Résumés
Abstract
The Dry River Diorite is one of the few mafic bodies spatially associated with the White Mountain Batholith of New Hampshire, USA. However, new U–Pb zircon geochronology reveals a 119.92 ± 0.62 Ma emplacement age for the diorite, considerably younger than the ca. 200–180 Ma batholith and indicates that it is instead a member of the younger White Mountain Magma Series (ca. 130–100 Ma) of the New England–Quebec province. The diorite is mildly silica undersaturated, with chondrite-normalized REE and spider diagram patterns that indicate ocean island basalt compositions. Several tectonic discrimination diagrams indicate the magmas have within-plate basaltic compositions. Ce/Yb versus La/Ta and Sm/Yb versus La/Sm values indicate the magmas are 2–5% partial melts of garnet peridotites. ƐNd and initial 87Sr/86Sr values range between 4.27 to 3.44 and 0.7036 to 0.7040 respectively. All these geochemical characteristics are identical to those of the mafic rocks of eastern Monteregian Hills and the Ossipee complex basalts of central New Hampshire. Modeling of the Dry River Diorite as the mafic endmember of the felsic rocks of the younger White Mountain Magma Series indicates that the felsic rocks contain up to 50% crustal endmember.
Previous high-precision geochronological studies indicated a relatively brief period of magmatism across this region and have argued that observed age progressions of continental magmatism are consistent with the Great Meteor Hotspot hypothesis for their formation. The age produce here for the Dry River Diorite is consistent with this trend’ however, the younger-than-predicted age is likely the result of Pb-loss or complex geological factors. Although the Cretaceous magmatic rocks in this region do not easily fit a linear age progression as a simple hotspot model might predict, the confluence of geodynamic processes that have shaped this region over 200 myr are not simple and require a high standard of verification for any one hypothesis. Whether these magmas resulted from complex hotspot dynamics, asthenospheric upwelling, or some other mechanism or combination of mechanisms requires a clear path to deconvolve the role each process had in shaping the magmatic history we can now observe. The new geochronologic data we present is consistent with other ca. 120 Ma, geographically proximal plutons in the region and therefore consistent with the age progression a hot spot model would predict for a large fraction of the Cretaceous magmatism observed across the region; however this does not preclude other models, e.g., edge-driven convection, for parsimoniously explaining magmatism in the region that does not conform to this track.
Keywords:
- White Mountain Magma Suite,
- Alkaline Rocks
Résumé
La diorite de la rivière Dry compte parmi les rares corps mafiques spatialement associés au batholite des Montagnes Blanches, au New Hampshire (É.-U.). Cependant, une nouvelle géochronologie du zircon U–Pb révèle un âge de mise en place de la diorite de 119,92 ± 0,62 millions d’années (Ma), considérablement plus jeune que le batholite d’environ 200 à 180 Ma. Elle indique qu’il s’agit plutôt d’un membre de la série magmatique plus jeune des Montagnes Blanches (environ 130 à 100 Ma) de la province géologique Nouvelle-Angleterre–Québec. La diorite est légèrement sous-saturée en silice, avec des modèles d’éléments de terres rares (ETR) normalisées par la chondrite et des diagrammes en araignée qui indiquent des compositions de basalte d’île océanique. Plusieurs diagrammes de discrimination tectonique montrent que les magmas ont des compositions basaltiques intra-plaque. D’après les valeurs de Ce/Yb par rapport à La/Ta et de Sm/Yb par rapport à La/Sm, les magmas sont des fusions partielles de 2 à 5 % de péridotites à grenat. ƐNd et les valeurs initiales de 87Sr/86Sr se situent entre 4,27 et 3,44 et 0,7036 et 0,7040, respectivement. Toutes ces caractéristiques géochimiques sont identiques à celles des roches mafiques de l’est des Montérégiennes et des basaltes du complexe d’Ossipee dans le centre du New Hampshire. La modélisation de la diorite de la rivière Dry comme membre de l’extrémité mafique des roches felsiques de la série magmatique plus jeune des Montagnes Blanches indique que les roches felsiques contiennent jusqu’à 50 % d’éléments de la croûte terrestre.
