Résumés
Abstract
Recently broadened fieldwork opportunities in Siberia have not only enabled the study of current social and cultural processes, but also facilitated a re-assessment of previous periods of rapid social change. One of those was, undoubtedly, the decade following the Russian Revolution, when Russians and other outsiders significantly increased their impact in many areas of Siberia. Fieldwork conducted during the 1990s has provided evidence of a previously unrecognised phenomenon, namely the existence of a syncretistic system of worldview and ritual practice in the Siberian Yupik village Naukan. Similar to so-called “revitalisation movements” elsewhere, it can be interpreted as a reaction to increasing Russian colonial pressure. The present paper attempts to situate the Naukan movement in its cultural and political contexts, in order to provide a post-colonial reading of early 20th century transformations.
Résumé
Les récentes possibilités de mener des travaux de terrain en Sibérie ont permis non seulement l’étude des processus sociaux et culturels actuels mais ont également facilité le réexamen des changements sociaux rapides des périodes antérieures. L’une de ces périodes était, sans aucun doute, la décennie qui a suivi la révolution russe, quand les Russes et d’autres étrangers ont accru sensiblement leur impact dans plusieurs régions de la Sibérie. Un travail de terrain mené dans les années 1990 a permis d’attester un phénomène jusque-là méconnu, à savoir l’existence d’un système syncrétique de vision du monde et de pratiques rituelles dans le village yupik sibérien de Naukan. Comparable à ce qui est appelé ailleurs «mouvements de revitalisation», il peut être interprété comme une réaction à une pression coloniale de plus en plus forte. Cet article tente de situer le mouvement de Naukan dans son contexte culturel et politique afin de donner une lecture post-coloniale des transformations du début du 20e siècle.
Parties annexes
References
- AMFILOKHIY, 1911 Pokhod po Aleutskim ostrovam. Iz bukhty Provideniya na Vostochnyy mys (Dezhnevo) (‘A Voyage over the Aleutian Islands. From the Provideniya Bay to East Cape [Dezhnevo]’), Amerikanskiy Pravoslavnyy Vestnik, 15(11, 12, 14): 205-208, 219-220, 256.
- ANONYMOUS, 1923 Missionaries witness murder of Soviet Officer while visiting East Cape. New Alphabet for Eskimos, The Nome Nugget, June 23: 2.
- BALZER, Marjorie Mandelstam, 1999 The Tenacity of Ethnicity: A Siberian Saga in Global Perspective, Princeton, NJ, Princeton University Press.
- BJÖRKLUND, Ivar, 1992 The Anatomy of a Millenarian Movement. Some Organizational Conditions for the Sami Revolt in Guovdageaidnu in 1852, Acta Borealia, 9(2): 37-46.
- BLAISEL, Xavier, Frédéric LAUGRAND and Jarich OOSTEN, 1999 Shamans and Leaders: Parousial Movements among the Inuit of Northeast Canada, Numen, 46: 370-411.
- BOGOJAVLENSKY, Sergei, 1969 Imaangmiut Eskimo Careers: Skinboats in Bering Strait, Ph.D. dissertation, Harvard University, Harvard.
- BOGORAS, Waldemar [BOGORAZ, Vladimir], 1904-09 The Chukchee, Leiden, E.J. Brill. New York, G.E. Stechert, The Jessup North Pacific Expedition, 7(1-3), Memoirs of the American Museum of Natural History, 11.
- CAVE, Alfred A., 2006 Prophets of the Great Spirit: Native American Revitalization Movements in Eastern North America, Lincoln, University of Nebraska Press.
- DANILIN, A.G., 1993 Burkhanizm (Iz istorii natsional'no-osvoboditel'nogo dvizheniya v Gornom Altae) (‘Burkhanism [From the history of the National Liberation movement in Gorniy Altai]’), Gorno-Altaysk, Ak Chechek.
- GAD, Finn, 1982 The History of Greenland III: 1782–1808, Montreal, McGill-Queen's University Press.
- GOLOVKO, Evgeniy V. and Peter P. SCHWEITZER, 2001 Pamyat’ o voyne: konstruirovanie vneshnego konflikta v kul’ture etnicheskikh obshchnostey Beringova proliva (‘Memory of war: The construction of external conflict in the culture of Bering Strait ethnic communities’), in A.K. Baiburin (ed.), Trudy fakul’teta etnologii Evropeyskogo universiteta v Sankt-Peterburge, St. Petersburg, Evropeyskiy universitet v Sankt-Peterburge: 26-37.
