Résumés
Abstract
This study examined the effects of children's metacognitive awareness, critical thinking tendencies, and demographic characteristics (gender and parents' education levels) on their academic achievement in the social studies course using a structural equation model. The study group comprises 854 secondary school students aged 10-13 who attended three secondary schools in the central district of Kilis province during the 2022-2023 academic year. Within the scope of the research, a hypothesized path diagram was developed using a structural equation model. As a result of the research, it was determined that children's gender, and mothers' and parents' education level had an indirect effect on their academic success in the social studies course, their metacognitive awareness had a direct and mediating effect, and their critical thinking tendencies had a direct, indirect and mediating effect. In addition, it was determined that children's gender and parental education level had direct and indirect effects on their metacognitive awareness, and only a direct effect on their critical thinking tendencies.
Keywords:
- Metacognition,
- Critical Thinking,
- Academic Success
Parties annexes
Bibliography
- Akbıyık, C., & Seferoğlu, S. S. (2006). Critical thinking dispositions and academic achievement. Çukurova University Faculty of Education Journal, 3(32), 90-99.
- Akçam, S. (2012). Investigation of 6, 7 and 8 grade students' levels of metacognitive awareness (Master’s thesis, Dokuz Eylül University). Council of Higher Education Thesis Center. https://tez.yok.gov.tr
- Akhun, İ. (1980). Predicting academic success: A study on the application of multiple regression approach. Ankara University Faculty of Education Publications.
- Akpunar, B. (2011). The analysis of the concepts of cognition and metacognition in terms of the philosophy of mind. International Periodical for the languages, Literature and History of Turkish or Turkic, 6(4), 353-365.
- Aktağ, I., Şemşek, Ö., & Tuzcuoğlu, S. (2017). Determination metacognitive awareness of physical education teachers. Journal of Education and Training Studies, 5(9), 63-69.
- Altan, G. (2020). Examination of critical thinking skills of middle school students according to some demographic characteristics (Master’s thesis, Akdeniz University). Council of Higher Education Thesis Center. https://tez.yok.gov.tr
- Amanvermez-İncirkuş, F. (2021). Investigation of secondary school students' critical thinking skills in Turkish lesson according to different variables. Cumhuriyet International Journal of Education, 10(3), 1261-1282. http://dx.doi.org/10.30703/cije.838035
- Anıl, D. (2009). Factors affecting the science achievements of students in Turkey in the international student achievement assessment program (PISA). Education and Science, 34(152), 15-34.
- Arslan, R., Gülveren, H., & Aydın, E. (2014). A Research on critical thinking tendencies and factors that affect critical thinking of higher education students. International Journal of Business and Management, 9(5), 43-59.
- Atay, A. D. (2014). Investigation on secondary school students' motivation levels and metacognitive awareness on learning science (Master’s thesis, Adnan Menderes University). Council of Higher Education Thesis Center. https://tez.yok.gov.tr
- Aydın, E. (2022). Investigation of the relationship between secondary school students' science learning motivation and metacognitive awareness (Master’s thesis, Aksaray University). Council of Higher Education Thesis Center. https://tez.yok.gov.tr
- Aydın, R. I. (2017). Impact of critical reading and argumentative reading methods on reading comprehension level of 6th grade students (Sample of Muş province) (Master’s thesis, İnönü University). Council of Higher Education Thesis Center. https://tez.yok.gov.tr
- Bağçeci, B., Döş, B., & Sarıca, R. (2011). An analysis of metacognitive awareness levels and academic achievement of primary school students. Mustafa Kemal University Journal of Social Sciences Institute, 8(16), 551-566.
- Bahar, H. (2006). Evaluation of KPSS scores in terms of academic success and gender. Education and Science, 31(140), 68-74.
