Résumés
Abstract
Statistically, Aboriginal peoples in Canada are over represented in prisons throughout the country (Hayman, 2006; Perreault, 2009; Rymhs, 2008; Waldram, 1997). While representatives from the Canadian government recognize that the Aboriginal incarceration rates are an issue (CBC, 2013; Perreault, 2009), they have failed to find a solution. A link has been found to demonstrate how an erosion of Aboriginal culture through the legacy of residential schools has contributed to the current inflated Aboriginal incarceration statistics (Waldram, 1997). As such, cultural healing in prisons may be a crucial factor to Aboriginal inmates’ rehabilitation. Cultural healing can be implemented in prisons by: providing inmates with access to Elders, allowing Elders to perform ceremonies, providing inmates with access to sacred medicines, and increasing the number of healing lodges and sacred circles.
Parties annexes
Bibliography
- Aboriginal Affairs and Northern Development Canada. (2013). First Nations in Canada: Part 1 – Early First Nations: The six main geographical groups. Retrieved from Aboriginal Affairs and Northern Development Canada website: http://www.aadnc-aandc.gc.ca/eng/1307460755710/1307460872523#chp1
- Aboriginal Healing Foundation. (2002). The healing has begun: An operational update from the Aboriginal Healing Foundation. Ottawa, ON: Aboriginal Healing Foundation.
- Blackburn, C. (2012). Culture loss and crumbling skulls: The problematic injury in residential school litigation. Political and Legal Anthropology Review, 35(2), 289-307.
- Bombay, A., Matheson, K., & Anisman, H. (2009). Intergenerational trauma: Convergence of multiple processes among first nations peoples in Canada. Journal of Aboriginal Health, 5(3), 6-47.
- Brennan, S. (2012). Police-reported crime statistics in Canada, 2011 (Statistics Canada Catalogue no. 85-002-X). Ottawa, ON: Ministry of Industry.
- Butler, T., Allnutt, S., Kariminia, A., & Cain, D. (2007). Mental health status of Aboriginal and non-Aboriginal Australian prisoners. Australian and New Zealand journal of psychiatry, 41(5), 429-435.
- Statistics Canada. (2011). Canada yearbook 2011: Aboriginal peoples (Statistics Canada Report no. 11-402-X). Retrieved from http://www.statcan.gc.ca/pub/11-402-x/2011000/chap/ap-pa/ap-pa-eng.htm
- Prison system failing Aboriginal inmates: Report. (2013, March 07). CBC News Manitoba. Retrieved from http://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/manitoba/story/2013/03/07/mb-canadian-prisons-inmates-aboriginal-winnipeg.html
- Champagne, D., K. Torjesen & S. Steiner (eds.) (2005). Indigenous Peoples and the Modern State. Walnut Creek, CA: AltaMira Press.
- Chansonneuve, D. (2007). Addictive behaviours among Aboriginal people in Canada. Ottawa, ON: Aboriginal Healing Foundation.
- Correctional Service of Canada. (2011, May 26). Commissioner’s Directive 566-9, “Searching of Inmates”. Retrieved from: http://www.csc-scc.gc.ca/text/plcy/cdshtm/b330-566-7-566-9-567-567-5-568-1-600-eng.shtml
- Correctional Service of Canada. (2011). Healing lodges for Aboriginal offenders. Retrieved December 24, 2013, from http://www.csc-scc.gc.ca
- Cox, D., Young, M., & Bairnsfather-Scott, A. (2009). No justice without healing: Australian aboriginal people and family violence. The Australian Feminist Law Journal, 30, 151-161.
- Duran, E. (2006). Healing the soul wound: Counseling with American Indians and other native peoples. New York, NY: Teachers College Press.