- GOLOVKO, Evgeniy V. and Peter P. SCHWEITZER, 2004 Traveling Between Continents: Native Contacts Across the Bering Strait, in Y.P. Tretyakov, N.A. Aleksandrova (eds), Russian-American Links: 300 Years of Cooperation/Rossiysko-amerikanskie sviazi: 300 let sotrudni-chestva, St. Petersburg, Akademicheskiy proekt: 99-119.
- GOLOVKO, Evgeniy V. and Peter P. SCHWEITZER, 2006 Eskimosskie ‘popy’ poselka Naukan: ob odnom sluchae revitalization movement na Chukotke” (‘The Eskimo “priests” of the village of Naukan: A case of revitalization movement in Chukotka’), in Z.V. Kormina, A.A. Panchenko, S.A. Shtyrkov (eds), Sny bogoroditsy. Issledovaniya po antropologii religii, St. Petersburg, Izdatel’stvo Evropeyskogo universiteta v St. Peterburge: 102-115.
- GRANT, Shelagh D., 1997 Religious Fanaticism at Leaf River, Ungava, 1931, Études/Inuit/Studies, 21(1-2): 159-188.
- HARKIN, Michael (ed.), 2004 Reassessing Revitalization Movements: Perspectives from North America and the Pacific Islands, Lincoln, University of Nebraska Press.
- HAWKES, E.W., 1913 The Cliff-dwellers of the Arctic, Wide World Magazine, 30: 377-382, 454-461, 582-588.
- KLEIVAN, Inge, 1984 West Greenland before 1950, in D. Damas (ed.), Handbook of North American Indians, Vol. 5: Arctic, Washington, Smithsonian Institution Press: 595-621.
- KLEIVAN, Inge, 1986 The Virgin Mary of Tasiussaq: A Case of Feminism, Arctic Anthropology, 23(1-2): 221-238.
- KOZ’MINSKIY, I.I., 1927 Vozniknovenie novogo kul'ta u gol'dov (‘The emergence of a new cult among the Golds’), in V.G. Bogoraz-Tan (ed.), Sbornik etnograficheskikh materialov 2, Leningrad, Izdanie etnograficheskogo otdeleniya geografi-cheskogo fakul'teta Leningradskogo gosudarstvennogo universiteta: 43-52.
- KRADER, Lawrence, 1956 A Nativistic Movement in Western Siberia, American Anthropologist, 58(2): 282-292.
- KRAUSS, Michael E., 1994 Crossroads? A Twentieth Century History of Contacts across the Bering Strait, in William Fitzhugh and Valérie Chaussonnet (eds), Anthropology of the North Pacific Rim, Washington, Smithsonian Institution Press: 365-379.
- LAUGRAND, Frédéric, 2002 Mourir et renaître. La réception du christianisme par les Inuit de l'Arctique de l'Est canadien (1890-1940), Québec, Les Presses de l'Université Laval.
- LAUGRAND, Frédéric, Jarich OOSTEN and François TRUDEL (eds), 2006 Apostle to the Inuit: The Journals and Ethnographic Notes of Edmund James Peck, The Baffin Years, 1894-1905, Toronto, University of Toronto Press.
- LAWRENCE, Peter, 1964 Road Belong Cargo: A Study of the Cargo Movement in the Southern Madang District New Guinea, Manchester, Manchester University Press.
- LEETE, Art, 1998 The Kazym Uprising: The West Siberian Peoples' Struggle for Freedom in the 1930s, Shaman, 6(2): 171-178.
- LEETE, Art, 2004 On the Religious Aspects of West-Siberian Peoples' Resistance Movements Against the Soviets during the 1930s, in A. Leete and R.P. Firnhaber (eds), Shamanism in the Interdisciplinary Context. Papers from the 6th Conference of the International Society for Shamanistic Research, Viljandi, Estonia, August 2001, Boca Raton, FL, BrownWalker Press: 272-286.
- LINDSTROM, Lamont, 1993 Cargo Cult: Strange Stories of Desire from Melanesia and Beyond, Honolulu, University of Hawaii Press.
- LINTON, Ralf, 1943 Nativistic Movements, American Anthropologist, 45(2): 230-240.
- LOPP, Ellen Louise Kittredge (ed.), 2001 Ice Window: Letters from a Bering Strait Village, 1892-1902, Edited and annotated by Kathleen Lopp Smith and Verbeck Smith, Fairbanks, University of Alaska Press.
- MASIK, August, 1935 Arctic Nights’ Entertainments. Being the narrative of an Alaskan-Estonian Digger as told to Isobel Wylie Hutchison during the Arctic Night of 1933-34 near Martin Point, Alaska, London, Blackie and Sons.
- MOONEY, James, 1965[1896] The Ghost-Dance Religion and the Sioux Outbreak of 1890, Chicago, University of Chicago Press.
