Résumés
Abstract
This article investigates the effects of the Soviet social engineering project and forced secularization in Central Asia. Emphasis is placed on the ideological foundations of Marxism-Leninism, its stance on atheism, its holistic character, and its ideological exclusivity. The article details the measures taken by authorities to eradicate religious beliefs during the seventy years of Soviet rule. Taking the case of Tajikistan, it highlights the remaining influence of Soviet policies on state-religion relations by reviewing the functions and responsibilities of current regulatory institutions as well as laws and official discourses framing religious practices.
Parties annexes
Bibliography
- Abdulgani, Abdulla. 1989. “Muslims in the conditions of glasnost, perestroika and new thoughts” (Musul’mane v uslovyax glastnosti, perestroika i novovo mishelnya). In Dimitri Efimovich Furman (ed.). Perestroika: Glastnost, Democracy, Socialism. On the Road to Freedom of Conscience (Perestroika: Glastnost, Democratiya, Socialism. Na puti k svobode sovesti). Moscow: Progress; 402-447.
- Abdullaev, Zafar. 2005. “Tajikistan: Referendum Result Controversy”. Institute of War and Peace Reporting. [http://iwpr.net/report-news/tajikistan-referendum-result-controversy] Accessed 20-06-2015.
- Agadjanian, Alexander. 2011. “Exploring Religiosity as a Source of Morality Today.” In Jarrett Zigon (ed). Multiple Moralities and Religions in Post-Soviet Russia. New York: Berghahn Books; 16-26.
- Adams, Laura L. 1999. “The Mascot Researcher. Identity, Power, and Knowledge in Fieldwork.” Journal of Contemporary Ethnography 28(4); 331-363.
- Asia Plus. 2010. “Rakhmonov: Pust’ vashix deteii uchat mully” (Rakhmonov: Send Your Children to Mullahs). September 17. [http://news.tj/en/node/1321] Accessed 20-06-2015.
- Babajanov, Bakhtiyar. 2000a. “Islam officiel contre Islam politique en Ouzbékistan aujourd’hui: la Direction des musulmans et les groupes non-hanafî.” Revue d’études comparatives Est-Ouest 31(3): 151-164.
- Babajanov, Bakhtiyar. 2000b. “Spiritual Muslim Board of Central Asia: Origin and Consequences of the Collapse” (Sredneazitaskoe Duxovnoe Upravlene Musul’man). In Martha Brill Olcott and Alexander Malashenko (eds). The Multidimensional Frontiers of Central Asia (Mnogomerne granitsy Tsentralnoii Azii). Moscow: Gendalf; 80-90.
- BBC Monitoring Service. 2007. “Tajik leader voices concern about ‘secret’ Islamic schools”. April 30. Source: Tajik Television First Channel, Dushanbe, in Tajik 0400 gmt April 30 2007.
- Bhargava, Rajeev, Bruce Berman and André Laliberté. 2013. “Something Got Lost in Translation: From ‘Secularism’ to “Separation between Politics and Religion’ in Taiwan”. In Berman Bruce J, Rajeev Bhargava and André Laliberté (Eds). Secular States and Religious Diversity. Vancouver: UBC Press; 205-231.
- Brill Olcott, Martha. 1994. “Central Asia’s Islamic Awakening”. Current History 93(582); 150-154.
- Brill Olcott, Martha. 2007. “Roots Of Radical Islam In Central Asia”, Carnegie Papers. Carnegie Endowment For International Peace n.77. Washington and Moscow: Carnegie Endowment for International Peace.
- Brill Olcott, Martha and Diyora Ziyaeva. 2008. “Islam in Uzbekistan: Religious Education and State Ideology.” Carnegie Papers. n.91. Washington and Moscow: Carnegie Endowment for International Peace.
- Bryanov, Valerii Arkadevich. 1986. The Atheistic Education of Students (Ateisticheskoe vospitane studentov). Moscow: High School Publications (Izdatelstvo Vyshaya Shkola).