De précédentes études géochronologiques de haute précision ont fait ressortir une période relativement brève de magmatisme dans cette région, ce qui a permis de soutenir que les progressions observées quant à l’âge du magmatisme continental sont compatibles avec l’hypothèse de la formation du point chaud du Grand Météore. L’âge produit ici pour la diorite de la rivière Dry est conforme à cette tendance. Toutefois, l’âge plus jeune que prévu est probablement le résultat d’une perte de Pb ou de facteurs géologiques complexes. Bien que les roches magmatiques du Crétacé dans cette région ne correspondent pas facilement à une progression linéaire de l’âge comme un simple modèle de point chaud pourrait le prédire, la confluence des processus géodynamiques qui ont façonné cette région sur 200 millions d’années n’est pas claire et nécessite une norme de vérification élevée pour toute hypothèse. Que ces magmas résultent d’une dynamique complexe de point chaud, d’une remontée asthénosphérique, d’un autre mécanisme ou d’une combinaison de mécanismes, il faut trouver une piste pour déterminer le rôle de chaque processus dans la formation de l’histoire magmatique que nous pouvons observer aujourd’hui. Les nouvelles données géochronologiques que nous présentons sont cohérentes avec d’autres plutons d’environ 120 Ma, géographiquement proches dans la région, et donc avec la progression en âge qu’un modèle de point chaud prédirait pour une grande part du magmatisme crétacé observé dans la région. Néanmoins, cela n’exclut pas d’autres modèles, comme le rouleau de convection, pour expliquer parcimonieusement le magmatisme dans la région qui ne se conforme pas à cette piste.
Parties annexes
Bibliography
- Abdel-Rahman, A.-F.M. 1994. Nature of biotites from alkaline, calc-alkaline and peraluminous magmas. Journal of Petrology, 35(2), pp. 525-542. https://doi.org/10.1093/petrology/35.2.525
- Aldanmaz, E., Pearce, J.A., Thirlwall, M.F., and Mitchell, J.B. 2000. Petrogenetic evolution of late Cenozoic, post-collision volcanism in western Anatolia, Turkey. Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research, 102, pp. 67-95. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0377-0273(00)00182-7
- Anders E. and Ebihara M. 1982. Solar-system abundances of the elements. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta 46, 2363-2380. https://doi.org/10.1016/0016-7037(82)90208-3
- Bailey, D.G., Lupulescu, M., Chiarenzelli, J., and Taylor, J.P. 2017. Age and origin of the Cannon Point syenite, Essex County, New York: southernmost expression of the Monteregian Hills magmatism? Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences, 54(4), pp. 379-392. https://doi.org/10.1139/cjes-2016-0144
- Bédard, J.H. 1985. The opening of the Atlantic, the Mesozoic New England igneous province, and mechanisms of continental breakup. Tectonophysics, 113, pp. 209-232. https://doi.org/10.1016/0040-1951(85)90197-0
- Bédard, J.H., Ludden, J.N., and Francis, D.M. 1987. The Mégantic Intrusive Complex, Québec: a study of the derivation of silica-oversaturated anorogenic magmas of alkaline affinity. Journal of Petrology, 28, pp. 355-388. https://doi.org/10.1093/petrology/28.2.355
- Billings, M.P. 1956. The Geology of New Hampshire Part II - Bedrock Geology. The New Hampshire Department of Resources and Economic Development, 207 p.