- OOSTEN, Jarich, Frédéric LAUGRAND and Cornelius REMIE, 2006 Perceptions of Decline: Inuit Shamanism in the Canadian Arctic, Ethnohistory, 53(3): 445-477.
- OOSTEN, Jarich and Frédéric LAUGRAND (eds), 1999 The Transition to Christianity (Victor Tungilik and Rachel Uyarasuk), Iqaluit, Nunavut Arctic College, Inuit Perspectives on the 20th Century, 1.
- REDFIELD, Robert, Ralph LINTON and Melville J. HERSKOVITS, 1936 Memorandum for the Study of Acculturation, American Anthropologist, 38(1): 149-152.
- RENNER, Louis L., 1979 Pioneer Missionary to the Bering Strait Eskimos: Bellarmine Lafortune, S.J., Portland, Binford and Mort (for the Alaska Historical Commission).
- RENNER, Louis L., 1985 “Father Tom” of the Arctic, Portland, Binford and Mort.
- RODLI, Agnes, 1999 Strait Gate. A Norse Saga: Mission to the Diomede Islands in the 1920s, Enumclaw, WinePress Publishing.
- SCHWEITZER, Peter P. and Evgeniy V. GOLOVKO, 1995a Traveling between Continents, Phases 1 and 2, Final Report Prepared for the US National Park Service, Fairbanks, Department of Anthropology, University of Alaska Fairbanks.
- SCHWEITZER, Peter P. and Evgeniy V. GOLOVKO, 1995b Traveling Between Continents: The Social Organization of Interethnic Contacts across Bering Strait, Anthropology of East Europe Review, 13(2): 50-55.
- SCHWEITZER, Peter P. and Evgeniy V. GOLOVKO, 1997 Local Identities and Traveling Names: Interethnic Aspects of Personal Naming in the Bering Strait Area, Arctic Anthropology, 34(1): 167-180.
- SMOAK, Gregory Ellis, 1999 Ghost Dances and Identity: Ethnogenesis and Racial Identity among Shoshones and Bannocks in the Nineteenth Century, Ph.D. dissertation, University of Utah, Salt Lake City.
- SÖDERBERG, Staffan, 1974 Profetens roll i religionsmötet. Iakttagelser från religionsmötets Västgrönland (‘The prophet's role in religious encounter. Observations from the religious encounter of Western Greenland’), Ph.D. dissertation, Lund University, Lund.
- TARASAR, Constance J., and John H. ERICKSON (eds), 1975 Orthodox America, 1794-1976: Development of the Orthdox Church in America, Syosset, New York, The Orthodox Church in America, Department of History and Archives.
- TEIN, Tassan S., 1994 Shamans of the Siberian Eskimos, Arctic Anthropology, 31(1): 117-125.
- TOWNSEND, Joan B., 1984 Shamanism, Religious Change and Revitalization Movements in the North, in Social Science in the North: Communicating Northern Values, Ottawa, Association of Canadian Universities for Northern Studies: 41-56.
- TROMPF, G.W. (ed.), 1990 Cargo Cults and Millenarian Movements: Transoceanic Comparisons of New Religious Movements, Berlin, Mouton de Gruyter.
- TROTT, Christopher G., 1997 The Rapture and the Rupture: Religious Change amongst the Inuit of North Baffin Island, Études/Inuit/Studies, 21(1-2): 209-228.
- VAKHTIN, Nikolai B., Evgeniy V. GOLOVKO and Peter SCHWEITZER, 2004 Russkie starozhily Sibiri: Sotsial’nye I simvolicheskie aspekty samosoznaniya (‘Russian old-settlers of Siberia: social and symbolic aspects of self-identification’), Moscow, Novoe izdatel’stvo.
- WALLACE, Anthony F.C., 1956 Revitalization Movements, American Anthropologist, 58(2): 264-281.
- WALLACE, Anthony F.C., 1969 The Death and Rebirth of the Seneca, New York, Random House.
- WALLACE, Anthony F.C., 1970 Culture and Personality, New York, Random House.
- WORSLEY, Peter, 1968 The Trumpet Shall Sound: A Study of “Cargo” Cults in Melanesia, New York, Schocken Books.
- WRANGELL, Ferdinand P., 1980[1839] Russian America: Statistical and ethnographic information.With additional material by K.E. Baer, translated from the German edition of 1839 by M. Sadouski, edited by R.A. Pierce, Kingston, The Limestone Press.
- ZNAMENSKI, Andrei A., 1999 Shamanism and Christianity: Native Encounters with Russian Orthodox Missions in Siberia and Alaska, Westport, Greenwood Press.