- Cadiot, Juliette. 2007. Le laboratoire impérial: Russie-URSS 1860-1940. Paris: CNRS
- Carrère d’Encausse, Hélène. 1978. L'Empire éclaté: la révolte des nations en URSS. Paris: Flammarion.
- Codevilla, Giovanni. 1971. The Attitude of the Soviet State Towards Religion. Russia Cristiana: Milan.
- Corley, Felix. 2009. “Tajikistan: President signs repressive Religion Law”. Forum 18. March 26.[http://www.forum18.org/Archive.php?article_id=1274] Accessed 10-06-2013.
- DeWeese, Devin. 2002. “Islam and the Legacy of Sovietology: A Review Essay on Yaacov Ro’i’s Islam in the Soviet Union.” Journal of Islamic Studies 13(3); 298-330.
- Dudoignon, Stéphane. A. 2005. “From Ambivalence to Ambiguity? Some Paradigms of Policy Making in Tajikistan”. In Luigi De Martino (ed). Tajikistan at a Crossroad : the Politics of Decentralisation. Cimera Situation reports; 120-151.
- Epkenhans, Tim. 2010. “Muslims without Learning, Clergy without Faith: Institutions of Islamic Learning in the Republic of Tajikistan.” In Michael Kemper, Raoul Motika and Stefan Reichmuth (eds). Islamic Education in the Soviet Union and its Successor States. Edited by. New York: Routledge; 313-348.
- Fierman, William. 1991. Soviet Central Asia: The Failed Transformation. Boulder (CO): Westview Press.
- Fourniau, Vincent. 1994. Histoire de l’Asie centrale. Paris: PUF.
- Fox, Jonathan. 2011. “Separation of Religion and State and Secularism in Theory and in Practice”. Religion, State & Society 39(4); 384-401.
- Gellner, Ernest. 1991. “Islam and Marxism: Some Comparisons.” International Affairs 67(1); 1-6.
- Gellner, Ernest. 2008. Nations and Nationalism. Ithaca (NY): Cornell University Press.
- Haghayeghi, Mehrdad. 1994. “Islamic Revival in the Central Asian Republics.” Central Asian Survey 13(2), 249-266.
- Husband, William B. 2000. “Godless Communists” Atheism and Society in Soviet Russia 1917-1932. De Kalb (IL): Northern Illinois University Press.
- International Crisis Group (ICG). 2003. “Central Asia: Islam and the State”. ICG Asia Report. n.59. [www.crisisgroup.org/en/regions/asia/central-asia/059-central-asia-islam-and-the-state.aspx] Accessed 20-06-2015.
- Isazade, Fardin. 2013. “Shafig Pshihachev: “Our goal - the consolidation of Muslims in the post-Soviet space”” (Shafig Pshikhachev: “Nasha tsel' - konsolidatsiya musul'man na postsovetskom prostranstve”). Islam.az. April 29. [http://islam.az/news/a-13529.html] Accessed 20-06-2015.
- Islam News. 2015. “The building of the Islamic gymnasium given to the Pedagogical University residences” (Zdaniye Islamskoy gimnazii peredano pod obshchezhitiye Peduniversiteta). June 18. [http://islamnews.tj/tajikistan/1161-zdanie-islamskoy-gimnazii-peredano-pod-obschezhitie-peduniversiteta.html] Accessed 20-06-2015.
- Karagiannis, Emmanuel. 2006. “The Challenge of Radical Islam in Tajikistan: Hizb ut-Tahrir al-Islami”. Nationalities Papers 34(1); 1-20.
- Karagiannis, Emmanuel. 2010. Political Islam in Central Asia: The challenge of Hizb ut-Tahrir. New York: Routledge.
- Kenez, Peter. 1985. The Birth of the Propaganda State: Soviet Methods of Mass Mobilizations, 1917-1929. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
- Keller, Soshana. 2001. To Moscow Not Mecca: the Soviet Campaign Against Islam in Central Asia, 1917-1941. Westport (CT): Praeger Publishers.
