Résumés
Abstract
The species Archimylacris acadica Scudder, first described from Nova Scotia (Canada), is the type species of the genus Archimylacris and the family Archimylacridae. It is re-described based on historical drawings and a coeval new specimen from the same geographic area, the Maritimes Basin of eastern Canada from Robertson Point (Sunbury Creek Formation) in central New Brunswick. A precise diagnosis of the genus and the species and an emended diagnosis of the family Archimylacridae are given. This new specimen and the type specimen of Archimylacris lubnensis are proposed as reference specimens for the missing holotype of Archimylacris acadica. Paleobiogeographically and stratigraphically, archimylacrids appeared suddenly in the fossil record of the paralic Appalachian Basin with no evolutionary forerunners yet discovered; they became common in the paralic Variscan foreland basins in northern Europe. They are so far unknown from contemporaneous entomofaunas of Cathaysia, from the Angara biotic province, and from Gondwana.
Keywords:
- Archimylacris acadica,
- Sunbury Creek Formation,
- Maritimes Basin,
- Pennsylvanian
Résumé
L’espèce Archimylacris acadica Scudder, décrite pour la première fois en Nouvelle-Écosse (Canada), est l’espèce type du genre Archimylacris et de la famille des Archimylacridae. Une nouvelle description en est faite à partir de dessins historiques et d’un nouveau spécimen contemporain provenant du même secteur géographique, le bassin des Maritimes dans l’est du Canada, sur la pointe Robertson (Formation de Sunbury Creek) dans le centre du Nouveau-Brunswick. Une diagnose précise du genre et de l’espèce, ainsi qu’une diagnose révisée de la famille des Archimylacridae, sont fournies. On propose le nouveau spécimen et le spécimen type d’Archimylacris lunensis comme spécimens de référence pour remplacer l’holotype manquant de l’Archimylacris acadica. Sur les plans paléobiogéographique et stratigraphique, les archimylacrides apparaissent soudainement dans le registre fossile du bassin appalachien paralique, alors qu’aucun ancêtre évolutif n’a encore été découvert; ils deviennent ensuite courants dans les bassins d’avant-pays varisques paraliques d’Europe du Nord. Ils demeurent inconnus parmi les entomofaunes contemporaines de la Cathaysia, de la province biotique de l’Angara et du Gondwana.
Parties annexes
Bibliography
- Agnus, A.N. 1903. Deuxième note sur les Blattidés paléozoïques [Orthopt.]. Description d’une espèce nouvelle. Bul-letin de la Société entomologique de France, 8 (17), pp. 291–294.
- Alison, D. and Carroll, R. 1972. Catalogue of type and figured fossils in the Redpath Museum, McGill University. Redpath Museum, McGill University, Montreal. 173 p.
- Amler, M.R.W. and Silantiev, V.V. 2022. A global review of Carboniferous marine and non-marine bivalve biostratigraphy. In The Carboniferous timescale. Edited by S.G. Lucas, J.W. Schneider, X. Wang, and S. Nikolaeva, S. Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 512, pp. 893–932. https://doi.org/10.1144/SP512-2021-101
- Anisyutkin, L.N. 2007. New cockroaches from the Upper Carboniferous of Siberia (Insecta: Dictyoptera, Mylacridina). Paleontological Journal, 41 (5), pp. 542–548. https://doi.org/10.1134/S0031030107050097
- Ball, F.D., Sullivan, R.M., and Peach, A.R. 1981. Carboniferous drilling project. New Brunswick Department of Natural Resources; Mineral Resources Branch, Report of Investigation 18, 109 p.
- Becker-Migdisova, E.E. 1961. The order Blattodea, cockroaches. In Paleozoic Insects from the Kuznetsk Basin. Edited by Akademiya Nauk SSSR. Trudy Paleontologicheskogo Instituta, 85, pp. 89–157 (in Russian).
