Résumés
Résumé
De nombreux locuteurs de la langue inuit à Iqaluit (Nunavut) expriment le désir que la situation linguistique évolue idéalement vers un bilinguisme stable. Néanmoins, les efforts de promotion de la langue inuit n’infléchissent pas nettement la dynamique de perte de la langue dans la capitale du territoire. Étudier le rôle de l’écriture dans la recherche de ce bilinguisme stable permet une meilleure compréhension des choix langagiers chez les locuteurs bilingues. Les attitudes des locuteurs montrent que pour consolider la transmission intergénérationnelle il faut prendre en compte une tendance à la marginalisation de l’écrit en langue inuit au quotidien.
Abstract
Many speakers of the Inuit language in Iqaluit (Nunavut) wish for an evolution of the current linguistic situation towards an ideal situation of stable bilingualism. However, efforts at promoting the Inuit language do not clearly challenge the dynamics of language loss in the capital of the territory. An inquiry about the role of literacy in the search for stable bilingualism allows for a better understanding of language choices among bilingual speakers. The attitudes of the speakers show that in order to strengthen intergenerational transmission one must take into account a tendency to marginalise Inuit language literacy in daily life.
Parties annexes
Références
- alia, Valérie, 1999 Un/Covering the North. News, Media, and Aboriginal People, Vancouver, University of British Columbia Press.
- AYLWARD, Lynn, 2007 Discourses of Cultural Relevance in Nunavut Schooling, Journal of Research in Rural Education 22(7): 1-9.
- BARR-TELFORD, Lynn et al., 2003 Miser sur nos compétences: Résultats canadiens de l'Enquête internationale sur l'alphabétisation et les compétences des adultes, Ottawa, Statistique Canada, Ressources humaines et Développement des compétences Canada, 89-617-XIF.
- BENJAMIN, Rebbeca, Regis PECOS et Mary Eunice ROMERO, 1996 Language Revitalization Efforts in the Pueblo de Cochiti: Becoming “Literate” in an Oral Society, in Nancy H. Hornberger (dir.), Indigenous Literacies in the Americas, The Hague, Mouton de Gruyter: 115-136.
- Bielenberg, Brian, 1999 Indigenous Language Codification: Cultural Effects, in Jon Reynher, Gina Cantoni, Robert N. St. Clair et Evangeline Parsons Yazzie (dir.) Revitalizing Indigenous Languages, Flagstaff, Northern Arizona University: 103-122.
- Bodenhorn, Barbara, 1997 “People who are like our books”: Reading and Teaching on the North Slope of Alaska, Arctic Anthropology, 34(1): 117-134.
- BOUGIE, Evelyne, Stephen C. WRIGHT et Donald M. TAYLOR, 2003 Early Heritage-Language Education and the Abrupt Shift to a Dominant-language Classroom: Impact on the Personal and Collective Esteem of Inuit Children in Arctic Québec, International Journal of Bilingual Education and Bilingualism, (6)5: 349-373.
- Crockatt, Kim et Suzanne SMYTHE, n.d. Building Culture and Community: Family and Community Literacy Partnerships in Canada’s North, (en ligne à www.nunavutliteracy.ca).
- Daveluy, Michelle et Jenanne FERGUSON, sous presse Scripted Urbanity in the Canadian North, Journal of Linguistic Anthropology, 19(1).
- Dauenhauer, Richard et Nora Marks DAUENHAUER, 1995 Oral Literature Embodied and Disembodied, in U.M. Quasthoff (dir.), Aspects of Oral Communication, Berlin, Walter de Gruyter: 91-111.
- Dorais, Louis-Jacques, 1996 La Parole Inuit. Langue, culture et société dans l’Arctique nord-américain, Paris, Peeters/Selaf.
- Dorais, Louis-Jacques, 2006a Inuit Discourse and Identity after the Advent of Nunavut, rapport de recherche non publié, Québec, Université Laval, CIÉRA.
