishers.
- Colognesi, S., Coppe, T., Leroux, L., & Wiertz, C. (2024). Does pedagogical metamorphosis exist? Exploring the practices of primary school teachers at different stages of their careers. British Educational Research Journal, 50, 2062–2090. https://doi.org/10.1002/berj.4014
- Colognesi, S., Coppe, T. & Lucchini, S. (2023). Improving the oral language skills of primary school pupils through video-recorded performances. Teaching and Teacher Education, 128, 104141.
- Colognesi, S. & Deschepper, C. (2019). Declared practices of oral language teaching in primary schools. What is the situation in French-speaking Belgium? Language and Literacy, 21(1), 1-18.
- Colognesi, S., Moser, V., Deschepper, C. & Hanin, V. (2022). Good news: primary school teachers believe that it is important to teach oral skills in the classroom and feel competent to do so! But some still don’t do it... Veredas-Revista de Estudos Linguísticos, 26(1), 141-169
- Delcambre, I. (2011). How to think about oral/written relationships in a school setting. Recherches, 54(1), 7-15.
- Deschepper, C. (2021). How and why should we question oral assessment rubrics? Description of an initial training programme and prospects for research. Évaluer. International Journal of Research in Education and Training, 7(2), 61-78. https://doi.org/10.48782/e-jiref-7-2-61
- Di Cristo, A. (2013). The prosody of speech. De Boeck Supérieur.
- Di Cristo, A., Auran, C., Bertrand, R., Chanet, C., Portes, C. & Régnier, A. (2004). Prosodic tools and discourse analysis. Cahiers de l’Institut de Linguistique de Louvain, 30, 27-84. https://hal.science/hal-00349856
- Dimmitt, C. (2009). Why evaluation matters: Determining effective school counselling practices. Professional School Counselling, 12(6), 395-399. https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/pdf/10.1177/2156759X0901200605
- Dobinson, K. L. & Dockrell, J. E. (2021). Universal strategies for the improvement of expressive language skills in the primary classroom: A systematic review. First Language, 41(5), 527–554. https://doi.org/10.1177/0142723721989471
- Dumais, C. (2016). Proposal for a typology of oral teaching/learning objects. Les dossiers des sciences de l’éducation, 36, 37-56. https://doi.org/10.4000/dse.1347
- Gagnon, R. & Colognesi, S. (2021). Editorial: Assessing oral performance without distorting it? Évaluer. International Journal of Research in Education and Training, 7(2), 1-5. https://doi.org/10.48782/e-jiref-7-2-1
- Gagnon, R., de Pietro, J.-F. & Fisher, C. (2017). Introduction. In J.-F. de Pietro, C. Fisher and R. Gagnon (Eds.), Oral communication today: didactic perspectives (pp. 11-40). Namur University Press.
- Garcia-Debanc, C. (1999). Evaluating oral skills. Pratiques, 103-104, 193-212.
- Gaudreau, G., Hudon, C., & Monetta, L. (2011). Psycholinguistic and neuroanatomical bases of irony comprehension in adults. Revue de neuropsychologie, 3, 148–154. https://doi.org/10.3917/rne.033.0148
- Hadji, C. (1992). The evaluation of educational actions. Presses Universitaires de France. https://doi.org/10.3917/puf.hadji.1992.01.
- Issaieva, É. & Crahay, M. (2010). Conceptions of school assessment by pupils and teachers: validation of scales and study of their relationships. Measurement and Evaluation in Education, 33(1), 31–61. https://doi.org/10.7202/1024925ar
- Kaldahl, A.-G. (2019). Assessing oracy: Chasing the teachers’ unspoken oracy construct across disciplines in the landscape between policy and freedom. L1-Educational Studies in Language and Literature, 19, 1-24. https://doi.org/10.17239/L1ESLL-2019.19.03.02
- Khabbazbashi, N., & Galaczi, E. D. (2020). A comparison of holistic, analytic, and part marking models in speaking assessment. Language testing, 37(3), 333-360. https://doi.org/10.1177/0265532219898635
- Koo, T. K. & Li, M. Y. (2016). A guideline of selecting and reporting intraclass correlation coefficients for reliability research. Journal of chiropractic medicine, 15(2), 155-163. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcm.2016.02.012
- Lafontaine, L. & Préfontaine, C. (2007). Descriptive teaching model for oral production in secondary school French as a first language classes. Revue des sciences de l’éducation, 33(1), 47–66. https://doi.org/10.7202/016188ar
- Lafontaine, L. and Messier, G. (2009). Representations of oral teaching and assessment among secondary school teachers and students of French as a language of instruction. Revue du Nouvel-Ontario, 34, 119-144.
- Landrieu, Y., De Smedt, F., Van Keer, H. & De Wever, B. (2022). Assessing the quality of argumentative texts: Examining the general agreement between different rating procedures and exploring inferences of (dis) agreement cases. Frontiers in Education, 7. https://doi.org/10.3389/feduc.2022.784261
- Lavoie, C. & Bouchard, É. (2017). University training in oral assessment: a look at the self-assessment skills of future teachers. In J.-F., De Pietro, C. Fisher & R. Gagnon (Eds.), Oral communication today: teaching perspectives (pp. 259-274). Namur University Press.