- Belahmira, A., Schneider, J.W., Scholze, F., and Saber, H. 2019. Phyloblattidae and Compsoblattidae (Insecta, Blattodea) from the late Carboniferous Souss basin, Morocco. Journal of Paleontology, 93 (5), pp. 945–965. https://doi.org/10.1017/jpa.2019.20
- Belahmira, A., Schneider, J.W., and Saber, H. 2024. Insect (Blattodea, Spiloblattinidae) biostratigraphy of the Pennsylvanian Souss basin, Morocco: a contribution to non-marine - marine correlation. Newsletters on Stratigraphy, 57 (3), pp. 299–322. https://doi.org/10.1127/nos/2024/0821
- Belahmira, A., Schneider, J.W. and Saber, H. 2025. Early elytrification of forewings of Palaeozoic cockroachoids: revision of the Carboniferous–Permian family Poroblattinidae (Insecta, Dictyoptera) based on new finds from Morocco. Papers in Palaeontology, 11 (5), e70033, 26 p. https://doi.org/10.1002/spp2.70033
- Béthoux, O., Schneider, J.W., and Klass, K. 2011. Redescription of the holotype of Phyloblatta gaudryi Agnus, 1903 (Pennsylvanian; Commentry, France), an exceptionally well-preserved stem-dictyopteran. Geodiversitas, 33 (4), pp. 623–634. https://doi.org/10.5252/g2011n4a4
- Béthoux, O., Norrad, R.E., Stimson, M.R., King, O.A., Allen, F.L., Deregnaucourt, I., Hinds, S.J., Lewis, J.H., and Schneider, J.W. 2021. A unique, large-sized stem Odonata (Insecta) found in the early Pennsylvanian of New Brunswick (Canada). Fossil Record, 24, pp. 207–221. https://doi.org/10.5194/fr-24-207-2021
- Bolton, H. 1917. On blattoid and other insect remains from the South Staffordshire Coalfield. Proceedings of the Birmingham Natural History and Philosophical Society, 14, pp. 100–106.
- Brauckmann, C. and Schneider, J. 1996. Ein unter-karbonisches Insekt aus dem Raum Bitterfeld/Delitzsch (Pterygota, Arnsbergium, Deutschland). Neues Jahrbuch für Geologie und Paläontologie, Monatshefte, 1996 (1), pp. 17–30. https://doi.org/10.1127/njgpm/1996/1996/17
- Calder, J. H., Gibling, M. R., Scott, A. C., Davies, S. J., and Hebert, B. L. 2006. A fossil lycopsid forest succession in the classic Joggins section of Nova Scotia: paleoecology of a disturbance-prone Pennsylvanian wetland. In Wetlands through time. Edited by S.F. Greb and W.A. DiMichele. Geological Society of America, special papers, 399, pp. 169–195. https://doi.org/10.1130/2006.2399(09)
- Chen, L., Gu, J., Yang, Q., Ren, D., Blanke, A., and Béthoux, O. 2021. Ovipositor and mouthparts in a fossil insect support a novel ecological role for early orthopterans in 300 million years old forests. Elife, 10, e71006, pp 1–42. https://doi.org/10.7554/eLife.71006
- Copeland, M.J. 1957. The arthropod fauna of the Upper Carboniferous rocks of the Maritime Provinces. Geological Survey of Canada Memoir, 286, 110 p. https://doi.org/10.4095/101505
- Dawson, J.W. 1867. On some remains of Paleozoic insects recently discovered in Nova Scotia and New Brunswick. Canadian Naturalist and Geologist (New Series), 3, pp. 202–206.
- Dawson, J.W. 1878. Acadian geology: the geological structure, organic remains, and mineral resources of Nova Scotia, New Brunswick, and Prince Edward Island (3rd edition). Macmillan, London, UK, xxvi+790 p. https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.18064
- Dietrich, J., Lavoie, D., Hannigan, P., Pinet, N., Castonguay, S., Giles, P., and Hamblin, A. 2011. Geological setting and resource potential of conventional petroleum plays in Paleozoic basins in eastern Canada. Bulletin of Canadian Petroleum Geology, 59 (1), pp. 54–84. https://doi.org/10.2113/gscpgbull.59.1.54
- Dyer, W.S. 1926. Minto Coal Basin, New Brunswick. Geological Survey of Canada Memoir 151, 40 p., 2 map sheets, scale 1:63 360.
