Résumés
Abstract
This paper examines the representations of Africa in Rio de Janeiro’s carnaval. During the second half of the twentieth century, Afro-Brazilian self-assertion movements took inspiration from the African American movement for civil rights. At the same time, public cultural assertion largely relied on recreated connections with Africa, often perceived as an idealized continent. This Africanization, first developed at the religious level, later also became visible in other cultural manifestations such as music, dance, fashion, and carnaval. The analysis of the example of the escolas de samba’s parades held during Rio de Janeiro carnaval since the 1950s demonstrates how the promotion of bonds with “Africa” is part of a reconstruction process in which the South Atlantic becomes a common zone of claims for recognition of multiple identities, in which the legacy of slavery and the slave trade is reconstructed and renewed.
Résumé
Cet article examine les représentations de l’Afrique dans le carnaval de Rio de Janeiro. Pendant la deuxième moitié du XXe siècle, les mouvements afro-brésiliens d’affirmation culturelle se sont inspirés du mouvement nord-américain pour les droits civils. En même temps, l’affirmation culturelle dans l’espace publique fut largement basée sur la recréation des liens avec l’Afrique, très souvent perçue comme un continent idéalisé. Cette africanisation, d’abord développée dans la sphère religieuse, plus tard devint visible dans d’autres manifestations culturelles telles que la musique, la danse, la mode et le carnaval. L’examen de l’exemple des parades des escolas de samba tenues lors du carnaval de Rio de Janeiro depuis les années 1950 démontre comment la promotion des liens avec l’« Afrique » fait partie d’un processus de reconstruction dans lequel l’Atlantique Sud devient une zone commune de réclamation pour la reconnaissance de multiples identités, dans lequel l’héritage de l’esclavage et de la traite des esclaves se renouvelle.
Parties annexes
References
- Abreu, MArtha, 1999, O império do divino, Festas Religiosas e cultura popular no rio de Janeiro, 1830-1990. Rio de Janeiro, Nova Fonteira.
- Albuquerque, Wlamira Ribeiro de, 2002, “Esperanças de Boaventuras: Construções da África e Africanismos na Bahia (1887-1910).” Estudos Afro-Asiáticos 24 (2): 215-245.
- Agier, Michel, 2000, Anthropologie du carnaval: la ville, la fête et l’Afrique à Bahia. Marseille, Parenthèses/IRD.
- Agier, Michel, 1995, “Racism, Culture and Black Identity in Brazil.” Bulletin of Latin American Research 14 (3): 245-264.
- Alencastro, Luiz Felipe de, 2000, O trato dos viventes. Formação do Brasil no Atlântico Sul, séculos XVI e XVII. São Paulo, Companhia das Letras.
- Alencastro, Luiz Felipe de, 2006, “Le versant brésilien de l’Atlantique-Sud: 1550-1850.” Annales: Histoire, Sciences Sociales 61 (2): 339-382.
- Adesky, Jacques, 1997, “Pluralismo étnico e multiculturalismo.” Afro-Ásia 19-20: 165-182.
- Araujo, Ana Lucia, 2007, Mémoires de l’esclavage et de la traite des esclaves dans l’Atlantique Sud. Enjeux de la patrimonialisation au Brésil et au Bénin . Thèse de doctorat, Québec et Paris, Université Laval et École des Hautes Études en Sciences Sociales.
- Bastide, Roger, 1983, Estudos Afro-Brasileiros. São Paulo, Editora Perspectiva.
- Baylin, Bernard, 2005, Atlantic History. Concept and Contours. Cambridge, Harvard University Press.
- Butler, Kim, 2001, “Africa in the Reinvention of Nineteenth Century Afro-Bahian Identity.” Slavery & Abolition 22 (1): 135-154.
- Caldwell, Kia Lilly, 2007, Negras in Brazil: Re-envisioning Black Women, Citizenship and the Politics of Identity. New Jersey, Rutgers University Press.