- Grosse, M. (2006, March 02). Prison youths shackled for sacred aboriginal ceremony. WestEnder, Torstar Syndication Services, a Division of Toronto Star Newspapers Limited. Retrieved from http://myaccess.library.utoronto.ca/login?url=http://search.proquest.com.myaccess.library.utoronto.ca/docview/372874629?accountid=14771
- Hayman, S. (2006). Imprisoning our sisters: The new federal women's prisons in Canada. Montreal & Kingston: McGill-Queen's University Press.
- Huber, C. (2010, Feb 11). William head inmates heal with aboriginal culture. Goldstream Gazette, p. 3
- Juntunen, C.J., Barraclough, D.J., Broneck, C.L., Seibel, G.A. Winrow, S.A., & Morin, P.M. (2001). American Indian perspective on the career journey. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 48, 274-285.
- Krieg, A. S. (2006). Aboriginal incarceration: health and social impacts. Medical Journal of Australia, 184(10), 534-536.
- Kirmayer, L., Simpson, C., & Cargo, M. (2003). Healing traditions: culture, community and mental health promotion with Canadian aboriginal peoples. Australianasian Psychiatry, 11, 15-23.
- LaPrairie, C. (1996). Examining Aboriginal corrections in Canada. Ottawa, ON: Ministry of Ministry of the Solicitor General. Retrieved from http://www.publicsafety.gc.ca/cnt/rsrcs/pblctns/xmnng-brgnl-crrctns/index-eng.aspx
- MacDonald, M., & Watson, L. (2001). Creating choices, changing lives: The transformation of women's corrections in Canada. Corrections Today, 63(1), 70-73, 127.
- Makin, K. (2012, Nov 20). Aboriginal sentencing rules ignored. The Globe and Mail. Retrieved from http://search.proquest.com/docview/1171334176?accountid=14771
- Martel, J., & Brassard, R. (2008). Painting the prison ‘red’: Constructing and experiencing Aboriginal identities in prison. British Journal of Social Work, 38, 340–361. doi: 10.1093/bjsw/bcl335
- Martel, J., Brassard, R., Jaccoud, M. (2011). When two worlds collide: Aboriginal risk management in Canadian Corrections. British Journal of Criminology, 51, 235-255.
- McCabe, G. (2008). Mind, body, emotions and spirit: reaching to the ancestors for healing. Counselling Psychology Quarterly 21(2), 143-152.
- McMaster, J. (2011, May 21). What can we do to keep aboriginals out of prison? The Merritt Herald. Retrieved from http://search.proquest.com/docview/867960777?accountid=14771
- Menzies, P. (2008). Developing an Aboriginal healing model for intergenerational trauma. International Journal of Health Promotion and Education, 46(2), 41-48.
- Milloy, J. S. (1999). A national crime: The Canadian government and the residential school system, 1879 to 1986. Winnipeg, MB: University of Manitoba Press.
- Nabigon, H. (2006). The hollow tree: Fighting addiction with traditional native healing. Montreal & Kingston: McGill-Queen's University Press.
- Nielsen, M. O. (2003). Canadian aboriginal healing lodges: A model for the United States? The Prison Journal, 83(1), 67-89. doi: 10.1177/0032885502250394
- Ommer, R.E. and team. (2007). Coasts under stress. Restructuring and social ecological health. Montreal, QC: McGill-Queen’s University Press.
- Perreault, S. (2009). The incarceration of Aboriginal people in adult correctional services (Statistics Canada Catalogue no. 85-002-X, Vol. 29, no. 3). Retrieved from http://www.statcan.gc.ca/pub/85-002-x/2009003/article/10903-eng.htm
- Preston, J. P., Cottrell, M., Pelletier, T. R., Pearce, J. V., (2011). Aboriginal early childhood education in Canada: Issues of context. Journal of Early Childhood Research 10(1), 3-18. doi: 10.1177/1476718X11402753
- Putt, J., Payne, J., & Milner, L. (2005). Indigenous male offending and substance abuse. Trends & Issues in crime and criminology, 293, 1-6. http://www.aic.gov.au/documents/0/A/F/%7B0AFA020F-FCE8-4759-94A9-35AB174B479E%7Dtandi293.pdf.