- Bahar, H. H., Özen, Y. & Gülaçtı, F. (2009). An investigation on academic achievement and learning styles as to branches and gender from faculty of education students’. Ankara University, Journal of Faculty of Educational Sciences, 42(1), 69-86. https://doi.org/10.1501/Egifak_0000001138
- Bakır, T., & Eğmir, E. (2022). Examination of the relationship between secondary school students' critical thinking dispositions and metacognitive awareness. E-International Journal of Educational Research, 13(5), 21-40. https://doi.org/10.19160/e-ijer.1105032
- Balcı, G. (2007). The examination of metacognitive skills of fifth grade students in terms of their levels of solving verbal math problems (Master’s thesis, Çukurova University). Council of Higher Education Thesis Center. https://tez.yok.gov.tr
- Bars, M. (2016). A study of the perceptions of prospective teachers regarding their metacognitive awareness, self-efficacy for the teaching profession and problem solving skills (Doctoral thesis, Dicle University). Council of Higher Education Thesis Center. https://tez.yok.gov.tr
- Başbay, M. (2013). Examining the relationship between epistemological belief and critical thinking and metacognition using structural equation model. Education and Science, 38(169), 249-262.
- Basmaz, I. (2017). Determination of critical thinking disposition in the context of reading comprehension, student, family and home environment variables (Master’s thesis, Ankara University). Council of Higher Education Thesis Center. https://tez.yok.gov.tr
- Bayındır, G. (2015). Critical thinking dispositions of primary school secondary stage students (Master’s thesis, Ahi Evran University). Council of Higher Education Thesis Center. https://tez.yok.gov.tr
- Bendixen, L. D., & Hartley, K. (2003). Successful learning with hypermedia: The role of epistemological beliefs and metacognitive awareness. Journal of Educational Computing Research, 28(1), 15-30.
- Beşoluk, Ş., & Önder, İ. (2010). Investigation of teacher candidates' learning approaches, learning styles and critical thinking dispositions. Elementary Education Online, 9(2), 679-693.
- Boldaz, E. D. (2022). The relationship between emotional intelligence, social media addiction, and critical thinking tendencies (Master’s thesis, İstanbul Sabahattin Zaim University). Council of Higher Education Thesis Center. https://tez.yok.gov.tr
- Bozpolat, E., & Güçcük-Kurga, H. (2021). Investigation of 8th graders’ critical thinking dispositions in terms of certain variables. Atatürk University Journal of Kazım Karabekir Education Faculty, 43, 526-555. https://doi.org/10.33418/ataunikkefd.999753
- Branigan, H. E., & Donaldson D. I. (2020). Teacher smatter for metacognition; facilitating metacognition in the primary school through teacher-pupil interactions. Thinking Skills and Creativity, 38(2), 100-118.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tsc.2020.100718
- Brown, A. L. (1978). Knowing when, where, and how to remember: A problem of metacognition. In R. Glasser (Ed.), Advances in instructional psychology. Lawrence Erbaum.
- Brown, A. L. (1980). Metacognitive development and reading. In R.J. Spiro, B. Bruce, W. Brewer (Eds.), Theoretical issues in reading comprehension. Lawrence Erbaum.
- Brown, T. A. (2006). Confirmatory factor analysis for applied research (1nd ed.). Guilford Publications, Inc.
- Büyüköztürk, S. (2014). Data analysis handbook for social sciences. Pegem Academy Publishing.
- Büyüköztürk, Ş., & Denizkulu, D. (2002). Factors affecting the academic success of computer and instructional technology teaching and classroom teaching program students. Educational Management in Theory and Practice, 30, 187-204.
- Çakıroğlu, A. (2007). The effect of metacognitive strategy training on improving the achievement level of students having low achievement levels of reading comprehension (Doctoral thesis, Gazi University). Council of Higher Education Thesis Center. https://tez.yok.gov.tr
- Cevizci, A. (2010). Educational dictionary. Say Publications.
- Clements, H., Baroody, A. & Sarama, J. (2013). Math in thirty-year. Education Commission of the States, 14(5), 1-17.
- Çokkızgın, B. (2019) Locus of control and critical thinking as the predictors of 8th grade students' metacognitive awareness (Master’s thesis, Kahramanmaraş Sütçü İmam University). Council of Higher Education Thesis Center. https://tez.yok.gov.tr
- Çokluk, Ö., Şekercioğlu, G., & Büyüköztürk, Ş. (2010). Multivariate statistics for social sciences: SPSS and LISREL applications. Pegem Akademi.
