Résumés
Abstract
In the decades following the 1988 Nome-Provideniya Friendship Flight that marked the beginning of a “thaw” in US-USSR Cold War politics, the Bering Strait region has been the site of continuous exchanges between the Indigenous communities of Chukotka and Alaska. Ranging from relatively small family reunions to regional multi-community events, these bilateral transcontinental gatherings have facilitated the sharing of Indigenous knowledge, languages, and expressive culture—all reflected in present-day ideas and practices surrounding food. Envisioning the Bering Food Bridge as both a metaphor and a model for exploring culture and cuisine, this article employs a synergistic framework of anthropological and artistic research to offer an ethnographic excursion into the contemporary foodways in the Yupik, Inupiaq, and Chukchi communities in the region of the Bering Strait.
Keywords:
- Arctic,
- Bering Strait,
- foodways,
- aesthetics,
- Yupiget,
- Inupiat,
- Chukchi
Résumé
Dans les décennies qui ont suivi le « Vol de l’amitié » Nome-Provideniya de 1988 qui a marqué le début d’un « dégel » dans la politique de la guerre froide entre les États-Unis et l’URSS, la région du détroit de Béring a été le lieu d’échanges continus entre les communautés autochtones de Tchoukotka et d’Alaska. Allant de réunions de famille relativement petites à des événements multicommunautaires régionaux, ces rassemblements transcontinentaux ont facilité le partage bilatéral de connaissances, de langues et de formes de culture expressive autochtones, le tout reflété dans les idées et les pratiques actuelles entourant la nourriture. Envisageant le « Bering Food Bridge » (ou « pont culinaire de Béring ») à la fois comme une métaphore et un modèle d’exploration de la culture et de la cuisine, cet article combine approche anthropologique et approche artistique et offre l’occasion d’une excursion ethnographique au sein des habitudes alimentaires contemporaines des communautés yupik, inupiaq et tchouktches de la région du détroit de Béring.
Mots-clés:
- Arctique,
- Détroit de Béring,
- modes alimentaires,
- esthétique,
- Yupiget,
- Inupiat,
- Tchoutkches
Аннотация
На протяжении десятилетий, после дружественного рейса Ном-Провидения в 1988 году, ознаменовавшего начало «оттепели» в политике США и СССР времен Холодной войны, район Берингова пролива был местом постоянных обменов между коренными общинами Чукотки и Аляски. Эти двусторонние трансконтинентальные встречи, начиная от относительно небольших семейных воссоединений и заканчивая региональными многопрофильными мероприятиями, способствовали обмену знаний, языков и самобытной культуры коренных народов региона. Все это также отражено в современных идеях и практиках, связанных с традиционной пищей. Рассматривая «Берингов пищевой мост» как метафору и модель для изучения культуры и кухни, данная статья использует синергетическую основу антропологических и эстетических исследований, совершая этнографический экскурс в современную кулинарию среди эскимосов-юпик, инупиаков и чукчей в регионе Берингова пролива.
Ключевые слова:
- Арктика,
- Берингов пролив,
- еда,
- эстетика,
- эскимосы-юпик,
- инупиаты,
- чукчи
Parties annexes
References
- Adapon, Joy, 2008 Culinary Art and Anthropology. Berg Publishers.
- Bemuth, Basheba, 2019 Floating Coast: An Environmental History of the Bering Strait. W.W. Norton.
- Bogoras, Waldemar, 1904-09 The Chukchee. Leiden: E. J. Brill Ltd./New York: G. E. Stechert.
- Burch, Ernest S., 2013 “The Nonempirical Environment of the Arctic Alaskan Eskimos, 1971.” In Inupiaq Ethnohistory: Selected Essays by Ernest S. Burch, Jr., edited by E. Hill, 41–58. Fairbanks: University of Alaska Press.
- Coote, Jeremy, 1994 “‘Marvels of Everyday Vision’: The Anthropology of Aesthetics and the Cattle-Keeping Nilotes.” In Anthropology, Art, and Aesthetics: Oxford Studies in the Anthropology of Cultural Forms, edited by J. Coote and A. Shelton, 245–73. Oxford: Clarendon Press.
- Dohmen, Renate, 2013 “Towards a Cosmopolitan Criticality? Relational Aesthetics, Rirkrit Tiravanija and Transnational Encounters with Pad Thai.” Open Art Journal 1: 35–46.
- Douglas, Mary, 1972 “Deciphering a Meal.” Daedalus 101 (1): 61–81.
- Dudarev, Alexei, Valery Chupakhin, Sergei Vlasov, and Sveta Yamin-Pasternak, 2019a “Traditional Diet and Environmental Contaminants in Coastal Chukotka II: Legacy POP.” International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 16: 695.