- Royal Commission on Aboriginal Peoples (RCAP). (1996). Looking forward, looking back – Report of the Royal Commission on Aboriginal Peoples, Volume 1. Ottawa, ON: Minister of Supply and Services Canada.
- Rugge, T. (2006). Risk assessment of male Aboriginal offenders: A 2006 perspective. Ottawa, ON: Public Safety and Preparedness Canada. Retrieved from https://www.publicsafety.gc.ca/cnt/rsrcs/pblctns/rsk-ssssmnt-ml/rsk-ssssmnt-ml-eng.pdf
- Rymhs, D. (2008). From the iron house: Imprisonment in first nations writing (2nd ed.). Waterloo, ON: Wilfrid Laurier University Press.
- Sanderson, J. L. (1991). Aboriginal pedagogy: An adult education paradigm. (Unpublished master’s. project). University of Saskatchewan, Regina, SK.
- Schissel, B., & Wotherspoon, T. (2003). The legacy of school for Aboriginal people: Education, oppression, and emancipation. Don Mills, ON: Oxford University Press.
- Stewart, S. & Marshall, A. (2011a). Traditional cultural perspectives and interventions for supporting Indigenous youth in employment: Work-life as mental health and healing. Paper presented at the Annual Native Mental Health Association Conference, Victoria, BC.
- Stewart, S. & Marshall, A. (2011b). Cultural Aspects? Contexts? for Emerging Adult Work-Life Narratives. Paper presented at the Emerging Adulthood Conference, Providence, RI, USA.
- Stewart, S., Elliott, N., Kidwai, A., & Hyatt, A. (2013). Aboriginal homelessness and mental health: Exploring the supports and challenges of Aboriginal peoples on the street. Research Presentation at Ontario Shores 2nd Annual Research Conference, Whitby, ON.
- Statistics Canada (2012). Educational obtainment and employment: Canada in an international context (Statistics Canada Catalogue no. 81-599-X — Issue no. 008). Retrieved from http://www.statcan.gc.ca/pub/81-599-x/81-599-x2012008-eng.htm
- Statistics Canada, (2013a). Aboriginal peoples in Canada: First nations people, Métis and Inuit (Statistics Canada Catalogue no. 99-011-X2011001). Retrieved from http://www12.statcan.gc.ca/nhs-enm/2011/as-sa/99-011-x/99-011-x2011001-eng.cfm
- Statistics Canada, (2013b). The educational attainment of Aboriginal peoples in Canada (Statistics Canada Catalogue no. 99-012-X2011003). Retrieved from http://www12.statcan.gc.ca/nhs-enm/2011/as-sa/99-012-x/99-012-x2011003_3-eng.cfm
- Thakker, J. (2013). The role of cultural factors in treatment. In L. A. Craig, L. Dixon & T. A. Gannon (Eds.), What works in offender rehabilitation: An evidence-based approach to assessment and treatment. (pp. 387-407). John Wiley & Sons, Oxford. doi: 10.1002/9781118320655.ch21
- Waldram, J. B. (1997). The way of the pipe: Aboriginal spirituality and symbolic healing in Canadian prisons. Peterborough, ON: Broadview Press.
- White, J., Maxim, P., & Gyimah, S. O. (2003). Labour force activity of women in Canada: A comparative analysis of Aboriginal and non-Aboriginal women. Canadian Review of Sociology and Anthropology, 40, 391-415.
- Wilson, G. (2002).Working together: Enhancing the role of Aboriginal communities in Federal corrections. Correctional Service of Canada. Retrieved December 26, 2013, from http://www.csc-scc.gc.ca/aboriginal/002003-3003-eng.shtml
- Yuen, F. (2008). Walking the Red Road: Aboriginal dederally sentenced women’s experiences in healing, empowerment, and re-creation. (Unpublished doctoral dissertation). University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON.