Résumés
Abstract
Academic integrity is a crucial aspect of higher education that fosters intellectual honesty and upholds the principles of fairness and trustworthiness (Stoez & Eaton, 2020; Kang, 2022; Eaton, 2022). As the introduction and integration of artificial intelligence (AI) technologies becomes increasingly prevalent in educational settings, it is imperative to examine how Canadian universities are addressing the implications of AI on academic integrity (Eaton, 2022; UNESCO, 2023). This study aimed to examine the existing AI guidelines and policies developed and implemented by Canadian universities and analyze their alignments and gaps in relation to their academic integrity policies, particularly in the domain of academic writing in Canadian higher education contexts. In this research study, sixteen Canadian universities were selected for document analysis, and through an examination of their existing polices and guidelines on AI, results revealed insights into both challenges and opportunities for faculty, students and stakeholders around teaching academic writing while upholding academic integrity in higher education.
Keywords:
- academic integrity,
- artificial intelligence (AI),
- ChatGPT,
- higher education,
- academic writing
Parties annexes
Bibliography
- Alarie, B., & Cockfield, A. (2021). Will machines replace us?: Machine-authored texts and the future of scholarship. Law, Technology and Humans, 3(2), 5-11. https://doi.org/10.5204/lthj.2089
- Bates, T., Cobo, C., Mariño, O., & Wheeler, S. (2020). Can artificial intelligence transform higher education?. International Journal of Educational Technology in Higher Education, 17(1), 1-12. https://doi.org/10.1186/s41239-020-00218-x
- Bretag, T., S. Mahmud, M. Wallace, R. Walker, C. James, M. Green, J. East, U. McGowan, & Partridge, L. (2011). “Core Elements of Exemplary Academic Integrity Policy in Australian Higher Education.” International Journal for Educational Integrity 7 (2): 3–12. .
- Chan, C. K. Y., & Hu, W. (2023). Students’ voices on generative AI: perceptions, benefits, and challenges in higher education. International Journal of Educational Technology in Higher Education, 20(1), 43–18. https://doi.org/10.1186/s41239-023-00411-8
- Charmaz, K. (2006). Constructing grounded theory: A practical guide through qualitative analysis. sage. Chen, T. J. (2023). ChatGPT and other artificial intelligence applications speed up scientific writing. Journal of the Chinese Medical Association, 86(4), 351-353.
- Chen, X., Xie, H., Zou, D., & Hwang, G. J. (2020). Application and theory gaps during the rise of artificial intelligence in education. Computers and Education: Artificial Intelligence, 1, 100002. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.caeai.2020.100002
- Cho, Kimberly, Enrica Piccardo, Geoff Lawrence, and A. Germain-Rutherford. "LINguistic and cultural DIversity REinvented (LINCDIRE): Integrating western and indigenous perspectives to redefine language education practices." The Language Educator 13, no. 2 (2018): 44-48. https://www.lincdireproject.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/03/LINCDIRE-Cho-Piccardo-Lawrence-Germain-Ruth-12-021618.pdf
- Cotton, D. R., Cotton, P. A., & Shipway, J. R. (2023). Chatting and cheating: Ensuring academic integrity in the era of ChatGPT. Innovations in Education and Teaching International, 1-12. https://doi.org/10.1080/14703297.2023.2190148
- Eaton, S. E. (2023). The Academic Integrity Technological Arms Race and its Impact on Learning, Teaching, and Assessment. Canadian Journal of Learning and Technology, 48(2). https://doi.org/10.21432/cjlt28388
- Fatemi, G., & Saito, E. (2020). Unintentional plagiarism and academic integrity: The challenges and needs of postgraduate international students in Australia. Journal of Further and Higher Education, 44(10), 1305–1319. https://doi.org/10.1080/0309877X.2019.1683521
- Gašević, D., Siemens, G., & Sadiq, S. (2023). Empowering learners for the age of artificial intelligence. Computers and Education: Artificial Intelligence, 100130. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.caeai.2023.100130
- Government of Canada. (2023). Responsible use of artificial intelligence (AI). https://www.canada.ca/en/government/system/digital-government/digital-government-innovations/responsible-use-ai.html
- Jeon, J. (2024). Exploring AI chatbot affordances in the EFL classroom: Young learners’ experiences and perspectives. Computer Assisted Language Learning, 37(1-2), 1-26.
- Kang, P. (2022). Academic Integrity and the Inclusion of East Asian International Students in Canadian Higher Education. In Handbook of Research on Teaching Strategies for Culturally and Linguistically Diverse International Students (pp. 188–200). IGI Global.