- Çolak, İ., Türkkaş-Anasız, B., Yorulmaz, Y. İ., & Duman, A. (2019). The role of gender, grade level, and parents’ educational attainment variables on teacher candidates’ critical thinking dispositions: a meta-analysis. E-International Journal of Educational Research, 10(1), 67-86. https://doi.org/10.19160/ijer.541861
- Council of Higher Education. (2020). Scientific Research and Publication Ethics Directive. Republic of Turkey, Council of Higher Education. https://www.yok.gov.tr/documents/documents/68fb63b8b2511.pdf
- Coutinho, S.A. (2008). The relationship between goals, metacognition and academic success. Educate, 7(1), 39-47.
- Cüceloğlu, D. (1995). Think carefully and make the right decision. Sistem Publishing.
- Demir, R., & Aybek, B. (2014). An analysis of the critical thinking dispositions of high school students through various parameters. Muğla University Social Sciences Institute Journal, 32, 122-140.
- Demir, Y., & Atasoy, E. (2018). Evaluation of 5th class social studies course book (2017). Bursa Uludağ University Faculty of Education Journal, 31(2), 753-780. https://doi.org/10.19171/uefad.505647
- Demirtaş H., & Güneş. H. (2002). Dictionary of educational management and supervision. Anı Publishing
- Duman, B. (2013). The effect of an instructional practice based on metacognition upon teacher trainees’ academic achievement, metacognitive awareness, achievement motivation and critical thinking (Doctoral thesis, Fırat University). Council of Higher Education Thesis Center. https://tez.yok.gov.tr
- Emir, S. (2012). Critical thinking tendencies of education faculty students. Hasan Ali Yücel Faculty of Education Journal, 9(1), 34-57.
- Ennis, R. H. (1987). A taxonomy of critical thinking dispositions and abilities. In J. B. Baron & R. J. Sternberg (Eds.), Teaching Thinking Skills: Theory and Practice (pp. 9-26). Freeman.
- Ennis, R. H. (2011). Critical thinking: reflection and perspective part. Inquiry: Critical Thinking Across the Disciplines, 26(1), 4-18. https://doi.org/10.5840/inquiryctnews20112613
- Erdağı-Toksun, S. (2020). Middle school students’ level of using reading strategies cognitive awareness skills. Education And Society in the 21st Century, 9(26), 417-430.
- Ertaş-Kılıç, H., & Şen, A. İ. (2014). Study of adapting the UF/EMI Critical thinking disposition scale to Turkish. Education and Science, 39(176), 1-12. http://dx.doi.org/10.15390/EB.2014.3632
- Flavell, J. H. (1979). Metacognitive and cognitive monitoring: A new area of cognitive developmental inquiry. American Psychologist, 34, 906-911.
- Görücü, E. (2014). Investigation of relationship between the reading habits and critical thinking skills of sixth, seventh and eighth grade students (Master’s thesis, Yeditepe University). Council of Higher Education Thesis Center. https://tez.yok.gov.tr
- Gül, Ş., Özay-Köse, E., & Sadi-Yılmaz, S. (2015). Compared to different variables of prospective biology teachers’ metacognitive awareness. Hasan Ali Yücel Faculty of Education Journal, 12(23), 119-130.
- Gürefe, N. (2015) Investigation of metacognitive awareness of secondary school students in terms of some variables. The Journal of International Educational Sciences, 2(5), 237–246.
- Hacker, D. J., & Dunlosky, J. (2003). Not all metacognition is created equal. New Directions for Teaching and Learning, 95, 73-79.
- Hastaoğlu, F., Mollaoğlu, M., Başer, E., & Mollaoğlu, S. (2018). The relationship between critical thinking and academic achievement in university students. Journal of International Scientific Research, 3(2), 769-777. http://dx.doi.org/10.21733/ibad.461291
- Howie, S. J., & Pietersen, J. J. (2001). Mathematics literacy of final year students: South African realities. Studies in Educational Evaluation, 27, 7-25.