- Dudarev, Alexei, Valery Chupakhin, Sergei Vlasov, and Sveta Yamin-Pasternak, 2019b “Traditional Diet and Environmental Contaminants in Coastal Chukotka III: Metals.” International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 16: 699.
- Dudarev, Alexei, Sveta Yamin-Pasternak, Igor Pasternak, and Valery Chupakhin, 2019c “Traditional Diet and Environmental Contaminants in Coastal Chukotka I: Study Design and Dietary Patterns.” International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 16: 702.
- Dudarev, Alexei, Sveta Yamin-Pasternak, Igor Pasternak, and Valery Chupakhin, 2019d “Traditional Diet and Environmental Contaminants in Coastal Chukotka IV: Recommended Intake Criteria.” International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 16: 692.
- Efva, Lilja, 2015 Art, Research, and Empowerment: On the Artist as Researcher. Stockholm: Elandes Sweden.
- Huntington, Henry, Richard Sr Binder, Robert Comeau, Lene Kielsen Holm, Vera Metcalf, Toku Oshima, Carla SimsKatoyotuk, and Eduard Zdor, 2020a “Crossroads of Continents and Modern Boundaries: An Introduction to Inuit and Chukchi Experiences in the Bering Strait, Beaufort Sea, and Baffin Bay.” Water 12: 1808.
- Huntington, Henry, Chie Sakakibara, George Noongwook, Nicole Kanayurak, Valery Skhauge, Eduard Zdor, Sandra Inutiq, and Bjarne Lyberth, 2020b “Whale Hunting in Indigenous Arctic Cultures.” In The Bowhead Whale: Balaena Mysticetus: Biology and Human Interactions, edited by J. C. ‘Craig’ George and J. G. M. ‘Hans’ Thewissen, 501–515. Cambridge, MA: Academic Press.
- Jolles, Carol Zane, 2002 Faith, Food, and Family in a Yupik Whaling Community. Seattle: University of Washington Press.
- Kazmierski, Katie, 2019 Nome Museum Exhibit Embraces New and Old Native Food Traditions. https://www.knba.org/post/nome-museum-exhibit-embraces-new-and-old-native-food-traditions.
- Kerttula, Anna Marie, 2000 Antler on the Sea: Yupik and Chukchi of the Russian Far East. Cornell University Press.
- Krauss, Michael, Gary Holton, Jim Kerr, and Colin T. West, 2011 Indigenous Peoples and Languages of Alaska. Fairbanks and Anchorage: Alaska Native Language Center and UAA Institute of Social and Economic Research. https://www.uaf.edu/anla/map
- Krupnik, Igor, 1993 Arctic Adaptations: Native Whalers and Reindeer Herders of Northern Eurasia. Hanover, NH: University Press of New England [for] Dartmouth College.
- Krupnik, Igor, and Michael Chlenov, 2013 Yupik Transitions: Change and Survival at Bering Strait, 1900-1960. University of Alaska Fairbanks.
- Krupnik, Igor, and Nikolai Vakhtin, 1997 “Indigenous Knowledge in Modern Culture: Siberian Yupik Ecological Legacy in Transition.” Arctic Anthropology 34 (1): 236–252.
- Lantis, Margaret, 1984 “Aleut.” In Arctic, vol. 5 of Handbook of North American Indians, edited by W. C. Sturtevant and D. Damas, 161–184. Washington: Smithsonian Institution.
- Lévi-Strauss, Claude, 1969 The Raw and the Cooked. New York: Harper & Row.
- Lévi-Strauss, Claude, 1978 “A Short Treatise on Culinary Anthropology.” In The Origin of Table Manners, edited by C. Levi-Strauss, 471–495. University of Chicago Press.
- Lincoln, Amber, 2010 “Body Techniques of Health: Making Products and Shaping Selves in Northwest Alaska.” Études Inuit Studies 34 (2): 39–59.
- Lincoln, Amber, 2011 Things of Use, Things of Life: Coordinating Lives through Material Practices of Northwest Alaska. PhD diss., University of Aberdeen.
- Lincoln, Amber, 2019 “The Art of Hunting: Coordinating Subsistence Laws with Alaska Native Harvesting Practices.” Arctic Anthropology 56 (2): 27–38.
- Lincoln, Amber, 2020 “Harnessing Weather in Arctic Livelihoods.” In Arctic: Culture and Climate, edited by A. Lincoln, J. Cooper, and J. P. Laurens Loovers, 102–131. London: The Trustees of the British Museum/Thames & Hudson Ltd.
- Mason, James, 2019 “New Museum Exhibit Looks at Food as Art.” Nome Nugget, July 18, 7.
- Melnikov, Vladimir, and Eduard Zdor, 2018 “Observations of Bowhead Whales Along the Northern Chukotka Peninsula 2010–2012 with Comparisons to 1994–1996 and 2002–2005.” Journal of Cetacean Research and Management 18: 81–91.