- Mercer, N., Warwick, P. & Ahmed, A. (2017). An oracy assessment toolkit: Linking research and development in the assessment of students’ spoken language skills at age 11-12. Learning and Instruction, 48(1), 51-60. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.learninstruc.2016.10.005
- Metruk, R. (2018). Comparing holistic and analytic ways of scoring in the assessment of speaking skills. Journal of Teaching English for Specific and Academic Purposes, 6(1), 179–189. https://doi.org/10.22190/JTESAP1801179M
- Moncarey, C., Deschepper, C., Hanin, V., Van Mosnenck, S., Oliveri, S. & Colognesi, S. (2025). The beliefs of future teacher trainers: influences on their teaching practices and oral assessment. Phronesis, 14(1), 117–137. https://doi.org/10.7202/1116127ar
- Nonnon, É. (2016). Forty years of discourse on oral teaching: didactics confronts its questions. Pratiques, 169-170. https://doi.org/10.4000/pratiques.3115
- Ounis, M. (2017). A comparison between holistic and analytic assessment of speaking. Journal of Language Teaching and Research, 8(4), 679. http://dx.doi.org/10.17507/jltr.0804.06
- Pinard-Prévost, G. (2009). A terminological consensus in prosody? Proceedings of the XXIIIrdLinguistics Days (JDL), 5-6. 77
- Poiré, F. (2000). The focal accent and the stress accent in the description of French intonation. Canadian Journal of Linguistics/Revue Canadienne De Linguistique, 45(3-4), 275-302. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0008413100017710
- Pollitt, A. (2012). The method of Adaptive Comparative Judgement. Assessment in Education: Principles, Policy & Practice, 19, 281–300. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/0969594X.2012.665354
- Reddy, M. Y. (2011). Design and development of rubrics to improve assessment outcomes: A pilot study in a Master’s level business programme in India. Quality assurance in education, 19(1), 84-104. DOI 10.1108/09684881111107771
- Sales-Hitier, D. & Dupont, P. (2025). Assessment to support oral teaching and learning: the SEMO system. Phronesis, 14(1), 71–94. https://doi.org/10.7202/1116125ar
- Schwarz, N., Knäuper, B., Oyserman, D. & Stich, C. (2008). The psychology of asking questions. International handbook of survey methodology, 18-34.
- Sénéchal, K. (2020). Rethinking the teaching sequence model for teaching oral skills in primary school: results from the first year of research. Recherches, 73, 75-92.
- Stordeur, M. F., Nils, F. & Colognesi, S. (2021). Seven dilemmas encountered by primary school teachers when assessing pupils’ oral presentations. e-JIREF, 7(2), 7-37.
- Stordeur, M. F., Nils, F. & Colognesi, S. (2022). No, an oral presentation is not just something you prepare at home! Primary school teachers’ practices supporting the preparation of oral presentations. L1-Educational Studies in Language and Literature, 22, 1-29.
- Stordeur, M.-F., Nils, F., Francotte, È. & Colognesi, S. (2025). The challenge of using self-confrontation to support primary school pupils in producing oral presentations. Phronesis, 14(1), 215–241. https://doi.org/10.7202/1116132ar
- Tsai, Y-C., Chien, T-W., Wu, J-W., & Lin, C-H. (2022). Using the Alluvial plot to visualise the network characteristics of 100 top-cited articles on attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) since 2011: bibliometric analysis. Medicine, 101(37), 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/MD.0000000000030545
- Thurstone, L. L. (1927). A law of comparative judgement. Psychological review, 34(4), 273. https://doi.org/10.1037/h0070288
- van Daal, T., Lesterhuis, M., Coertjens, L., Donche, V. & De Maeyer, S. (2016). Validity of comparative judgement to assess academic writing: examining implications of its holistic character and building on a shared consensus. Assessment in Education: Principles, Policy & Practice, 26(1), 59–74. https://doi.org/10.1080/0969594X.2016.1253542
- Vassart, C., Blondeau, B. & Colognesi, S. (2022). Behind the scenes of peer assessment of oral skills in primary school. Education and Francophonie, 50(1).
- Verschueren, J. (1999). Understanding pragmatics. Edward Arnold.
- Weber, C. (2021). Oral, assessment and reflexivity. Towards an integrative approach to oral skills. Évaluer. International Journal of Research in Education and Training, 7(2), 79-94. https://doi.org/10.48782/e-jiref-7-2-79
- Wells, B., Peppé, S. & Goulandris, N. (2004). Intonation development from five to thirteen. Journal of Child Language, 31(4), 749-778. https://doi.org/10.1017/S030500090400652X
- Wiertz, C. (2024). Oral information summarisation: an empirical approach to its characterisation through the development of a measurement tool [Unpublished doctoral thesis, Catholic University of Louvain].
- Wiertz, C., Coppe, T., Galand, B. & Colognesi, S. (submitted). Bridging the Gap in Oral Language Assessment: ORAToR, a Comprehensive Tool for Measuring Oral Summarisation Competence.
- Wiertz, C., Blondeau, B., Francotte, E., Galand, B. & Colognesi, S. (2022). Using a criterion-based rubric to evaluate peers’ oral explanations: how does it work and what are its effects? e-JIREF, 8(2), 51-88. https://doi.org/10.48782/m3kwdh11
- Wiertz, C., Galand, B. & Colognesi, S. (2025). ‘Tell me everything you know about...’: asking primary school pupils to summarise orally is not so simple, even with documentary support. Phronesis, 14(1), 158–180. https://doi.org/10.7202/1116129ar
- Wiertz, C., Van Mosnenck, S., Galand, B. & Colognesi, S. (2020). Assessing oral skills as a teacher or researcher: points for discussion and decision-making in the co-design of a criterion-based rubric. Measurement and Evaluation in Education, 43(3), 1-37.
- Wurth, J. G. R., Tigelaar, E. H., Hulshof, H., De Jong, J. C., & Admiraal, W. F. (2022). Teacher and student perceptions of L1-oral language lessons in Dutch secondary education. L1-Educational Studies in Language and Literature, 20, 1–27. https://doi.org/10.21248/l1esll.2022.22.1.376