- Hu, L., & Bentler, P. M. (1999). Cutoff criteria for fit indexes in covariance structure analysis: Conventional criteria versus new alternatives. Structural Equation Modelling, 6(1), 1–55. https://doi.org/10.1080/10705519909540118
- Huitt, W. (1997). Metacognition. educational psychology interactive. Valdosta State University.
- Kanbay, Y., Işık, E., & Aslan, Ö. (2011). Examination of the relationship between critical thinking disposition and academic success of nursing students. Journal of Psychiatric Nursing, 2(3), 123-127.
- Kandal, R., & Baş, F. (2021). The prediction status of secondary school students’ metacognitive awareness, self-regulatory learning strategies, anxiety and attitude levels towards mathematics-on-mathematics achievement. International Journal of Educational Studies in Mathematics, 8(1), 27-43.
- Kandemir, M. A. (2017). Investigation of critical thinking tendency levels of classroom and elementary mathematics teacher candidates in terms of some variables. Turkish Studies, 12(6), 453-474. http://dx.doi.org/10.7827/TurkishStudies.10116
- Kandemir, S. N., & Eğmir, E. (2020). Investigation of the relationship between critical thinking tendencies and academic self-efficacies of secondary school students in terms of various variables. International Turkish Literature Culture Education (TEKE) Journal, 9(4), 1775-1798. http://dx.doi.org/10.7884/teke.4835
- Karakelle, S., & Saraç, S. (2007). Validity and factor structure of Turkish versions of the metacognitive awareness inventory for children (Jr. Mai) - A and B forms. Turkish Psychology Writings, 10(20), 87-10.
- Karasar, N. (2009). Scientific research method. Nobel Publications.
- Karslı, T. A. (2015). The relation among metacognitive functions, decision making and locus of control in young adolescents at primary school. Electronic Journal of Social Sciences, 14(55), 16-31.
- Kaya, N. B., & Fırat, T. (2011). Analysis of primary 5th and 6th grade students' metacognitive skills in learning and teaching process. Celal Bayar University Faculty of Education Journal, 1(1), 57-71.
- Keskin, G., & Sezgin, B. (2009). Determination of factors affecting academic success in a group of adolescents. Fırat Health Services Journal, 4(10), 2-18.
- Kıl, D. (2020). The relationships between 5th grade secondary school students' reading comprehension achievement and metacognitive reading comprehension awareness (Master’s thesis, Ankara University). Council of Higher Education Thesis Center. https://tez.yok.gov.tr
- Kline, R. B. (2005). Principles and practice of structural equation modelling (2nd ed.). Guilford Publications, Inc.
- Knowles, M. (1975). Self-directed learning: A guide for learners and teachers. Globe Fearon Press.
- Koç, M., Avşaroğlu, S., & Sezer, A. (2004). The relationship between university students' academic achievements and problem areas. Selçuk University Journal of Social Sciences, 11, 483-498.
- Kökdemir, D. (2003). Decision making and problem solving under uncertainty (Doctoral thesis, Ankara University). Council of Higher Education Thesis Center. https://tez.yok.gov.tr
- Kruger, J., & Dunning, D. (1999). Unskilled and unaware of it: How differences in recognizing one’s own incompetence lead to inflated self-assessments. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 77(6), 1121-1134.
- Ku, K. Y. L., & Ho, I. T. (2010). Metacognitive strategies that enhance critical thinking. Metacognition Learning, 5(3), 251-267.
- Küçükbatman, L., & Kılıç, D. (2018). Fifth graders in elementary school critical thinking skills with the relationship between the value they possess. Atatürk University Social Sciences Institute Journal, 22(4), 2465-2484.
- Levpušcek, M. P., Zupancic, M., & Socan, G. (2012). Predicting achievement in mathematics in adolescent students: The role of individual and social factors. The Journal of Early Adolescence, 20(10), 1–29.
- Livingston, J. A. (2003). Metacognition: An overview (ERIC Document No. ED474273). ERIC. https://eric.ed.gov/?id=ED474273
- Mete, B. (2015). Metacognition, self-regulated learning and study strategies. In J. E. Ormrod (M. Baloğlu, Trans. Ed.), Learning psychology (6th ed., pp. 352–388). Nobel Publishing.
