Résumés
Résumé
Une multitude d’études empiriques ont exploré le travail du sexe et les individus qui y participent. Cependant, ces recherches tendent à uniformiser les réalités vécues, en négligeant la diversité des pratiques et des profils. Les expériences des femmes qui s’engagent volontairement dans le travail du sexe de manière indépendante demeurent particulièrement peu étudiées. Souvent actives en marge des structures institutionnalisées et moins visibles de l’industrie, ces femmes restent largement méconnues et sous-représentées dans la littérature scientifique. Cette étude s’intéresse aux effets de la marginalisation sur la trajectoire des travailleuses du sexe indépendantes. À partir d’une méthodologie qualitative, treize participantes ont partagé leur vécu au sein de l’industrie, permettant d’analyser les risques de victimisation auxquels elles font face, ainsi que les stratégies qu’elles mobilisent pour se protéger. L’analyse des témoignages révèle les formes de discrimination et de violence auxquelles ces femmes sont exposées, les mécanismes de protection qu’elles développent et les conséquences psychologiques et sociales de la stigmatisation. En approfondissant la compréhension des risques et des stratégies de gestion liés à leur profession, cette recherche met en lumière les défis particuliers auxquels ces femmes doivent faire face dans un contexte de marginalisation.
Mots-clés :
- Travail du sexe,
- prostitution,
- trajectoire,
- victimisation,
- marginalisation
Abstract
A growing body of empirical research has explored sex work and those involved in it. However, these investigations often flatten the diversity of lived experiences by overlooking the distinctions related to both the diverse practices and varied profiles of individuals engaged in the industry. The experiences of women who voluntarily and independently enter into sex work remain particularly underexplored. Often operating on the fringes of institutionalized and more visible forms of sex work, these women remain largely unknown and underrepresented in academic literature. As such, this study examines the impact of marginalization on the trajectories of independent sex workers. Employing a qualitative methodology, thirteen participants shared their experiences within the industry, offering insight into the risks of victimization they are faced with, as well as the protective strategies they adopt. Analyzing their narratives reveals the many forms of discrimination and violence they encounter, the self-protection mechanisms they develop, and the psychological and social consequences of persistent stigmatization. By deepening our understanding of the risks and coping strategies associated with their profession, this research offers essential perspectives on the unique challenges faced by independent sex workers in contexts characterized by marginalization.
Keywords:
- Sex work,
- prostitution,
- trajectory,
- victimization,
- marginalization
Resumen
Numerosos estudios empíricos han explorado el trabajo sexual y las personas que participan en él. Sin embargo, dichas investigaciones tienden a uniformizar las realidades vividas, pasando por alto las distinciones entre las diferentes prácticas y los distintos perfiles de las personas involucradas. Las experiencias de las mujeres que se dedican voluntariamente al trabajo sexual de forma independiente siguen estando particularmente poco documentadas. Estas mujeres, que a menudo actúan al margen de estructuras institucionalizadas y tienen poca visibilidad en la industria, siguen siendo en gran medida desconocidas y estando subrepresentadas en la literatura científica. Este estudio examina los efectos de la marginación en la trayectoria de las trabajadoras sexuales independientes. Sobre la base de una metodología cualitativa, trece participantes compartieron sus experiencias dentro de la industria, lo que permitió analizar los riesgos de victimización a los que se enfrentan, así como las estrategias que utilizan para protegerse. El análisis de sus testimonios destaca las múltiples formas de discriminación y violencia a las que están expuestas estas mujeres, los mecanismos de protección que desarrollan, así como las repercusiones psicológicas y sociales de la estigmatización. Al profundizar nuestra comprensión de los riesgos y las estrategias de gestión asociadas con su profesión, esta investigación proporciona una visión esencial de los desafíos específicos a los que se enfrentan las trabajadoras sexuales independientes en un contexto de marginación.
Palabras clave:
- Trabajo sexual,
- prostitución,
- trayectoria,
- victimización,
- marginación
Parties annexes
Références
- Abbott, A. S. (2000). Motivations for pursuing an acting career in pornography. Dans Sex for sale : Prostitution, Pornography, and the Sex Industry (p. 17‑34). Routledge.