- Kumar, R., Mindzak, M., Eaton, S. E., & Morrison, R. (2022). AI & AI: Exploring the contemporary intersections of artificial intelligence and academic integrity. Canadian Society for the Study of Higher Education Annual Conference, Online. Werklund School of Education. https://tinyurl.com/ycknz8fd
- Lawrence, G., Ahmed, F., Cole, C., & Johnston, K. P. (2020). Not more technology but more effective technology: Examining the state of technology integration in EAP programmes. RELC Journal, 51(1), 101-116. https://doi.org/10.1177/0033688220907199
- Lewis, J. E., Abdilla, A., Arista, N., Baker, K., Benesiinaabandan, S., Brown, M., ... & Whaanga, H. (2020). Indigenous protocol and artificial intelligence position paper. Honolulu, Hawaiʻi: The Initiative for Indigenous Futures and the Canadian Institute for Advanced Research (CIFAR). https://spectrum.library.concordia.ca/id/eprint/986506/
- Liebrenz, M., Schleifer, R., Buadze, A., Bhugra, D., & Smith, A. (2023). Generating scholarly content with ChatGPT: ethical challenges for medical publishing. The Lancet. Digital Health, 5(3), e105–e106. https://doi.org/10.1016/S2589-7500(23)00019-5
- Lim, W. M., Gunasekara, A., Pallant, J. L., Pallant, J. I., & Pechenkina, E. (2023). Generative AI and the future of education: Ragnarök or reformation? A paradoxical perspective from management educators. The International Journal of Management Education, 21(2), 100790. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijme.2023.100790
- Macgregor, A., & Folinazzo, G. (2018). Best practices in teaching international students in higher education: Issues and strategies. TESOL Journal, 9(2), 299-329. https://doi.org/10.1002/tesj.324
- Marcel, F. (2020). Mobile Mixed Reality technologies for language teaching and learning. University of Toronto (Canada). https://hdl.handle.net/1807/103360
- Möller, A. (2023). An analysis of university academic integrity policies in New Zealand. Journal of Further and Higher Education, 47(3), 338-350.
- Nguyen, T. T., Hatua, A., & Sung, A. H. (2023, October). How to Detect AI-Generated Texts. In 2023 IEEE 14th Annual Ubiquitous Computing, Electronics & Mobile Communication Conference (UEMCON) (pp. 0464-0471). IEEE.
- OpenAI (2023). Research Overview: Pioneering research on the path to AGI. OpenAI. https://openai.com/research/overview
- Perkins, M., Gezgin, U. B., & Roe, J. (2018). Understanding the Relationship between Language Ability and Plagiarism in Non-Native English Speaking Business Students. Journal of Academic Ethics, 16(4), Article 4. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10805-018-9311-8
- Perkins, M., Gezgin, U. B., & Roe, J. (2020). Reducing plagiarism through academic misconduct education. International Journal for Educational Integrity, 16(1), 1-15. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40979-020-00052-8
- Perkins, M. (2023). Academic integrity considerations of AI Large Language Models in the post-pandemic era: ChatGPT and beyond. Journal of University Teaching & Learning Practice, 20(2). https://doi.org/10.53761/1.20.02.07
- Piccardo, E., Lawrence, G., Germain-Rutherford, A., & Galante, A. (Eds.). (2022). Activating linguistic and cultural diversity in the language classroom. Cham, Switzerland: Springer. https://link.springer.com/book/10.1007/978-3-030-87124-6
- Rane, N. (2024). Enhancing the quality of teaching and learning through Gemini, ChatGPT, and similar generative Artificial Intelligence: Challenges, future prospects, and ethical considerations in education. TESOL and Technology Studies, 5(1), 1-6.
- Roll, I., & Wylie, R. (2016). Evolution and revolution in artificial intelligence in education. International Journal of Artificial Intelligence in Education, 26, 582-599. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40593-016-0110-3
- Saldaña, J. (2021). Coding techniques for quantitative and mixed data. The Routledge Reviewer’s Guide to Mixed Methods Analysis, 151-160.
- Stoesz, B. M., Eaton, S. E., Miron, J., & Thacker, E. J. (2019). Academic integrity and contract cheating policy analysis of colleges in Ontario, Canada. International Journal for Educational Integrity, 15(1), 1-18. https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s40979-019-0042-4
- Stoesz, B., & Eaton, S. E. (2020). Academic Integrity Policies of Publicly Funded Universities in Western Canada. Educational Policy, 36(6), 1-20. https://doi.org/10.1177/0895904820983032
- Tai, A. M. Y., Meyer, M., Varidel, M., Prodan, A., Vogel, M., Iorfino, F., & Krausz, R. M. (2023). Exploring the potential and limitations of ChatGPT for academic peer-reviewed writing: Addressing linguistic injustice and ethical concerns. Journal of Academic Language and Learning, 17(1), T16-T30. https://journal.aall.org.au/index.php/jall/article/view/903
- U15-Group of Canadian Research Universities. (2020, January). U15-Group of Canadian Research Universities - University Profiles. U15, Ottawa. https://u15.ca/wp-content/uploads/2022/07/University-Profiles-2016.pdf
- UNESCO. (2022). Recommendation on the Ethics of Artificial Intelligence. UNESCO. https://www.unesco.org/en/articles/recommendation-ethics-artificial-intelligence
- UNESCO.. (2023a). ChatGPT and Artificial Intelligence in higher education: Quick start guide. UNESCO IESALC.
- UNESCO. (2023b). Harnessing the era of artificial intelligence in higher education: a primer for higher education stakeholders. UNESCO IESALC
- Vetter, M. A., Lucia, B., Jiang, J., & Othman, M. (2024). Towards a framework for local interrogation of AI ethics: A case study on text generators, academic integrity, and composing with ChatGPT. Computers and Composition, 71, 102831.
- Warschauer, M., Tseng, W., Yim, S., Webster, T., Jacob, S., Du, Q., & Tate, T. (2023). The affordances and contradictions of AI-generated text for second language writers. Social Science Research Network. http://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4404380
- Zawacki-Richter, O., Marín, V. I., Bond, M., & Gouverneur, F. (2019). Systematic review of research on artificial intelligence applications in higher education–where are the educators?. International Journal of Educational Technology in Higher Education, 16(1), 1-27. https://doi.org/10.1186/s41239-019-0171-0
- Zhang, K., & Aslan, A. B. (2021). AI technologies for education: Recent research & future directions. Computers and Education: Artificial Intelligence, 2, 100025. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.caeai.2021.100025