- Mete, G. (2021). Examining the secondary school students’ critical thinking skills. Journal of Mother Tongue Education, 9(2), 492-509.
- Ministry of National Education, General Directorate of Innovation and Educational Technologies. (2020). Circular 2020/2 (No. 10.06.02‑E.1563890). Republic of Turkey, Ministry of National Education.https://istanbul.meb.gov.tr/meb_iys_dosyalar/2020_01/24164337_genelge.pdf?utm_source=chatgpt.com
- Muthen, L. K., & Muthen, B. O. (2012). Mplus user'sguide (7th ed.). Los Angeles, Muthen & Muthen.
- Ocak, G., Eymir, E., & Ocak, İ. (2016). Investigation of pre service teachers’ critical thinking tendencies in terms of different variables. Journal of Erzincan University Faculty of Education, 18(1), 63-91. https://doi.org/10.17556/jef.27258
- Oflas, E. (2009). An investigation level of critical thinking skills of primary students (Master’s thesis, Yüzüncü Yıl University). Council of Higher Education Thesis Center. https://tez.yok.gov.tr
- Oğuz, A., & Kutlu-Kalender, M. D. (2018). Relationship between metacognitive awareness and self-efficacy of secondary school students. Journal of Theory and Practice in Education, 14(2), 170-186. https://doi.org/10.17244/eku.319267
- Özdemir, E. B., & Arık, S. (2018). The investigation of the metacognitive awareness and attitudes towards sustainable development of children. Eskişehir Osmangazi University Turkish World Application and Research Center Education Journal, 3(1), 1-22.
- Özdemir, S. M. (2005). Evaluation of university students' critical thinking skills in terms of various variables. Turkish Journal of Educational Sciences, 3(3), 297–316.
- Özer, Y., & Anıl, D. (2011). Examining the factors affecting students’ science and mathematics achievement with structural equation modeling. H. U. Journal of Education, 41, 313-324.
- Özsoy, G. (2008). Metacognition. Turkish Journal of Educational Sciences, 6(4), 713-740.
- Özsoy, G., & Günindi, Y. (2011). Prospective preschool teachers’ metacognitive awareness. Elementary Education Online, 10(2), 430–440.
- Paul, R. W., Elder, L., & Bartell, T. (1997). California teacher preparation for instruction in critical thinking: Research findings and policy recommendations. California Commission on Teacher Credentialing.
- Pekdoğan, S., & Bayar A. (2016). Examination of university students' critical thinking tendencies and scientific attitudes in terms of different variables. Turkish Studies, 11(9), 669-682. http://dx.doi.org/10.7827/TurkishStudies.9683
- Rençber, B. A. (2012). Factors which affect academic achievement of university students. Journal of Çankırı Karatekin University Social Sciences Institute, 3(1), 191-198.
- Sadioğlu, Ö., & Bilgin, A. (2008). The critical reading skills of primary school students according to gender differences and educational level of their fathers and mothers. Elementary Education Online, 7(3), 814-822.
- Şahin, E., & Küçüksüleymanoğlu, R. (2015). The relationship between self-directed learning readiness, metacognitive awareness and locus of control and among teacher candidates. Abant İzzet Baysal University Faculty of Education Journal, 15(2), 317–334.
- Sarıer, Y. (2016). The factors that affects students' academic achievement in Turkey: A meta-analysis study. H. U. Journal of Education, 31(3), 609-627. http://dx.doi.org/10.16986/HUJE.2016015868
- Saysal-Araz, Z. (2013). The relationship between the elementary school 4th and 5th grade students’ levels of Science and Technology literacy and critical thinking (Master’s thesis, Afyon Kocatepe University). Council of Higher Education Thesis Center. https://tez.yok.gov.tr
- Schraw, G., & Dennison, R. S. (1994). Assessing metacognitive awareness. Contemporary Educational Psychology, 19, 460-475.
- Seçer, İ. (2015). Practical data analysis and reporting with SPSS and LIREL. Anı Publishing.