- Curtin, Philip, 1955, Two Jamaicas: The Role of Ideas in a Tropical Colony, 1830-1865. Cambridge, Cambridge University Press.
- Da Matta, Roberto, 1983, Carnavals, Bandits et Héros. Paris, Seuil.
- Da Matta, Roberto and Ray Green, 1983, “An Interpretation of Carnaval”. Substance 11 (4), issues 37-38: 162-170.
- Debret, Jean-Baptiste, 1972, Viagem pitoresca e histórica ao Brasi. São Paulo, Martins.
- Ferreira, Felipe, 2005, Inventando carnavais. O surgimento do carnaval no século XIX e outras questões carnavalescas. Rio de Janeiro, Editora da UFRJ.
- Florentino, Manolo, 1995, Em Costas Negras: Uma História do Tráfico Atlântico de Escravos entre a África e o Rio de Janeiro, Séculos XVIIIe XIX. Rio de Janeiro, Arquivo Nacional.
- Freyre, Gilberto, 2003 [1933], Casa Grande e Senzala. São Paulo, Global.
- Fry, Peter, 2005, A persistência da raça. Ensaios antropológicos sobre o Brasil e a África austral. Rio de Janeiro, Civilização Brasileira.
- Furtado, Júnia Ferreira, 2003, Chica da Silva e o contratador dos diamantes — o outro lado do mito, São Paulo, Companhia das Letras.
- Gilroy, Paul, 1993, The Black Atlantic. Modernity and Double Consciousness. Cambridge, Harvard University Press.
- Green, James N., 2001, Beyond Carnival. Male Homosexuality in Twentieth-Century Brazil. Chicago, Chicago University Press.
- Gomes, Tiago de Melo, 2003, “Para além da casa da tia Ciata. Outras experiências no universo cultural carioca, 1830-1930.” Afro-Ásia 29/30: 175-198.
- Guimarães, Antônio Sérgio Alfredo, 1999, Racismo et anti-racismo no Brasil. São Paulo, Editora 34.
- Guimarães, Antônio Sérgio Alfredo, 2004a, “Preconceito de cor e racismo no Brasil.” Revista de Antropologia 47 (1): 9-43.
- Guimarães, Antônio Sérgio Alfredo, 2004b, “Intelectuais negros e formas de integração nacional.” Estudos Avançados, 18 (50): 271-284.
- Guimarães, Antônio Sérgio Alfredo, 2005, “Resistência e revolta nos anos 60: Abdias Nascimento.” Paper presented at the Seminar Brazil: Race and Politics in the Americas. University of Texas at Austin and at the XXIV Encontro Nacional da ANPOCS, Caxambu.
- Guimarães, Antônio Sérgio Alfredo, 2006, “Depois da democracia racial.” Tempo Social 18 (2): 269-287.
- Hall, Gwendolyn Midlo, 2003, “African Ethnicities and the Meanings of Mina.” In Paul E. Lovejoy and David R. Trotman eds., African Trans-Atlantic Dimensions of Ethnicity in the Diaspora: 65-81. London, New York.
- Hellwig, David. J. (ed.), 1992, African-American Reflections on Brazil’s Racial Paradise. Philadelphia, Temple University Press.
- Herskovits, Mellville, 1943, “The Negro in Bahia, Brazil. A Problem in Method.” American Sociological Review 8 (7): 394-404.
- Kiddy, Elizabeth, 2000, “Congados, Calunga, Candombe. Our Lady of the Rosary in Minas Gerais, Brazil.” Luso-Brazilian Review 37 (1): 47-61.
- Law, Robin, 2005, “Ethnicities of Enslaved Africans in the Diaspora. On the Meanings of Mina (Again).” History in Africa 32: 247-267.
- Matory, James Lorand, 2005, Black Atlantic Religion. Tradition, Transnationalism in the Afro-Brazilian Candomble. Princeton, Princeton University Press.