- Agustín, L. M. (2008). Sex at the margins : Migration, labour markets and the rescue industry. Bloomsbury Publishing.
- Alliance canadienne pour la réforme des lois sur le travail du sexe. (2017). Safety, Dignity, Equality : Recommendations for Sex Work Law Reform in Canada.
- Armstrong, L. (2019). Stigma, decriminalisation, and violence against street-based sex workers : Changing the narrative. Sexualities, 22(7‑8), 1288‑1308. https://doi.org/10.1177/1363460718780216
- Beech, A., Fisher, D. et Ward, T. (2005). Sexual murderers’ implicit theories. Journal of interpersonal violence, 20(11), 1366‑1389.
- Benoit, C., Ouellet, N., Jansson, M., Magnus, S. et Smith, M. (2017). Would you think about doing sex for money ? Structure and agency in deciding to sell sex in Canada. Work, Employment and Society, 31(5), 731‑747. https://doi.org/10.1177/0950017016679331
- Bernstein, E. (2010). Temporarily yours : Intimacy, authenticity, and the commerce of sex. University of Chicago Press.
- Brogis, M. (2016). The internet, prostitution, and rape : Can taking prostitution “indoors” mitigate social harms ? [Thèse de doctorat, Union College]. https://digitalworks.union.edu/these/278
- Bruckert, C. et Hannem, S. (2013). Rethinking the prostitution debates : Transcending structural Stigma in systemic responses to sex work. Canadian journal of law and society, 28(1), 43‑63. https://doi.org/10.1017/cls.2012.2
- Campbell, R., Sanders, T., Scoular, J., Pitcher, J. et Cunningham, S. (2019). Risking safety and rights : Online sex work, crimes and ‘blended safety repertoires’. The British journal of sociology, 70(4), 1539‑1560.
- Church, S., Henderson, M., Barnard, M. et Hart, G. (2001). Violence by clients towards female prostitutes in different work settings : Questionnaire survey. BMJ, 322(7285), 524‑525. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.322.7285.524
- Cimino, A. (2018). Sex work and adult prostitution : From entry to exit. Dans Handbook of Behavioral Criminology (p. 239‑255). https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-61625-4_14
- Comte, J. (2016). Parcours de travailleuses du sexe offrant des services d’escorte au Québec. Deviance et Societe, 2, 201‑226.
- Cunningham, S. et Kendall, T. D. (2011). Prostitution 2.0 : The changing face of sex work. Journal of urban economics, 69(3), 273‑287. http://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.1583510
- Deering, K. N., Amin, A., Shoveller, J., Nesbitt, A., Garcia-Moreno, C., Duff, P., Argento, E., et Shannon, K. (2014). A systematic review of the correlates of violence against sex workers. 104(5), e42‑e54.
- Dequiré, A. F. (2017). Le proxénétisme : L’invisible du marché prostitutionnel. Le sociographe, 3, 67‑78.
- Desfachelles, M. et Ouellet, F. (2018). La méthode des cartes de vie pour reconstruire les trajectoires de délinquantes sexuelles et violentes. Revue internationale de criminologie et de police technique et scientifique, 71, 456‑464.
- Ernst, F., Romanczuk-Seiferth, N., Köhler, S., Amelung, T. et Betzler, F. (2021). Students in the sex industry : Motivations, feelings, risks, and judgments. Frontiers in Psychology, 12. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2021.586235
- Escoffier, J. (2007). Porn star/stripper/escort : Economic and sexual dynamics in a sex work career. Journal of Homosexuality, 53(1‑2), 173‑200. https://doi.org/10.1300/J082v53n01_08
- Földhàzi, À. (2009). Activités prostitutionnelles et gestion des violences : « les risques du métier. Genre, sexualité & société, 2.
- Ghiglione, R. et Matalon, B. (1978). Comment interroger ? Les entretiens. Dans Les enquêtes sociologiques : théories et pratiques. Armand Colin.