- Faulkner, S.J.M., Stimson, M.R., Calder, J.H., and Lucas, S.G. 2017. The first unambiguous pterygote ichnofossil from the Joggins Fossil Cliffs, UNESCO World Heritage Site, Joggins, Nova Scotia, Canada. Abstract to 43rd Colloquium and Annual General Meeting 2017 of the Atlantic Geoscience Society. Atlantic Geology, 53, pp. 141.
- Gibling, M.R., Culshaw, N., Pascucci,V., Waldron, J.W.F., and Rygel, M.C. 2019. The Maritimes Basin of Atlantic Canada: Basin creation and destruction during the Paleozoic assembly of Pangea. In The sedimentary basins of the United States and Canada (second edition). Edited by A. Miall. Elsevier, Amsterdam, Netherlands, pp. 267–314. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-444-63895-3.00006-1
- Gradstein, F.M., Ogg, J.G., and Schmitz, M. 2012. The geologic time scale 2012 (2-volume set): Waltham, MA, Elsevier, 1144 p. https://doi.org/10.1127/0078-0421/2012/0020
- Guo, Y., Béthoux, O., Gu, J., and Ren, D. 2013. Wing venation homologies in Pennsylvanian 'cockroachoids' (Insecta) clarified thanks to a remarkable specimen from the Pennsylvanian of Ningxia (China). Journal of Systematic Palaeontology, pp. 1–6. https://doi.org/10.1080/14772019.2011.637519
- Guthörl, P. 1934. Die Arthropoden aus dem Karbon und Perm des Saar-Nahe-Pfalz-Gebietes. Abhandlungen der koenigliche preussischen geologischen Landesanstalt, 164, 219 p.
- Hamilton, J.B. 1960. Geological notes - Chipman–Harcourt Area, New Brunswick Department of Natural Resources and Energy Preliminary Map 60-01, 8 p., 1 sheet, scale 1:63 360.
- Hamilton, J.B. 1962a. Geological notes - Codys, Queens and Kings counties. New Brunswick Department of Natural Resources and Energy Preliminary Map 59-05, 21 p., 1 sheet, scale 1:63 360.
- Hamilton, J.B. 1962b. Geological notes - Salisbury [west], Queens, Kings and Westmorland counties. New Brunswick Department of Natural Resources and Energy Preliminary Map 60-05, 16 p., 1 sheet, scale 1:63 360.
- Hamilton, J.B. 1962c. Geological notes - Chipman [east], Queens County, New Brunswick. Department of Natural Resources and Energy Preliminary Map 60-06, 16 p., 1 sheet, scale 1:63 360.
- Handlirsch, A. 1904. Les insectes houillers de la Belgique. Mémoires du Musée Royal d'Histoire Naturelle de Belgique, 3, pp. 1–20.
- Handlirsch, A. 1906a. Revision of American Paleozoic insects. Proceedings U.S. National Museum, 29, pp. 661–820. https://doi.org/10.5479/si.00963801.29-1441.661
- Handlirsch, A. 1906b. Die fossilen Insekten und die Phylogenie der Rezenten Formen. Verlag Engelmann, Leipzig, 393 p., 36 pls.
- Hanson, E.J. 1957. Natural gas in Canadian–American relations. International Journal, 12 (3), pp.186–198. https://doi.org/10.1177/002070205701200304
- Hmich, D., Schneider, J.W., Saber, H., and El Wartiti, M. 2003. First Permocarboniferous insects (blattids) from North Africa (Morocco) - implications on palaeobiogeography and palaeoclimatology. Freiberger Forschungshefte, C 499, pp. 117–134.