- Bourke, J., Long, M.D., Link, F., Karabinos, P., Webb, L., Luo, Y, Espinal, K., Masis Arce, R., Li, Y. 2024. Crustal thickness, Moho sharpness, and crustal Vp/Vs beneath the northeastern U.S.: insights into past orogenic processes. In Structure and Evolution of Laurussian Orogens in Europe and North America from Geophysical Investigations. Edited by W. Ben-Mansour, C. Schiffer, and S. Gradmann. Geological Society of London Special Volume 557, SP557-2024-30. https://doi.org/10.1144/SP557-2024-30
- Bradley, D. 2019. Tectonic and paleoclimatic controls of Lithium-Cesium-Tantalum (LCT) pegmatite genesis, exhumation, and preservation in the Appalachians. The Canadian Mineralogist, 57, pp. 715-717. https://doi.org/10.3749/canmin.AB00002
- Campbell, I.H. and Borley, G.D. 1974. The geochemistry of pyroxenes from the lower layered series of the Jimberlana intrusion, western Australia. Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology, 47, pp. 281-297. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00390151
- Carr, R.S. 1980. Geology and petrology of the Ossipee ring-complex, Carroll County, New Hampshire. Unpublished M.S. thesis, Dartmouth College, Hanover, New Hampshire, 174 p.
- Cooper-Boemmels, J.R.C., Crespi, J.M., Webb, L.E., and Fosdick, J.C. 2021. 40Ar/39Ar and LA-ICP-MS U-Pb geochronology for the New England portion of the Early Cretaceous New England-Quebec Igneous Province: implications for the post-rift evolution of the eastern North American margin. American Journal of Science, 321, pp. 365-391. https://doi.org/10.2475/03.2021.03
- Creasy, J.W. 1974. Mineralogy and petrology of the White Mountain batholith, Franconia and Crawford Notch quadrangles, New Hampshire. Unpublished PhD thesis, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts, 430 p.
- Creasy, J.W. 1989. Geology and geochemistry of the Rattlesnake Mountain Igneous Complex, Raymond and Casco, Maine. In Studies in Maine geology, 4: igneous and metamorphic geology. Edited by R.D. Tucker and R.G. Marvinney. Maine Geological Survey, pp. 63-78.
- Creasy, J.W. and Eby, G.N. 1993. Ring dikes and plutons: A deeper view of calderas as illustrated by the White Mountain Igneous Province, New Hampshire. Field Trip Guidebook for the Northeastern United States: 1993 Boston GSA. Volume 1 Contribution No. 67, Department of Geology and Geography, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Massachusetts, pp. N1-N24.
- Dong, M.T. and Menke, W.H. 2017. Seismic high attenuation region observed beneath southern New England from teleseismic body wave spectra: Evidence for high asthenospheric temperature without melt. Geophysical Research Letters, 44, pp. 10 958-10 969. https://doi.org/10.1002/2017GL074953
- Dorais, M.J. 1993. Pyroxenes in enclaves and syenites of the Red Hill complex, New Hampshire: an ion and electron microprobe study. Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology, 114, pp. 130-138. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00307870
- Dorais, M.J. 2019. A Field Guide to the Geology of Northern New England: BYU Press, 252 p.
- Dorais, M.J. and Floss, C. 1992. An ion and electron microprobe study of the mineralogy of enclaves and host syenites of the Red Hill complex, New Hampshire, U.S.A. Journal of Petrology, 33, pp. 1193-1218. https://doi.org/10.1093/petrology/33.5.1193
- Dorais, M.J. and MacRae, N.D. 1994. Amphibole zoning in the Garland Peak Syenite, Red Hill complex, New Hampshire: Camptonitic parental magmas and differentiation to silica-oversaturated syenites. Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology, 117, pp. 76-86. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00307731
- Dorais, M.J. and Askren, D.R. 1998. Mafic enclaves in the nepheline sodalite syenite, Red Hill Complex, New Hampshire, U.S.A.: Mineralogical and geochemical evidence for parental magmas. Trends in Mineralogy, 2, pp. 19-37.