- Goffman, E. (2009). Stigma and social identity. Dans Stigma : Notes on the management of spoiled identity (p. 1‑40).
- Gouvernement du Canada. (2014). Réforme du droit pénal en matière de prostitution : Projet de loi C-36, Loi sur la protection des collectivités et des personnes victimes d’exploitation. https://www.justice.gc.ca/fra/pr-rp/autre-other/c36fs_fi/
- Grittner, A. L. et Walsh, C. A. (2020). The role of social stigma in the lives of female-identified sex workers : A scoping review. Sexuality & Culture, 24(5), 1653‑1682. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12119-020-09707-7
- Harcourt, C. et Donovan, B. (2005). The many faces of sex work. Sexually Transmitted Infections, 81(3), 201‑206. https://doi.org/10.1136/sti.2004.012468
- Hardy, K., Kingston, S. et Sanders, T. (dir.). (2016). New sociologies of sex work. Routledge.
- Irvine, J. M. (2015). The Other sex work : Stigma in sexuality research. Social Currents, 2(2), 116‑125. https://doi.org/10.1177/2329496515579762
- Kingston, S. et Sanders, T. (2016). New Sociologies of Sex Work in Perspective. Dans K. Hardy, S. Kingston et T. Sanders (dir.), New sociologies of sex work (Routledge, p. 1‑8).
- Kingston, S. et Smith, N. (2020). Sex counts : An examination of sexual service advertisements in a UK online directory. The British Journal of Sociology, 71(2), 328‑348.
- Kinnell, H. (2013). Murder made easy : The final solution to prostitution ? Dans Sex Work Now (p. 162‑189). Willan.
- Kramer, L. A. et Berg, E. C. (2003). A survival analysis of timing of entry into prostitution : The differential impact of race, educational level, and childhood/adolescent risk Factors. Sociological Inquiry, 73(4), 511‑528. https://doi.org/10.1111/1475-682X.00069
- Lever, J. et Dolnick, D. (2010). Call girls and street prostitutes : Selling sex and intimacy. Dans Sex for sale : Prostitution, pornography, and the sex industry (p. 187‑203). Routledge.
- Matthews, R. (2015). Female prostitution and victimization : A realist analysis. International Review of Victimology, 21(1), 85‑100. https://doi.org/10.1177/0269758014547994
- McBride, B., Shannon, K., Pearson, J., Krüsi, A., Braschel, M. et Goldenberg, S. M. (2022). Seeing pre-screened, regular clients associated with lower odds of workplace sexual violence and condom refusal amidst sex work criminalization : Findings of a community-based cohort of sex workers in Metro Vancouver, Canada (2010-2019). BMC Public Health, 22.
- Nelson, I. A. (2010). From quantitative to qualitative : Adapting the life history calendar method. Field Methods, 22(4), 413‑428. https://doi.org/10.1177/1525822X10379793
- O’Neill, M. (1996). Prostitute women now. Dans Rethinking Prostitution : Purchasing Sex in the 1990s (p. 21‑46).
- Paillé, P., et Mucchielli, A. (2021). L’analyse thématique. Dans L’analyse qualitative en sciences humaines et sociales (5ème ed., p. 269‑357). Armand Colin. https://www.cairn.info/l-analyse-qualitative-en-sciences-humaines--9782200624019-p-269.htm
- Pitcher, J. (2015). Sex work and modes of self-employment in the informal economy : Diverse business practices and constraints to effective working. Social Policy and Society, 14(1), 113‑123. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1474746414000426
- Platt, L., Grenfell, P., Meiksin, R., Elmes, J., Sherman, S. G., Sanders, T., Mwangi, P. et Crago, A.-L. (2018). Associations between sex work laws and sex workers’ health : A systematic review and meta-analysis of quantitative and qualitative studies. PLoS Medicine, 15(12), 54. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pmed.1002680 D
- Rabinovitch, J. et Strega, S. (2004). The PEERS Story : Effective services sidestep the controversies. 10(2), 140‑159. https://doi.org/10.1177/1077801203260947
- Rioufreyt, T. (2016). La transcription d’entretiens en sciences sociales : Enjeux, conseils et manières de faire. https://shs.hal.science/halshs-01339474
- Rosa, J. (2015). Le proxénétisme au féminin : Étude sur le rôle des femmes dans le recrutement de prostituées à Montréal. SPVM.