- Mattos, Hebe and Ana Lugão Rios, 2005, Memórias do cativeiro. Família, trabalho e cidadania no pós-abolição. Rio de Janeiro, Civilização Brasileira.
- Moura, Roberto, 1995, Tia Ciata e a Pequena África no Rio de Janeiro. Rio de Janeiro, Secretaria Municipal de Cultura, Departamento Geral de Documentação e Informação Cultural, Divisão de Editoração.
- Oliveira, Kimberly Jones de, 2003, “Politics of Culture or the Culture of Politics. Afro-Brazilian Mobilization, 1920-1968.” Journal of Third World Studies (Spring): 103-120.
- Oliveira, Maria Inês Cortês, 1997, « La grande tente Nagô: Rapprochements ethniques chez les Africains de Bahia au XIXe siècle ». In Paul E. Lovejoy ed. Identifying Enslaved African. The ‘Nigerian’ Hinterland and the African Diaspora: 286-301. Toronto, York University.
- Parés, Luis Nicolau, 2001, “The Jeje in the Tambor de Mina of Maranhão and in the Candomblé of Bahia.” Slavery & Abolition 22 (1): 91-115.
- Reis, João José, 1993, Slave Rebellion in Brazil. The Muslim Uprising of 1835 in Bahia. Baltimore, Johns Hopkins University Press.
- Reis, João José, 1996, “Identidade e Diversidade Étnicas nas Irmandades Negras no Tempo da Escravidão.” Tempo 2 (3): 7-33.
- Saillant, Francine and Ana Lucia Araujo, 2007, « L’esclavage au Brésil : Le travail du mouvement noir ». In Michèle Baussant (dir.) “Mémoires plurielles, mémoires en conflit,” Ethnologie Française XXXVII (3): 457-466.
- Sansone, Livio, 2003, Blackness without Ethnicity:Constructing Race in Brazil. New York, Palgrave Macmillan.
- Sansone, Livio, 2002, « La Communauté noire existe-elle ? Identité et culture des Afro-bahianais ». In Michel Agier (ed.) Les mots du discours afro-brésilien en débat, Cahiers du Brésil contemporain, 49/50: 131-151.
- Schemo, Diana Jean, 1996, “Rio Frets as Michael Jackson Plans to Film Slum,” New York Times, February 11.
- Schwarcz, Lilia Katri Moritz, 1997, « Le complexe de Zé Carioca: Notes sur une certaine identité métisse et malandra ». Lusotopie : 249-266.
- Schwartz, Stuart, 1992, Slaves, Peasants and Rebels. Reconsidering Brazilian Slavery. Chicago, Illinois, University of Chicago Press.
- Soares, Mariza de Carvalho, 2000a, “Descobrindo a Guiné no Brasil.” Revista do Instituto Histórico e Geográfico Brasileiro 161 (407): 71-94.
- Soares, Mariza de Carvalho, 2000b, Devotos da cor: Identidade étnica, religiosidade e escravidão no Rio de Janeiro do século XVIII. Rio de Janeiro, Civilização Brasileira.
- Tall, Emanuelle Kadya, 2002, “Comment se construit ou s’invente une tradition religieuse. L’exemple des nations du candomblé de Bahia”. Cahier d’études africaines 167, (XLII-3): 441-461.
- Véran, Jean-François, 2002, “Quilombos: Des ‘lieux de mémoire’ bien vivants”. In Michel Agier (ed.) Les mots du discours afro-brésilien en débat, Cahiers du Brésil contemporain, 49/50: 87-96.
- Verger, Pierre, 1952, “Le culte des vodoun d’Abomey aurait-il été apporté à Saint Louis de Maranhão par la mère du roi Ghèzo?” Études Dahoméennes VIII: 22-23.
- Verger, Pierre, 1969, Flux et reflux de la traite des nègres entre le Golfe de Bénin et Bahia de Todos os Santos, du XVIIe au XIXe siècle. Paris, Mouton.