- Hmich, D., Schneider, J.W., Saber, H., and El Wartiti, M. 2005. Spiloblattinidae (Insecta, Blattida) from the Carboniferous of Morocco, North Africa - implications on biostratigraphy. New Mexico Museum of Natural History and Science Bulletin, 30, pp. 111–114.
- Hmich, D., Schneider, J.W., Saber, H., Voigt, S., and El Wartiti, M. 2006. New continental Carboniferous and Permian faunas of Morocco - implications for biostratigraphy, palaeobiogeography and palaeoclimate. In Non-marine Permian biostratigraphy and biochronology. Edited by S.G. Lucas, G. Cassinis and J.W. Schneider. London: Geological Society, pp. 297–324. https://doi.org/10.1144/GSL.SP.2006.265.01.14
- Hong, Y. 1980. New late Paleozoic insects from Shanxi. Geological Review, 26, pp. 89–95 (in Chinese).
- Hong, Y. 1985. New fossil genera and species of Shanxi Formation in Xishan of Taiyuan. Entomotaxonomia, 7 (2), pp. 83–91 (in Chinese with English summary).
- Hong, Y. 1998. Establishment of fossil entomofaunas and their evolutionary succession in north China. Entomologica Sinica, 5 (4), pp. 283–300. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1744-7917.1998.tb00324.x
- Izart, A., Opluštil, S., Michels, R., Voigt, S., Hartkopf-Fröder, C., Barbarand, J., Blaise, T., Laurin, J., Schmitz, M., Allouti, S., Romain Hemelsdael, R., and Pironon, J. 2025. Reassessment of the Pennsylvanian bio- and chronostratigraphy of the Saar–Lorraine Basin using high-precision U–Pb ages of volcanic ashes. International Journal of Coal Geology, 302, 104724, 31 p. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.coal.2025.104724
- Kušta, J. 1883. Über eine Blattina aus der Lubnaer Gaskohle. Sitzungsberichte der Königlich Böhmischen Gesellschaft der Wissenschaften in Prag, 1882, pp. 430–437.
- Lameere, A. 1922. Sur la nervation alaire des insectes. Bulletin de la Classe des Sciences de l'Académie Royale de Belgique, 8 (4), pp. 138–149.
- Latreille, P.A. 1829. Le règne animal distribué d'après son organisation, pour servir de base à l'histoire naturelle des animaux et d'introduction à l'anatomie comparée. Volume IV. Crustacés, arachnides et partie des insects. Paris. Déterville, Crochard, 584 p.
- Laurentiaux, D. 1958. Contribution à l'étude des insects carbonifères. Thèse, Université de Paris, Paris, 785 p.
- Laurentiaux, D. 1959. La reproduction chez les insectes blattaires du Carbonifère: facteurs du panchronisme et classification naturell de l'ordre. Bulletin de la Société géologique de France, 7 (1), pp. 759–766. https://doi.org/10.2113/gssgfbull.S7-I.7.759
- Laurentiaux, D. 1963. Un type remarquable d'asymétrie alaire chez des Blattes westphaliennes. Comptes-Rendus de l'Academie des Sciences, Paris, 256, pp. 234–236.
- Laurentiaux, D. 1967. Revision du genre Archimylacris Scudder (insectes blattaires Archimylacridae) et description d'un genre nouveau Westphalien [et] de sa descendance. Annales de l'Université et de l'Association régionale pour l'étude et la recherche scientifique, 5, pp. 59–64.
- Laurentiaux-Vieira, F. and Laurentiaux, D. 1987. Un remarquable Archimylacride du Westphalien inférieur belge. Ancienneté du dimorphisme sexuel des Blattes. Annales de la Société Géologique du Nord, 106, pp. 37–47.
