Résumés
Abstract
In this paper, up to twenty-eight new Yukaghir etymologies are described as Eskimo borrowings into the Yukaghir languages and dialects of far northeastern Siberia, with phonological and semantic considerations for each suggestion. These findings provide new insights into the historical phonology of these ancient borrowings as well as fairly clear etymologies for a number of isolated Yukaghir words. The chronology of the borrowings is also considered, and various factors reveal two different competing hypotheses: the Yukaghir correspondences have either resulted from chronologically different borrowing layers through the ages, or the correspondences actually represent the remnants of an ancient genetic language affiliation between the two, a hypothesis supported by the very divergent phonological shapes and semantics of the correspondences. It is argued that the Eskimo correspondences are invariably of the Yup’ik variety (instead of the Inuit variety), and that Yup’ik language(s) were spoken in much earlier times around the Kolyma River, where Yukaghir is still spoken, and in particular close to the Tundra Yukaghirs. The semantic categorization of the borrowings places most of them as elementary phenomena, actions, and perceptions, and if not actually describing an actual genetic language relationship, this at least suggests very intense linguistic contacts between Yup’ik and Yukaghir under bi- or multi-lingual conditions, such as through tribal marriages and where code-switching was the norm for generations.
Keywords:
- Lexical borrowing,
- Eskimo-Aleut,
- Yup’ik,
- Inuit,
- Yukaghir,
- language contact,
- genetic language affiliation
Résumé
Dans cet article, jusqu’à vingt-huit nouvelles étymologies de youkaguir sont décrites comme des emprunts esquimaux dans les langues et dialectes youkaguirs de l’extrême nord-est de la Sibérie, avec des considérations phonologiques et sémantiques pour chaque suggestion. Ces résultats apportent de nouvelles perspectives sur la phonologie historique de ces emprunts anciens et fournissent des étymologies assez claires pour un certain nombre de mots youkaguirs isolés. La chronologie des emprunts est également considérée, et divers facteurs pointent vers deux hypothèses concurrentes différentes: les correspondances de youkaguir sont soit le résultat de couches d’emprunt chronologiquement différentes à travers les âges, soit les correspondances représentent en fait les vestiges d’une ancienne affiliation de langage génétique entre les deuxièmement, une hypothèse étayée par les formes phonologiques et la sémantique très divergentes des correspondances youkaguir. On fait valoir que les correspondances esquimaudes sont invariablement de la variété yupik (au lieu de la variété inuit), et que la ou les langues yupik étaient parlées beaucoup plus tôt autour de la rivière Kolyma où youkaguir est actuellement encore parlé, puis en particulier la proximité des youkaguirs de la toundra. La catégorisation sémantique des emprunts se place surtout en tant que phénomènes, actions et perceptions élémentaires, et si elle ne décrit pas réellement une véritable relation de langage génétique, cela suggère au moins des contacts linguistiques très intenses pour le yupik et le yukaghir dans des conditions bilingues ou multilingues susceptibles avec le mariage tribal et où le changement de code était la norme depuis des générations.
Mots-clés :
- Emprunt lexical,
- Esquimau-Aléout,
- yupik,
- inuit,
- youkaguir,
- contact linguistique,
- affiliation génétique
Parties annexes
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