- Dorais, Louis-Jacques, 2006b Discours et identité à Iqaluit après l’avènement du Nunavut, Études/ Inuit/Studies, 30(2): 163-189.
- DORAIS, Louis-Jacques et Igor KRUPNIK, 2005 La préservation des langues et des savoirs du Nord, Études/Inuit/Studies, 29(1-2): 5-16.
- DORAIS, Louis-Jacques et Susan SAMMONS, 2002 Language in Nunavut, Discourse and Identity in the Baffin Region, Iqaluit, Nunavut Arctic College et Québec, GÉTIC.
- Duranti, Alessandro et Elinor OCHS, 1986 Literacy Instruction in a Samoan Village, in B.B. Schieffelin et P. Gilmore (dir.), The Acquisition of Literacy: Ethnographic Perspectives, Norwood, Ablex: 213-232.
- Errington, Joseph, 2001 Colonial Linguistics, Annual Review of Anthropology, 30: 19-39.
- FREEMAN, Kate, Arlene STAIRS, Evelyn CORBIERE et Dorothy LAZORE, 1995 Ojibwe, Mohawk and Inuktitut alive and well? Issues of identity, ownership and change, Bilingual Research Journal, 19(1): 39-69.
- FERGUSON, Charles. A., 1959 Diglossia, Word, 15: 325-340.
- Finnegan, Ruth, 1988 Literacy and Orality. Studies in the Technology of Communication, Oxford et New York, Basil Blackwell.
- FISHMAN, Joshua, 1991 Reversing Language Shift, Clevedon, Multilingual Matters
- FISHMAN, Joshua (dir.), 2001 Can threatened languages be saved?, Clevedon, Multilingual Matters.
- Fogwill, Lynn, 1994 Literacy: A Critical Element in the Survival of Aboriginal Languages, in J.-P. Hautecoeur (dir.), Alpha 94: Literacy and Cultural Development Strategies in Rural Areas, Toronto, Culture Concepts: 229-246.
- GEDALOF, Robin, 1979 An Annotated Bibliography of Canadian Inuit Literature, Ottawa, Indian and Northern Affairs Canada.
- Government of Nunavut and NUNAVUT TUNNGAVIK, 2007 Nunavut Adult Learning Strategy, Iqaluit, Government of Nunavut, Department of Education.
- GRENOBLE, Lenore A. et Lindsay G. Whaley, 2006 Saving Languages. An Introduction to Language Revitalization, New York, Cambridge University Press.
- HARPER, Kenn, 1983 Writing in Inuktitut: an Historical Perspective, Inuktitut, septembre: 3-32.
- HARPER, Kenn, 1985 The Early Development of Inuktitut Syllabic Orthography, Études/ Inuit/Studies, 9(1): 141-162.
- HARPER, Kenn, 2000 Inuit Writing Systems in Nunavut, in Dahl et al. (dir.), Nunavut : Inuit regain control of their lands and their lives, Copenhague, IWGIA: 154-169.
- HITCH, Doug, 1993 Inuktitut Syllabics and Microcomputers, Meta, 38(1): 56-72.
- Hornberger, Nancy H. (dir.), 1996 Indigenous Literacies in the Americas, The Hague, Mouton de Gruyter.
- Krupnik, Igor, 2005 “When our words are put to paper.” Heritage documentation and reversing knowledge shift in the Bering Strait region, Études/Inuit/Studies, 29(1-2): 67-90.
- LAUGRAND, Frédéric, 2002a Mourir et renaître. La réception du christianisme par les Inuit de l’Arctique de l’Est canadien, Québec, Les Presses de l’Université Laval.
- LAUGRAND, Frédéric, 2002b Écrire pour prendre la parole. Conscience historique, mémoires d’aînés et régimes d’historicité au Nunavut, Anthropologie et Sociétés, 26(2-3): 91-116.
- LEAP, William L., 1991 Pathways and Barriers to Indian Language Literacy-Building on the Northern Ute Reservation, Anthropology and Education Quarterly, 22(1): 21-41.