- Khamadov, Sulmon and Muzaffar Olimov. 2003. “Informal Leaders in Central Asian Countries: Who will the new leaders be?” (Neformalnoe liderstvo v stranax Tsentralnoi Azii: kakimi budut novie vojdi). In Muzaffar Olimov and Saodat Olimova (eds). Muslim Leaders: Social Role and Legitimacy (Musul’manskie lideri: sotsialnaya rol i avtoritet). Dushanbe: Sharq Research Center; 47-53.
- Kurochkin, P.K. 1983. “The Creative Role of the Scientific and Materialist Atheistic Weltanschauung in Moulding a New Type of Man” In S.C Dube and V.N Basilov (eds). Secularization in Multi-Religious Societies. Naurang Rai: New Delhi; 141-149.
- Lane, Christel. 1984. “Legitimacy and Power in the Soviet Union through Socialist Ritual.” British Journal of Political Science 14(2); 207-217.
- Lenin, Vlamidir Illich. 1977. “The Three Sources and Three Component Parts of Marxism” [1913]. Lenin’s Collected Works 19. Moscow: Progress Publishers; 21-28. [http://www.marxists.org/archive/lenin/works/1913/mar/x01.html] Accessed 10-06-2013.
- Louw, Maria Elizabeth. 2007. Everyday Islam in Post-Soviet Central Asia. New York: Routledge.
- Luehrmann, Sonja. 2011. Secularism-Soviet Style. Teaching Atheism and Religion in a Volga Republic. Bloomington (IN): Indiana University Press.
- Marsh, Christopher. 2010. Religion and the State in Russia and China. Suppression, Survival, and Revival. London: Continuum.
- Massell, Gregory J. 1974. The Surrogate Proletariat: Moslem Women and Revolutionary Strategies in Soviet Central Asia, 1919-1929. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
- Mirsaidov, Khairullo, Tilav Rasul-Zoda and Turko Dikaev. 2010. “Student’s return – a political issue?’’ (Vozrashenie studentov – Vorpos politicheskii?) Asia Plus. November 28. [http://www.centrasia.ru/newsA.php?st=1291175400] Accessed 20-06-2015.
- Myer, Will. 2001. Islam and Colonialism: Western Perspectives on Central Asia. London: Routledge.
- Najibulla, Farangis. 2010. “Tajiks Stopped from Traveling to Iran, Pakistan for Religious Courses”. Radio Free Europe News/Radio Liberty. September 08. [http://www.rferl.org/content/Tajiks_Stopped_From_Traveling_to_Iran_Pakistan_For_Religious_Courses/2152337.html] Accessed 20-06-2015.
- Naumkin, Vitaly. 2005. Radical Islam in Central Asia: Between Pen and Rifle. Oxford: Rowman & Littlefield.
- Northrop, Douglas Taylor. 2004. Veiled Empire: Gender and Power in Stalinist Central Asia. Ithaca (NY): Cornell University Press.
- Olimova, Saodat. 2000. “Islam and the Tajik Conflict.” In Roald Sagdeev and Susan Eisenhower (eds). Islam and Central Asia: An Enduring Legacy or an Evolving Threat? Washington: Center for Political and Strategic Studies; 59-71.
- Ozod, Musafirbek. 2009. “Muhiddin Kabiri: too many limitations in the law on religion”. (Muhiddin Kabiri: V novom zakone o religii slishkom mnogo ogranichenii). Ferghana News. March 16. [http://www.ferghana.ru/article.php?id=6097] Accessed 20-06-2015.
- Peyrouse, Sébastien. 2003. Des chrétiens entre athéisme et islam: regards sur la question religieuse en Asie central soviétique et post-soviétique. Paris: Maisonneuve et Larose.
- Poliakov, Sergei P. 1992. Everyday Islam: Religion and Tradition in Rural Central Asia. Armonk (NY): M.E. Sharpe.
- Pospielovsky, Dimitry V. 1987. A History of Marxist-Leninist Atheism and Soviet Antireligious policies. London: Macmillan Press.