- Lavoie, D., Pinet, N., Dietrich, J., Hannigan, P., Castonguay, S., Hamblin, A.P., and Giles, P. 2009. Petroleum resources assessment, Paleozoic successions of the St. Lawrence Platform and Appalachians of eastern Canada. Geological Survey of Canada Open File 6174, 273 p. https://doi.org/10.4095/248071
- Linnaeus, C. 1758. Systema naturae, per regna tria naturae: secundum classes, ordines, genera, species cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis. Holmiae: Laurentius Salvius, 6212 p. https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.542
- Lucas, S.G. 2020. Rethinking the Carboniferous chronostratigraphic scale. Newsletters on Stratigraphy, 54 (3), pp. 257–274. https://doi.org/10.1127/nos/2020/0629
- Martynov, A.V. 1933. Note on the age of Paleozoic insects bearing deposits of the Kuznetsk basin. American Journal Science, 26, pp. 883–894. https://doi.org/10.2475/ajs.s5-26.154.447
- Matthew, G.F. 1889. On some remarkable organisms of the Silurian and Devonian rocks in southern New Brunswick. Transaction of the Royal Society of Canada, 4, pp. 49–62.
- McLean D. and Bodman D. 2021. Palynostratigraphy of Carboniferous samples. New Brunswick Department of Natural Resources and Energy Development: Geological Surveys Division, unpublished report: MB Stratigraphy Ltd. Report No. 235. 45 p.
- Mottequin, B. and Robin, N. 2023. Rediscovery of the Mathieu collection of Carboniferous (Pennsylvanian) –Permian (Cisuralian) arthropods from the Kaiping Coalfield (northeastern China). Geologica Belgica, 26 (1–2), pp. 79–92. https://doi.org/10.20341/gb.2023.006
- Muller, J.E. 1951. Geology and coal deposits of the Minto and Chipman map-areas, New Brunswick. Geological Survey of Canada Memoir 260, 47 p., 3 map sheets, scale 1:63 360. https://doi.org/10.4095/101597
- Nelson, W.J. and Lucas, S.G. 2021. The Cantabrian and Barruelian substages (Stephanian Stage, Carboniferous) were never properly defined and should be dropped from formal usage. New Mexico Museum of Natural History and Science Bulletin, 82, pp. 285–296.
- Opluštil, S. and Schneider, J.W. 2023. Middle–Late Pennsylvanian tectonosedimentary, climatic and biotic records in basins of Europe, NW Turkey and North Africa: an overview. In Ice ages, climate dynamics and biotic events: the Late Pennsylvanian world. Edited by S.G. Lucas, W.A. DiMichele, S. Opluštil and X. Wang. Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 535, 67 p. https://doi.org/10.1144/SP535
- Opluštil, S., Schmitz, M., Cleal, C.J., and Martínek, K. 2016. A review of the Middle–Late Pennsylvanian west European regional substages and floral biozones, and their correlation to the Global Time Scale based on new U–Pb ages. Earth-Science Reviews, 154, pp. 301–335. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.earscirev.2016.01.004
- Opluštil, S., Cleal, C.J., Wang, J., and Wan, M. 2022. Carboniferous macrofloral biostratigraphy: an overview. In The Carboniferous timescale. Edited by S.G. Lucas, J.W. Schneider, X. Wang, and S. Nikolaeva. Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 512, pp. 813–863. https://doi.org/10.1144/SP512-2020-97
- Petrulevičius, J.F. and Gutiérrez, P. 2016. New basal Odonatoptera (Insecta) from the lower Carboniferous (Serpukhovian) of Argentina. Arquivos entomolóxicos Argentina: entomolóxicos, 16, pp. 341–358.
- Prokop, J., Pecharová, M., Nel, A., Grey, M., and Hörnschemeyer, T. 2017. A remarkable insect from the Pennsylvanian of the Joggins Formation in Nova Scotia, Canada: insights into unusual venation of Brodiidae and nymphs of Megasecoptera. Journal of Systematic Paleontology, 15, pp. 1051–1065. https://doi.org/10.1080/14772019.2017.1283364
- Pruvost, P. 1912. Les insectes houillers du nord de la France. Annales de la Société Géologique du Nord, 41, pp. 323–380.