- Dorais, M.J., Harper, M., Larson, S., Nugroho, H., Richardson, P., and Roosmawati, N. 2005. A comparison of eastern North America and Coastal New England magma suites: Implications for subcontinental mantle evolution and the broad terrane hypothesis. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences, 42, pp. 1571-1587. https://doi.org/10.1139/e05-056
- Dorais, M.J., Marvinney, R.G., and Markert, K. 2017. The age, petrogenesis and tectonic significance of the Frontenac Formation basalts, northern New Hampshire and western Maine. American Journal of Science, 317, pp. 990-1018. https://doi.org/10.2475/09.2017.02
- Eby, G.N. 1984a. Monteregian Hills I. Petrography, major and trace element geochemistry, and strontium isotopic chemistry of the western intrusions: Mounts Royal, St. Bruno, and Johnson. Journal of Petrology, 25, pp. 421-452. https://doi.org/10.1093/petrology/25.2.421
- Eby, G.N. 1984b, Geochronology of the Monteregian Hills alkaline igneous province, Quebec: Geology, 12(8), pp. 468-470. https://doi.org/10.1130/0091-7613(1984)12<468:GOTMHA>2.0.CO;2
- Eby, G.N. 1985a. Monteregian Hills I. Petrography, major and trace element geochemistry, and strontium isotopic chemistry of the eastern intrusions: Mounts Shefford, Brome, and Megantic. Journal of Petrology, 26, pp. 418-448. https://doi.org/10.1093/petrology/26.2.418
- Eby, G.N. 1985b. Sr and Pb isotopes, U and Th chemistry of the alkaline Monteregian and White Mountain igneous provinces, eastern North America. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 49, pp. 1143-1153. https://doi.org/10.1016/0016-7037(85)90005-5
- Eby, G.N. 1985c. Age relations, chemistry, and petrogenesis of mafic alkaline dikes from the Monteregian Hills and younger White Mountain igneous provinces. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences, 22, pp. 1103-1111. https://doi.org/10.1139/e85-112
- Eby, G.N. 1987. The Monteregian Hills and White Mountain alkaline igneous provinces, eastern North America. In Alkaline Igneous rocks. Edited by J.G. Fitton and B.G.J. Upton. Geological Society Special Publication, 30, pp. 433-447. https://doi.org/10.1144/GSL.SP.1987.030.01.21
- Eby, G.N. 1988. Geology and petrology of Mounts Johnson & St.-Hilaire, Monteregian Hills Petrographic Province. In New York State Geological Association, 60th Annual Meeting, Field Trip Guidebook. Edited by J.F. Olmsted. State University College, Plattsburgh, New York, pp. 29-43.
- Eby, G.N. 1995. Part I: White Mountain Magma Series. In Third Hutton Symposium on Granites and Related Rocks, Lowell. Pre-Conference Field Trip, August 22-24, 1995, 23 p. URL <doi:10.13140/RG.2.1.1746.0883> 06 June 2024.
- Eby, G.N. 2015.Geology and petrology of the Mont Royal Pluton, Montreal. In Field Guidebook for the 87th Annual Meeting of the New York State Geological Association, SUNY Plattsburgh, Edited by D. Franzi, pp. 266-285.
- Eby, G.N. 2024. Monteregian Hills Alkaline Province. URL <https://faculty.uml.edu/nelson_eby/research/monteregian hills/monteregian hills.htm> 06 June 2024.
- Eby, G.N. and Kennedy, B. 2004. The Ossipee ring complex, New Hampshire. In Guidebook to Field Trips from Boston, Massachusetts to Saco Bay, Maine. Edited by L. Hanson. New England Intercollegiate Geologic Conference, Salem, Massachusetts, pp. 61-72.
- Eby, G.N. and McHone, J.G. 1997. Plutonic and hypabyssal intrusions of the Early Cretaceous Cuttingsville Complex, Vermont. In Guidebook to Field Trips in Vermont and Adjacent New Hampshire and New York. Edited by T.W. Grover and H.N. Mango. New England Intercollegiate Geological Conference, Castleton, Vermont, pp. B2-1 - B2-17.