- Poujol, Catherine. 2005. “Islam in Post-Soviet Central Asia: Democracy Versus Justice?” In Irina Morozova (ed.) Towards Social Stability and Democratic Governance in Central Eurasia. Amsterdam: IOS Press; 50-66.
- Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty. 2006. “Tajik President Creates Opposition-Free Government”. December 06.
- Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty. 2011. “Tajiks Who Studied Abroad Face Criminal Charges ”. August 19. [http://www.rferl.org/content/tajiks_who_studied_abroad_face_criminal_charges/24301913.html] Accessed 20-06-2015.
- Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty. 2013. “Five Of Six Legally-Run Tajik Madrasahs Suspended”. July 12. [www.rferl.org/content/tajikistan-madrasahs-closed/25044410.html] Accessed 10-06-2015.
- Rafiyeva, Mavlouda. 2011. “Madrasah” operation ends up in northern Tajikistan”. Asia Plus. June 17. [http://news.tj/en/news/madrasah-operation-ends-northern-tajikistan]. Accessed 20-06-2015.
- Rahmon, Emomali. 2007. “Address of the President of the Republic of Tajikistan Emomali Rahmon at the Public Gathering on Regulating National Customs and Religious Rituals”. May 24. [http://www.prezident.tj/rus/vistupleniy240507.htm] Broken link.
- Rasanayagam, Johan. 2011. Islam in Post-Soviet Uzbekistan. The Morality of Experience. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
- Rosenbaum, Yuri Alexandrovich. 1985. The Soviet State and the Church (Sovetskoe gosudarstvo i tserkov). Moscow: Nauka.
- Ro’i, Yacoov. 2000. Islam in the Soviet Union. New York: Columbia University Press.
- Roy, Olivier. 2001. L’Asie centrale contemporaine. Paris: Presses Universitaires de France.
- Rywkin, Michael. 1982. Moscow's Muslim Challenge: Soviet Central Asia. Armonk (NY): M.E. Sharpe.
- Scott, James C. 1985. Weapons of the Weak: Everyday Forms of Peasant Resistance. New Haven (CT): Yale University Press.
- Skazkin, Serguei Danilovich (ed). 1968. The Atheist’s Handbook (Nastolnaya kniga ateista). Moscow: Izdatelstvo Politicheskoii Literatury (Political Literature Publishing).
- Suny, Ronald Grigor. 2012. “The Contradictions of Identity: Being Soviet and National in the USSR and after”. In Mark Bassin and Catriona Kelly (eds). Soviet and Post-Soviet Identities. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
- Thibault, Hélène. 2013. “The Secular and the Religious in Tajikistan: Contested Political Spaces.” Studies in Religion/Études religieuses 42(2): 173-189.
- Todzhiddinov, Ahmadali. 2011. “Where are the students who returned from Islamic countries?” (Kuda delis Studenty vernuvshiesya iz Islamkix stran) Asia Plus. September 29 [http://www.news.tj/ru/news/kuda-delis-studenty-vernuvshiesya-iz-islamskikh-stran] Accessed 20-06-2015.
- Wanner, Catherine. 2011. “Multiple Moralities, Multiple Secularisms.” In Jarrett Zigon (ed). Multiple Moralities and Religions in Post-Soviet Russia. New York: Berghahn Books, p. 214-225.
- Zigon, Jarrett (ed). 2011. Multiple Moralities and Religions in Post-Soviet Russia. New York: Berghahn Books.
- Yuldashev, Avaz. 2011. “The Law on Parental Responsibility Came Into Force in Tajikistan” (V Tadzhikistane v silu vstupil zakon ob otvetstvennosti roditeleii). Asia Plus. August 06. [http://news.tj/ru/news/v-tadzhikistane-v-silu-vstupil-zakon-ob-otvetstvennosti-roditelei] Accessed 20-06-2015.
- Yurchak, Alexei. 2003. “Soviet Hegemony of Form: Everything Was Forever, until It Was No More”. Comparative Studies in Society and History 45(3): 480-510.