- Rasnitsyn, A.P. and Quicke, D.L.J. 2002. History of insects. Kluwer Academic Publishers: Dordrecht, The Netherlands, 517 p. https://doi.org/10.1007/0-306-47577-4
- Rehn J.W.H. 1951. Classification of the Blattaria as indicated by their wings (Orthoptera). Memoirs of the American Entomological Society, 14, pp. 1–134.
- Ricetti, J.H.Z., Schneider, J.W., Iannuzzi, R., and Weinschütz, L.C. 2016, Anthracoblattina mendesi Pinto et Sedor (Blattodea, Phyloblattidae): The most completely preserved South American Palaeozoic cockroach. Revista Brasileira de Paleontologia, 19 (2), pp. 181–194. https://doi.org/10.4072/rbp.2016.2.03
- Schneider, J. 1977. Zur Variabilität der Flügel paläozoischer Blattoidea (Insecta), Teil 1. - Freiberger Forschungshefte, C 326, pp. 87–105.
- Schneider, J. 1978. Zur Taxonomie und Biostratigraphie der Blattodea (Insecta) des Karbon und Perm der DDR. Freiberger Forschungshefte, C 340, pp. 1–152.
- Schneider, J. 1983. Die Blattodea (Insecta) des Paläozoikum. Teil 1: Systematik, Ökologie und Biostratigraphie. Freiberger Forschungshefte, C 382, pp. 106–145.
- Schneider, J.W. and Brauner, S. 2024. Insekten. In Rotliegend-Fauna des Thüringer Waldes. Edited by R. Werneburg and J.W. Schneider. Naturhistorisches Museum Schloss Bertoldsburg, pp. 76–104.
- Schneider, J.W. and Rößler, R. 2023. The early history of giant cockroaches: gyroblattids and necymylacrids (Blattodea) of the Late Carboniferous. Diversity, 15 (429), pp. 1–41. https://doi.org/10.3390/d15030429
- Schneider, J.W. and Werneburg, R. 2006. Insect biostratigraphy of the European Late Carboniferous and Early Permian. In Non-marine Permian biostratigraphy and biochronology. Edited by S.G. Lucas, S.G., J.W. Schneider, and G. Cassinis. Geological Society, London, Special Publication, 265, pp. 325–336. https://doi.org/10.1144/GSL.SP.2006.265.01.15
- Schneider, J.W., Goretzki, J., and Rößler, R. 2005. Biostratigraphisch relevante nicht-marine Tiergruppen im Karbon der variscischen Vorsenke und der Innensenken. Courier Forschungsinstitut Senckenberg, 254, pp. 103–118.
- Schneider, J.W., Lucas, S.G., Scholze, F., Voigt, S., Marchetti, L., Klein, H., Opluštil, S., Werneburg, R., Golubev, V.K., Barrick, J.E., Nemyrovska, T., Ronchi, A., Day, M.O., Silantiev, V.V., Rößler, R., Saber, H., Linnemann, U., Zharinova, V., and Shen, S.Z. 2020. Late Paleozoic–early Mesozoic continental biostratigraphy - links to the Standard Global Chronostratigraphic Scale. Paleoworld, 531, pp. 186–238. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.palwor.2019.09.001
- Schneider, J.W., Scholze, F., Ross, A.J., Blake, Jr, B.M., and Lucas, S.G. 2021. Improved blattoid insect and conchostracan zonation for the late Carboniferous, Pennsylvanian, of Euramerica. In The Carboniferous timescale. Edited by S.G. Lucas, J.W. Schneider, X. Wang, and S. Nikolaeva. Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 512, pp. 865–891. https://doi.org/10.1144/SP512-2021-93
- Schuchert, C. 1897. On the fossil phyllopod genera, Dipeltis and Protocaris, of the family Apodidae. Proceedings of the U.S. National Museum, 19 (1117), pp. 671–676. https://doi.org/10.5479/si.00963801.19-1117.671
- Scudder, S.H. 1868. Insect taxonomy. In Acadian geology. The geological structure, organic remains, and mineral resources of Nova Scotia, New Brunswick, and Prince Edward Island. Edited by J.W. Dawson. MacMillan, London, pp. 386–389.