- Eby, G.N., Krueger, H.W., and Creasy, J.W. 1992. Geology, geochronology, and geochemistry of the White Mountain Batholith, New Hampshire. Geological Society of America Special Paper, 268, pp. 379-397. https://doi.org/10.1130/SPE268-p379
- Fitton, J.G., Williams, R., Barry, T.L., and Saunders, A.D. 2021. The role of lithosphere thickness in the formation of ocean islands and seamounts: contrasts between the Louisville and Emperor-Hawaiian hotspot trails. Journal of Petrology, 61(11-12), pp. 1-31. https://doi.org/10.1093/petrology/egaa111
- Floyd, P.A. 1991. Oceanic islands and seamounts. In Oceanic Basalts. Edited by P.A. Floyd. Springer Science and Business Media, pp. 174-218. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-011-3042-4_9
- Foland, K.A. and Allen, J.C. 1991. Magma sources for Mesozoic anorogenic granites of the White Mountain magma series, New England, USA. Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology, 109, pp. 195-211. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00306479
- Foland, K.A. and Faul, H. 1977. Ages of the White Mountain intrusives - New Hampshire, Vermont, and Maine, USA. American Journal of Science. 277, pp. 888-904. https://doi.org/10.2475/ajs.277.7.888
- Foland, K.A. and Friedman, I. 1977. Application of Sr and O isotope relations to the petrogenesis of the alkaline rocks of the Red Hill Complex, New Hampshire, USA. Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology, 65, pp. 213-225. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00371061
- Foland, K.A., Jiang-feng, C., Gilbert, L.A., and Hofmann, A.W. 1988a. Nd and Sr isotopic signatures of Mesozoic plutons in northeastern North America. Geology, 16, pp. 684-687. https://doi.org/10.1130/0091-7613(1988)016<0684:NASISO>2.3.CO;2
- Foland, K.A., Henderson, C.M.B., and Hofmann, A.W. 1988b. Petrogenesis of the magmatic complex at Mount Ascutney, Vermont, USA: Contamination of mafic magmas and country rock model ages based on Nd isotopes. Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology, 98, pp. 408-416. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00372361
- Gernon, T.M., Jones, S.M., Brune, S., Hincks, T.K., Palmer, M.R., Schumacher, J.C., Primiceri, R.M., Field, M., Griffin, W.L., O'Reilly, S.Y., Keir, D., Spencer, C.J., Merdith, A.S., and Glerum, A. 2023. Rift-induced disruption of cratonic keels drives kimberlite volcanism: Nature, 620, p. 344-350. https://doi .org /10 .1038 /s41586-023-06193-3; correction available at https://doi .org /10 .1038 /s41586-023-06960-2
- Gernon, T.M., Hincks, T.K., Brune, S., Braun, J., Jones, S.M., Keir, D., Cunningham, A., and Glerum, A. 2024. Coevolution of craton margins and interiors during continental breakup: Nature, 632, pp. 327-335. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-024-07717-1
- Gernon, T., Brune, S., Hincks, T.K., and Keir, D. 2025. A viable Labrador Sea rifting origin of the Northern Appalachian and related seismic anomalies: Geology, 53(10), pp. 859–863. https://doi.org/10.1130/G53588.1
- Grunenfelder, M.H., Tilton, G.R., Bell, K., and Blenkinsop, J.1986. Lead and stromtium isotope relationships in the Oka carbonatite complex, Québec. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 50, pp. 461-468. https://doi.org/10.1016/0016-7037(86)90199-7
- Henderson, C.M.B., Pendlebury, K., and Foland, K.A. 1989. Mineralogy and petrology of the Red Hill alkaline igneous complex, New Hampshire, USA. Journal of Petrology, 30, pp. 627-666. https://doi.org/10.1093/petrology/30.3.627
- Henderson, D.M., Billings, M.P., Creasy, John, and Wood, S.A. 1977. Geology of the Crawford Notch Quadrangle, New Hampshire. New Hampshire Department of Resources and Economic Development, 29 p. with map, scale 1:62 500.