- LEWIS, Alison et Louis-Jacques DORAIS, 2003 Two Related Indigenous Writing Systems: Canada's Syllabic and China's A-HMAO Scripts, Canadian Journal of Native Studies, 23(2): 277-304.
- McGRATH, Robin, 1991 Atuaqnik: The Duration and Demise of a Native Newspaper, Native Studies Review, 7(1): 94-102
- Mignolo, Walter D., 1992 On the Colonization of Amerindian Languages and Memories, Comparative Studies in Society and History, 34(2): 301-330.
- Morgan, Mindy J., 2002 Alternating Literacies : An Ethnohistorical Examination of Literacy Ideologies on the Fort Belknap Indian Reservation, Montana, Thèse de doctorat, Indiana University, Bloomington.
- NuNAVUT BUREAU OF STATISTICS/NunavumMit kiglisiniartiit, 2002 Language Data from the 2001 Household Survey. A Presentation prepared by the Nunavut Bureau of Statistics. Government of Nunavut, Nunavut Bureau of Statistics.
- NuNAVUT BUREAU OF STATISTICS/NunavumMit kiglisiniartiit, 2008 StatsUpdate. Aboriginal peoples in Canada: Focus in Inuit in Nunavut. (en ligne à: www.gov.nu.ca/eia/stats/Publications/).
- Patrick, Donna, 2003 Language, Politics, and Social Interaction in an Inuit Community, Berlin, Mouton de Gruyter.
- Patrick, Donna, 2005 Language rights in Indigenous communities: The case of the Inuit of Arctic Quebec, Journal of Sociolinguistics, 9(3): 369-389.
- REYHNER, Jon et al. (dir.), 1999 Revitalizing Indigenous Languages, Flagstaff, Northern Arizona University.
- Shearwood, Perry, 1998 Literacy and social identity in a Nunavut community, Thèse de doctorat, University of Toronto.
- STAIRS, Arlene, 1985 La viabilité des langues autochtones et le rôle de l’écrit: l’expérience de l’inuktitut au Nouveau-Québec, Recherches Amérindiennes au Québec, 15(3): 93-95.
- STATISTIQUE CANADA, 2001 Profil des communautés de 2001, Iqaluit (Town), Nunavut, Ottawa, Statistique Canada (en ligne à: www.statcan.ca).
- STATISTIQUE CANADA, 2006 Profil des communautés de 2006, Iqaluit (City), Nunavut, Ottawa, Statistique Canada (en ligne à: www.statcan.ca).
- TAYLOR, Donald M. et Stephen C. WRIGHT, 2004 Do aboriginal students benefit from education in their heritage language? Results from a ten-year program of research in Nunavik, Canadian Journal of Native Studies, 23(1): 1-24.
- Tulloch, Shelley, 2004 Inuktitut and Inuit youth: language attitudes as a basis for language planning, Thèse de doctorat, Université Laval, Québec.
- Watahomigie, Lucille J. et Teresa L. McCarty, 1997 Literacy for what ? Hualapai literacy and language maintenance, in Nancy H. Hornberger (dir.), Indigenous Literacies in the Americas. Language Planning from the Bottom up, Berlin, Mouton de Gruyter: 95-113.
- WESTMAN, Clint, Michelle DAVELUY, Liesel KNALL, Marni AMIRAULT et Doreen DUCHARME, 2005 Language(s) Weeks in Nunavut: Contemporary Language Planning in the North, in Heather Castleden, Ryan Danby, Audrey Giles et Jean-Paul Pinard (dir.), New Northern Lights: Graduate Research on Circumpolar Studies from the University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canadian Circumpolar Institute Press, University of Alberta : 157-173.
- WRIGHT, Stephen C., Donald M. TAYLOR et Judy MacARTHUR, 2000 Substractive Bilingualism and the Survival of the Inuit Language: Heritage- Versus Second-Language Education, Journal of Educational Psychology, (92)1: 63-84.
10.7202/003072ar