- Sanders, T. (2004). A continuum of risk ? The management of health, physical and emotional risks by female sex workers. Sociology of Health & Illness, 26(5), 557‑574. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.0141-9889.2004.00405.x
- Sanders, T., O’Neill, M. et Pitcher, J. (2009). Sex Workers and Sex Work. Dans Prostitution. Sex work, policy & politics (p. 33‑51). SAGE Publications Ltd.
- Sanders, T., O’Neill, M. et Pitcher, J. (2017). Prostitution : Sex work, policy & politics. SAGE Publications Ltd. https://doi.org/10.4135/9781529714944
- Scoular, J. et O’Neill, M. (2007). Regulating prostitution : Social inclusion, responsibilization and the politics of prostitution reform. The British journal of criminology, 47(5), 764‑778.
- Spittal, P. M., Bruneau, J., Craib, K. J. P., Miller, C., Lamothe, F., Weber, A. E., Li, K., Tyndall, M. W., O’Shaughnessy, M. V. et Schechter, M. T. (2003). Surviving the sex trade : A comparison of HIV risk behaviours among street-involved women in two Canadian cities who inject drugs. AIDS Care, 15(2), 187‑195. https://doi.org/10.1080/0954012031000068335
- Sterling, A. (2018). New Risk-Spaces, New Spaces for Harm. The Effects of the Advertising Offence on Independent Escorts. Dans E. M. Durisin, E. van der Meulen et C. Bruckert (dir.), Red Light Labour : Sex Work Regulation, Agency, and Resistance (p. 94‑103). UBS Press.
- Szczepanik, G., Ismé, C. et Grisé, É. (2014). Portrait de l’industrie du sexe au Québec (p. 12) [Rapport sommaire]. Consertation des luttes contre l’exploitation sexuelle.
- Vanwesenbeeck, I. (2017). Sex work criminalization is barking up the wrong tree. Arch Sex Behav. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10508-017-1008-3
- Vidal, S., Ouellet, F. et Dubois, M.-È. (2020). Walking into the sunset : How criminal achivement shapes the desistance process : Criminal achievement and the desistance process. Criminal Justice and Behavior, 47(11), 1529‑1546. https://doi.org/10.1177/0093854820913316
- Weitzer, R. (2009). Sociology of sex work. Annual review of Sociology, 35(1), 213‑234. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-soc-070308-120025
- Weitzer, R. (2012a). Indoor prostitution : What makes it Special ? Dans Legalizing Prostitution. From Illicit Vice to Lawful Business (p. 22‑44). New York University Press.
- Weitzer, R. (2012b). Understanding prostitution. Dans Legalizing prostitution. From illicit vice to lawful business (p. 3‑21). New York University Press.
- Weitzer, R. (2018). Resistance to sex work stigma. Sexualities, 21(5‑6), 717‑729. https://doi.org/10.1177/1363460716684509
- Williamson, C. et Baker, L. M. (2009). Women in street-based prostitution : A typology of their work styles. Qualitative Social Work, 8(1), 27‑44. https://doi.org/10.1177/1473325008100420
- Ziegler, C. D. (2020). The Impact Of Marginalization On Sex Workers And Improving Health Outcomes In This Population Through Contextualized Interventions And Services [Mémoire de maîtrise, Public Health University of Saskatchewan]. https://harvest.usask.ca/bitstream/handle/10388/13258/ZIEGLER-THESIS-2020.pdf ? sequence=1&isAllowed=y
- Zvi, L. (2022). Police Perceptions of Sex-worker Rape Victims and Their Offenders : A Vignette Study. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 37(15‑16), NP14189‑NP14214. https://doi.org/10.1177/08862605211005140