- Horstwood, M.S.A., Košler,J., Gehrels, G., Jackson, S.E., McLean, N.M., Paton, C., Pearson, N.J., Sircombe, K., Sylvester, P., Vermeesch, P., Bowring, J.F., Condon, D.J., and Schoene, B. 2016. Community-Derived Standards for LA-ICP-MS U-(Th-)Pb Geochronology - uncertainty Propagation, Age Interpretation and Data Reporting. Geostandards and Geoanalytical Research, 40, pp. 311-332. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1751-908X.2016.00379.x
- Kennedy, B. and Stix, J. 2007. Magmatic processes associated with caldera collapse at Ossipee ring dyke, New Hampshire. Geological Society of America Bulletin. 119, pp. 3-17. https://doi.org/10.1130/B25980.1
- Kinney, S.T., Maclennan, S.A., Setera, J., Schoene, B., VanTongeren, J., Olsen, P.E., Strauss, J.V., Town, C.F., and Bradley, D. 2019. Causal implications of a new zircon U-Pb geochronological framework for Mesozoic magmatism in northern New England and Quebec: what are the post-rift igneous rocks of the White Mountains? 54th Annual GSA Northeastern Section Meeting - 2019, 17-19 March 2019. Geological Society of America Abstracts with Programs, 51(1). https://doi.org/10.1130/abs/2019NE-328495
- Kinney, S.T., MacLennan, S.A., Keller, C.B., Schoene, B., Setera, J.B., VanTongeren, J.A., and P. E. Olsen, P.E. 2021. Zircon U-Pb geochronology constrains continental expression of Great Meteor Hotspot Magmatism. Geophysical Research Letters, 48, e2020GL09139, 12 p. https://doi.org/10.1029/2020GL091390
- Kinney, S.T., MacLennan, S.A., Szymanowski, D., Keller, C.B., VanTongeren, J.A., Setera, J.B., Jaret, S.J., Town, C.F., Strauss, J.V., Bradley, D.C., Olsen, P.E., and Schoene, B. 2022. Onset of long-lived silicic and alkaline magmatism in eastern North America preceded Central Atlantic Magmatic Province emplacement. Geology, 50, pp. 1301-1305. https://doi.org/10.1130/G50181.1
- Lachance, D.J. 1978. Genesis of the White Mountain magma series. Unpublished M.S. thesis, Eastern Washington University, Cheney, Washington, 98 p.
- Levin, V., VanTongeren, J.A., Fullea, J., and Lebedev, S. 2025. Recurring volcanism in New England focused by a region of thin lithosphere. In Structure and Evolution of Laurussian Orogens in Europe and North America from Geophysical Investigations. Edited by W. Ben-Mansour, C. Schiffer, and S. Gradmann. Geological Society of London Special Volume 557, SP557-2024-44, 15 p. https://doi.org/10.1144/SP557-2024-44
- Lyons, J.B., Bothner, W.A., Moench, R.H., and Thompson, J.B. 1997. Bedrock geologic map of New Hampshire. United States Geological Survey, scale 1: 500 000.
- Marzoli, A., Renne, P.R., Piccirillo, E.M., Ernesto, M., Bellieni, G., and DeMin, A. 1999. Extensive 200 million years old continental flood basalts from the Central Atlantic Magmatic Province. Science, 248, pp. 616-618. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.284.5414.616
- Masis, R., Long, M.D., Karabinos, P., and Bourke, J. 2024. Lithospheric structure in the northern Appalachian Mountains: a detailed examination of the abrupt change in crustal thickness in northwestern Massachusetts. Geochemistry, Geophysics, Geosystems, 25, e2024GC011570, 20 p. https://doi.org/10.1029/2024GC011570
- Matos, J.F., Kinney, S., Dorais, M.J., and Christiansen, E.H. 2023. An ƐHf and ẟ18O isotopic study of zircon of the Mount Osceola and Conway granites, White Mountain Batholith, New Hampshire: deciphering the petrogenesis of A-type granites. Lithos, 438-439, 106984, 24 p. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lithos.2022.106984
- Mazza, S.E., Gazel, E., Johnson, E.A., Bizimis, M., McAleer, R., and Biryol, C.B. 2017. Post-rift magmatic evolution of the eastern North American 'passive-aggressive' margin. Geochemistry, Geophysics, Geosystems, 18, pp. 3-22. https://doi.org/10.1002/2016GC006646
- McDonough, W.F. and Sun, S.-s, 1995. The composition of the Earth. Chemical Geology, 120, pp. 223-253. https://doi.org/10.1016/0009-2541(94)00140-4
- McHone, J.G. 1978. Distribution, orientations, and ages of mafic dikes in central New England. Geological Society of America Bulletin, 89(11), pp. 1645-1655. https://doi.org/10.1130/0016-7606(1978)89<1645:DOAAOM>2.0.CO;2
- McHone, J.G. 1996. Constraints on the mantle plume model for Mesozoic alkaline intrusions in northeastern North America. The Canadian Mineralogist, 34, pp. 325-334.