- Şerifoğlu, B. (2019). The relationship between metacognitive awareness levels and self-efficacy perception levels of secondary school students (Sample for Bahçelievler county) (Master’s thesis, Marmara University). Council of Higher Education Thesis Center. https://tez.yok.gov.tr
- Sevgi, S., & Çağlıköse, M. (2020). Analysis of sixth grade students’ metacognition beliefs in terms of some variables. Cumhuriyet International Journal of Education, 9(1), 139-157. http://dx.doi.org/10.30703/cije.546885
- Sperling, R. A., Howard, B. C., Miller, L. A., & Murphy, C. (2002). Measures of children’s knowledge and regulation of cognition. Contemporary Educational Psychology, 27(1), 51–79. https://doi.org/10.1006/ceps.2001.1091
- Sperling, R. A., Howard, B. C., Staley, R., & Du Bois, N. (2004). Metacognition and self-regulated learning constructs. Educational Research and Evaluation, 10(2), 117-139.
- Sternberg, R. J. (1999). Nature of cognition. M. I. T. Press.
- Sümer, N. (2000) Structural equation modeling: Basic concepts and example applications. Turkish Psychology Writings, 3, 49-73.
- Tabachnick, B. G., & Fidell, L. S. (2001) Using multivariate statistics (7th ed.). Allyn and Bacon, Inc.
- Topçu, M. S., & Yılmaz-Tüzün, Ö. (2009). Elementary students’ metacognition and epistemological beliefs considering science achievement, gender and socioeconomic status. Elementary Education Online, 8(3), 676-693.
- Uslu, Ç. (2016). Investigation of metacognitive awareness levels and motivations for teaching profession of pre-service science teachers by different variables (Master’s thesis, Pamukkale University). Council of Higher Education Thesis Center. https://tez.yok.gov.tr
- Uzun, G., & Çokluk-Bökeoğlu, Ö. (2019). Examining the relationship between academic achievement and school, family and student characteristics using multilevel structural equation modeling. Ankara University Faculty of Educational Sciences Journal, 52(3), 655-684. https://doi.org/10.30964/auebfd.525770
- Wang, D. B. (2004). Family background factors and mathematics success: A comparison of Chinese and US students. International Journal of Educational Research, 41, 40-54.
- Watson, G., & Glaser, M. E. (1964). Watson-Glaser critical thinking appraisal manual (for Forms Ym & Zm). Harcourt, Brace & World.
- Wellman, H. M. (1985). The origins of metacognition. In: D. L. Forrest-Presley, G.E. MacKinnon, T. Gery Waller (Eds.). Metacognition, Cognition, and Human Performance. Academic Press.
- Wittrock, M. C. (1990). Learning as a generative process. Educational Psychologist, 11, 87-95.
- Yahşi-Cevher, Ö. (2008). Effectiveness of the critical thinking ability in the 6th grade of elementary the 2006 Turkish program (Master’s thesis, Sakarya University). Council of Higher Education Thesis Center. https://tez.yok.gov.tr
- Yavuz, M. M. (2019). The research of the connection between critical thinking level and Social Studies academic achievement of secondary school students (Master’s thesis, Ağrı İbrahim Çeçen University). Council of Higher Education Thesis Center. https://tez.yok.gov.tr
- Yazgı, Z. (2019). Metacognitive awareness as a predictor of social emotional learning skills in gifted and talented students (Master’s thesis, İstanbul Sebahattin Zaim University). Council of Higher Education Thesis Center. https://tez.yok.gov.tr
- Yetkin, A. M., & Katrancı, M. (2021). Examination of reading comprehension and creative reading skills and metacognitive awareness of primary school students. Research in Education and Teaching, 10(4), 33-54.
- Yıldırım, H. İ., & Şensoy, Ö. (2017). An investigation of the critical thinking dispositions of pre-service science teachers according to some variables. Gazi University Gazi Faculty of Education Journal, 37(2), 611-648.
- Young, A. & Fry, J. D. (2008). Metacognitive awareness and academic achievement in college students. Journal of the Scholarship of Teaching and Learning. 8(2), 1-10.