- Mintz, Sidney, 2011 “The Absent Third: The Place of Fermentation in a Thinkable World Food System.” In Cured, Fermented and Smoked Foods. Proceedings of the Oxford Symposium on Food and Cookery, edited by H. Saberi, 13–29. Totnes, England: Prospect.
- Nelson, Edward William, 1983 [1899] The Eskimo About Bering Strait. Washington: Smithsonian Institution Press.
- O’Neill, Dan, 2005 The Last Giant of Beringia: The Mystery of the Bering Land Bridge. New York: Basic Books.
- Pasternak, Igor, and Sveta Yamin-Pasternak, 2019 Aging with Change: Food Arts in the Bering Strait. Exhibition, Carrie M. McLain Memorial Museum, Nome, Alaska, July-November, 2019.
- Ray, Dorothy Jean, 1975 The Eskimos of Bering Strait, 1650–1898. Seattle: University of Washington Press.
- Ramseur, David, 2017 Melting the Ice Curtain: The Extraordinary Story of Citizen Diplomacy on the Russia-Alaska Frontier. University of Alaska Press.
- Rozin, Elizabeth, 1983 Ethnic Cuisine: The Flavor Principle Cookbook. Brattleboro, VT: Stephen Greene Press.
- Schweitzer, Peter P., and Evgeniy V. Golovko, 1995 “Traveling Between Continents: The Social Organization of Interethnic Contacts Across Bering Strait.” Anthropology of East Europe Review 13 (2): 50–55.
- Schweitzer, Peter P., and Evgeniy V. Golovko, 1997 “Local Identities and Traveling Names: Interethnic Aspects of Personal Naming in the Bering Strait Area.” Arctic Anthropology 34 (1): 167–180.
- Starks, Zona Spray, 2007 “Arctic Foodways and Contemporary Cuisine.” Gastronomica 7 (1): 41–49.
- Starks, Zona Spray, 2011 “Drying and Fermenting in the Arctic: Dictating Women’s Roles in Alaska’s Inupiat Culture.” In Cured, Fermented and Smoked Foods. Proceedings of the Oxford Symposium on Food and Cookery 2010, edited by H. Saberi, 302–311. Totnes, England: Prospect.
- Steinacher, Sue, 2004 “We Share the Same Sky.” Severnye Prostory [Northern Expanses] 10: 150–153.
- Wiest, Mark, and Bill Schindler, 2011 “Remembering Lessons from the Past: Fermentation and the Restructuring of our Food System.” In Cured, Fermented and Smoked Foods. Proceedings of the Oxford Symposium on Food and Cookery, edited by H. Saberi, 376–385. Totnes: Prospect.
- Yamin-Pasternak, Sveta, 2007a How the Devils Went Deaf: Ethnomycology, Cuisine, and Perception of Landscape in the Russian North. PhD diss., University of Alaska Fairbanks.
- Yamin-Pasternak, Sveta, 2007b “From Disgust to Desire: Changing Attitudes Toward Beringian Fungi.” Economic Botany 62 (3): 214–222.
- Yamin-Pasternak, Sveta, 2007c “An Ethnomycological Approach to Land Use Values in Chukotka.” Études Inuit Studies 31 (1–2): 121–141.
- Yamin-Pasternak, Sveta, 2009 “A Day that Feeds a Year: Ethnography of Mushrooming in the Russian Arctic.” Fungi 2 (2): 42–58.
- Yamin-Pasternak, Sveta, 2011 “Ethnomycology: Mushrooms in Cultural Entanglements.” In Ethnobiology, a Textbook, edited by E. N. Anderson, D. Pearsall, E. Hunn, and N. Turner, 213–230. Hoboken, NJ: Wiley Blackwell Publishers.
- Yamin-Pasternak, Sveta, Andrew Kliskey, Lilian Alessa, Igor Pasternak, and Peter Schweitzer, 2014 “The Rotten Renaissance in the Bering Strait: Loving, Loathing, and Washing the Smell of Foods with a (Re)Acquired Taste.” Current Anthropology 55 (5): 619–645.
- Yamin-Pasternak, Sveta, and Igor Pasternak, 2021 “Seeing Tundra for the Plants: On the Eco-Spiritual of Arctic Vegetation.” Social Compass. https://doi.org/10.1177/00377686211043693.
- Yamin-Pasternak, Sveta, Peter Schweitzer, Igor Pasternak, Andrew Kliskey, and Lilian Alessa, 2017 “A Cup of Tundra: Ethnography of Thirst and Water in the Bering Strait.” In Meanings and Values of Water in Russian Culture, edited by J. Costlow and A. Rosenholm, 117–136. Abingdon: Routledge.
10.7202/1003911ar