- McHone, G.J. and Butler, J.R. 1984. Mesozoic igneous provinces of New England and the opening of the North Atlantic Ocean. Geological Society of America Bulletin, 95, pp. 757-765. https://doi.org/10.1130/0016-7606(1984)95<757:MIPONE>2.0.CO;2
- Menke, W., Skryzalin, P., Levin, V., Harper, T., Darbyshire, F., and Dong, T. 2016. The Northern Appalachian Anomaly: A modern asthenospheric upwelling, Geophysical Research Letters, 43, pp. 10 173-10 179. https://doi.org/10.1002/2016GL070918
- Meschede, M. 1986. A method of discriminating between different types of mid-ocean ridge basalts and continental tholeiites with the Nb-Zr-Y diagram. Chemical Geology, 56, pp. 207-218. https://doi.org/10.1016/0009-2541(86)90004-5
- Morgan, W.J. 1983. Hotspot tracks and the early rifting of the Atlantic. Developments in Geotectonics, 19, pp. 123-139. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-444-42198-2.50015-8
- Nasdala, L., Corfu, F., Schoene, B., Tapster, S.R., Wall, C.J., Schmitz, M.D., and Ovtcharova, M. 2018. GZ 7 and GZ 8-Two zircon reference materials for SIMS U-Pb geochronology. Geostandards and Geoanalytical Research 42(4), pp. 431-457. https://doi.org/10.1111/ggr.12239
- Paton, C., Woodhead, J.D., Hellstrom, J.C., Hergt, J.M., Greig, A., and Maas, R. 2010. Improved laser ablation U-Pb zircon geochronology through robust downhole fractionation correction. Geochemistry, Geophysics, Geosystems, 11(3), Q0AA06, 36 p. https://doi.org/10.1029/2009GC002618
- Paton, C., Hellstrom, J., and Paul, B. 2011. Iolite: Freeware for the visualisation and processing of mass spectrometric data. Journal of Analytical Atomic Spectrometry, 26, 2508-2518. https://doi.org/10.1039/c1ja10172b
- Pearce, J.A. 1982. Trace element characteristics of lava from destructive plate boundaries. In Andesites. Edited by R.S. Thorpe. Wiley, pp. 230-249.
- Pearce, J.A. and Cann, J.R. 1973. Tectonic setting of basic volcanic rocks determined using trace element analysis. Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 19, pp. 290-300. https://doi.org/10.1016/0012-821X(73)90129-5
- Pearce, J.A. and Norry, M.J. 1979. Petrogenetic implications of Ti, Zr, Y, and Nb variations in volcanic rocks. Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology, 69, pp. 33-47. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00375192
- Quinn, A. and Stewart, W. 1941. Igneous rocks of the Merrymeeting Lake area of New Hampshire. American Mineralogist, 26, pp. 633-645.
- Randall, K.A. 1985. Petrogenesis of Mesozoic igneous rocks of the Pliny Range, New Hampshire. Unpublished M.S. thesis, Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, 201 p.