- Scudder, S.H. 1874. Two new fossil cockroaches from the Carboniferous of Cape Breton. The Canadian Naturalist, New Series, 7, pp. 271–272.
- Scudder, S.H. 1876. New and interesting insects from the Carboniferous of Cape Breton. The Canadian Naturalist, New Series, 8, pp. 88–90.
- Scudder, S.H. 1879. Palaeozoic cockroaches: a complete revision of the species of both worlds, with an essay toward their classification. Memoirs of the Boston Society of Natural History, 3, pp. 23–134, pl. 132–136.
- Scudder, S.H. 1895. Revision of the American fossil cockroaches with descriptions of new forms. Bulletin of the United States Geological Survey, 124, pp. 1–176.
- St. Peter, C.J. 1997. Revisions to Upper Carboniferous stratigraphy in the Grand Lake area, New Brunswick. Abstracts: 22nd Annual Review of Activities. New Brunswick Department of Natural Resources and Energy, Mineral Resources, Information Circular 97-4, pp. 13–14.
- St. Peter, C.J. and Johnson, S.C. 2009. Stratigraphy and structural history of the late Palaeozoic Maritimes Basin in southeastern New Brunswick, Canada. New Brunswick Department of Natural Resources; Minerals, Policy and Planning Division, Memoir 3, 348 p.
- Trümper, S., Schneider, J.W., Nemyrovska, T., Korn, D., Linnemann, U., Ren, D., and Bethoux, O. 2020. Age and depositional environment of the Xiaheyan insect fauna, embedded in marine black shales (Early Pennsylvanian, China). Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, 538, 109444, 19 p. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.palaeo.2019.109444
- van de Poll, H.W., Gibling, M.R., and Hyde, R.S. 1995. Introduction. In Chapter 5. Upper Paleozoic rocks. In Geology of the Appalachian–Caledonian Orogen in Canada and Greenland. Edited by H. Williams; Geological Survey of Canada, Geology of Canada, no. 6, pp. 449–455 (also Geological Society of America, The Geology of North America, v. F-1).
- Wagner, R.H. 1969. Proposal for recognition of a new 'Cantabrian' Stage at the base of the Stephanian Series. 6th Congrès International de Stratigraphie et de Geologie du Carbonifère, 1, pp. 139–150.
- Waldron, J.W. 2004. Anatomy and evolution of a pull-apart basin, Stellarton, Nova Scotia. Geological Society of America Bulletin, 116 (1–2), pp. 109–127. https://doi.org/10.1130/B25312.1
- Waldron, J.W.F, Giles, P.S., and Thomas A.K. 2017. Correlation chart for Late Devonian to Permian stratified rocks of the Maritimes Basin, Atlantic Canada. Nova Scotia Department of Energy Open File Report 2017-02.
- Wei, D., Béthoux, O., Guo, Y., Schneider, J.W., and Ren, D. 2013. New data on the singularly rare 'cockroachoids' from Xiaheyan (Pennsylvanian; Ningxia, China). Alcheringa: An Australasian Journal of Palaeontology, 37 (4), pp. 547–557. https://doi.org/10.1080/03115518.2013.808863
- Williams, E.P. 1974. Geology and petroleum possibilities in and around Gulf of St. Lawrence. American Association of Petroleum Geologists Bulletin, 58, pp. 1137–1155. https://doi.org/10.1306/83D9162D-16C7-11D7-8645000102C1865D
- Woodward, H. 1887. Some new British Carboniferous cockroaches. Geological Magazine, 3 (4), pp. 49–58. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0016756800200411
- Zhang, A., Schneider, J.W., and Hong, Y. 2013. The most ancient roach (Blattodea): a new genus and species from the earliest Late Carboniferous (Namurian) of China, with a discussion of the phylomorphogeny of early blattids. Journal of Systematic Palaeontology, 11, pp. 27–40. https://doi.org/10.1080/14772019.2011.634443