- Roulleau, E. and Stevenson, R. 2013. Geochemical and isotopic (Nd-Sr-Hf-Pb) evidence for a lithospheric mantle source in the formation of the alkaline Monteregian Province (Quebec). Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences, 50, pp. 650-666. https://doi.org/10.1139/cjes-2012-0145
- Schaltegger, U., Ovtcharova, M., Gaynor, S.P., Schoene, B., Wotzlaw, J-F., Davies, J. FHL, Farina, F., Greber, N.D., Szymanowski, D., and Chelle-Michou, C. 2021. Long-term repeatability and interlaboratory reproducibility of high-precision ID-TIMS U-Pb geochronology. Journal of Analytical Atomic Spectrometry, 36(7), pp. 1466-1477. https://doi.org/10.1039/D1JA00116G
- Schneidermann, J.S. 1989. The Ascutney Mountain breccia: Field and petrologic evidence of an overlapping relationship between Vermont sequence and New Hampshire sequence rocks. American Journal of Science, 289, pp. 771-811. https://doi.org/10.2475/ajs.289.6.771
- Schneiderman, J.S. 1991. Petrology and mineral chemistry of the Ascutney Mountain igneous complex, American Mineralogist, 76, pp. 218-229.
- Sláma, J., Košler, J., Condon, D.J., Crowley, J.L., Gerdes, A., Hanchar, J.M., and Horstwood, M.SA. 2008. Plešovice zircon-a new natural reference material for U-Pb and Hf isotopic microanalysis. Chemical Geology, 249(1-2), pp. 1-35. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemgeo.2007.11.005
- Sleep, N.H. 1990. Monteregian hotspot track: A longlived mantle plume. Journal of Geophysical Research, 95, pp. 21 983-21 990. https://doi.org/10.1029/JB095iB13p21983
- Sun, S.-s. and McDonough, W.F. 1989. Chemical and isotopic systematics of oceanic basalts: implications for mantle composition and process. In Magmatism in the Ocean Basins. Edited by A.D. Saunders and M.J. Norry. Geological Society Special Publication, 42, pp. 313-345. https://doi.org/10.1144/GSL.SP.1989.042.01.19
- Tomascak, P.B., Krogstad, E.J., and Walker, R.J. 1996. U-Pb monazite geochronology of granitic rocks from Maine: implications for late Paleozoic tectonics in the Northern Appalachians. The Journal of Geology, 104, pp. 185-195. https://doi.org/10.1086/629813
- Valley, J.W. 2003. Oxygen isotopes in zircon. In Zircon: Reviews in mineralogy and geochemistry. Edited by J.M. Hachar and P.W.O Hoskin. Mineralogical Society of America and Geochemical Society, 53, pp. 343-385. https://doi.org/10.2113/0530343
- Vermeesch, P. 2018. IsoplotR: a free and open toolbox for geochronology. Geoscience Frontiers t., 9, pp. 1479-1493. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gsf.2018.04.001
- Vogt, P.R. and Foulger, G.R. 2025. Lithospheric weakspots, not hotspots: New England-Quebec and Shenandoah anorogenic magmatism in the context of global plate tectonics, intraplate stress and LIPs. Earth Science Reviews, 260, 104991, 15 p. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.earscirev.2024.104991
- Wass, S.Y. 1979. Multiple origins of clinopyroxenes in alkalic basaltic rocks. Lithos, 12, pp. 115-132. https://doi.org/10.1016/0024-4937(79)90043-4
- Woodhead, J.D., Hellstrom, J., Hergt, J.M., Greig, A., and Maas, R. 2007. Isotopic and elemental imaging of geological materials by laser ablation inductively coupled plasma‐mass spectrometry. Geostandards and Geoanalytical Research, 31(4), pp. 331-343. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1751-908X.2007.00104.x
- Zenk, M. and Schulz, B. 2004. Zoned Ca-amphiboles and related P-T evolution in metabasites from the classical Barrovian metamorphic zones in Scotland. Mineralogical Magazine, 68, pp. 769-786. https://doi.org/10.1180/0026461046850218

