Abstracts
Résumé
L’objet de cet article est d’établir le portrait de la santé mentale de jeunes de l’Outaouais susceptibles d’avoir été exposés à un cumul de catastrophes naturelles dans le contexte de la pandémie. Les résultats de l’étude, menée auprès de 1 228 jeunes, indiquent que près du tiers vivaient des manifestations dépressives et des pensées suicidaires. Un jeune sur quatre présentait de l’anxiété modérée ou sévère, ainsi que des pensées d’automutilation. Ces problèmes étaient significativement plus présents chez les jeunes ayant été exposés antérieurement à une catastrophe naturelle.
Mots-clés :
- catastrophes naturelles,
- adolescents,
- santé mentale,
- pandémie
Abstract
The purpose of this article is to describe the mental health of Outaouais adolescents likely to have been exposed to a series of natural disasters in the context of the pandemic. The results of the study, which involved 1,228 teenagers, show that one-third were experiencing depression and suicidal thoughts. One in four had moderate or severe anxiety, as well as thoughts of self-harm. These problems were significantly more prevalent in young people with previous exposure to natural disasters.
Keywords:
- natural disasters,
- adolescents,
- mental health,
- pandemic
Appendices
Bibliographie
- Adebäck, P., Schulman, A., & Nilsson, D. (2018). Children exposed to a natural disaster: Psychological consequences eight years after 2004 tsunami. Nordic Journal of Psychiatry, 72(1), 75−81. https://doi.org/10.1080/08039488.2017.1382569
- Agyapong, B., Shalaby, R., Eboreime, E., Obuobi-Donkor, G., Owusu, E., Adu, M. K., Mao, W., Oluwasina, F., & Agyapong, V. I. O. (2022). Cumulative trauma from multiple natural disasters increases mental health burden on residents of Fort McMurray. European Journal of Psychotraumatology, 13(1), Article 2059999. https://doi.org/10.1080/20008198.2022.2059999
- Antal, K., Dixon, L., Evans, S., Jamieson, D., O’Rourke, J., Padbury, P., Richardson, K., Schultz, W., Schrimer, S., & Steeves, J. (2018). La prochaine génération d’enjeux mondiaux émergents. Gouvernement du Canada. https://horizons.service.canada.ca/resources/wp-content/uploads/2018/10/SSHRC-Emerging-Global-Challenges-FR-Web.pdf
- Ayub, M., Poongan, I., Masood, K., Gul, H., Ali, M., Farrukh, A., Shaheen, A., Chaudhry, H. R., & Naeem, F. (2012). Psychological morbidity in children 18 months after Kashmir Earthquake of 2005. Child Psychiatry and Human Development, 43(3), 323−336. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10578-011-0267-9
- Barkin, J. L., Buoli, M., Curry, C. L., von Esenwein, S. A., Upadhyay, S., Kearney, M. B., & Mach, K. (2021). Effects of extreme weather events on child mood and behavior. Developmental Medicine and Child Neurology, 63(7), 785−790. https://doi.org/10.1111/dmcn.14856
- Berrym K., & Finnoff, D. (2016). Choosing between adaptation and prevention with increasing probability of a pandemic. Journal of Economic Behavior and Organization, 132(7), 177−192. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jebo.2016.06.007
- Bokszczanin, A. (2012). Social support provided by adolescents following a disaster and perceived social support, sense of community at school, and proactive coping. Anxiety, Stress and Coping, 25(5), 575−592. https://doi.org/10.1080/10615806.2011.622374
- Brymer, M. J., Hansel, T., Steinberg, A. M., Speier, A., Osofsky, J., & Osofsky, H. (2019). The Louisiana spirit hurricane recovery program: Addressing the needs of children and adolescents after catastrophic hurricanes. Journal of Family Strengths, 19(1), Article 1. https://doi.org/10.58464/2168-670X.1400
- Canuel, M., Gosselin, P., Duhoux, A., & Brunet, A. (2019). Surveillance des impacts sur la santé mentale après un sinistre : une boîte à outils. Institut national de santé publique du Québec. https://www.inspq.qc.ca/sites/default/files/jasp/comm_affichees/49_surveillance_impact_sante_mentale_sinistre_nc.pdf
- Chen, S., Bagrodia, R., Pfeffer, C. C., Meli, L., & Bonanno, G. A. (2020). Anxiety and resilience in the face of natural disasters associated with climate change: A review and methodological critique. Journal of Anxiety Disorder, 76, Article 102297. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.janxdis.2020.102297
- Chou, F. H. C., Wu, H. C., Chou, P., Su, C. Y., Tsai, K. Y., Chao, S. S., Chen, M.-C., Su, T. T-P., Sun, W.-J., & Ou-Yang, W.-C. (2007). Epidemiologic psychiatric studies on post-disaster impact among Chi-Chi earthquake survivors in Yu-Chi, Taiwan. Psychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences, 61(4), 370−378. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1440-1819.2007.01688.x
- Chui, C. H. K., Ran, M.-S., Li, R.-H., Fan, M., Zhang, Z., Li, Y.-H., Ou, G. J., Jiang, Z., Tong, Y.-Z., & Fang, D.-Z. (2017). Predictive factors of depression symptoms among adolescents in the 18-month follow-up after Wenchuan earthquake in China. Journal of Mental Health, 26(1), 36−42. https://doi.org/10.1080/09638237.2016.1276542
- Cohen, J. (1988). Statistical power analysis for the behavioural sciences (2e éd.). Academic Press.
- De Silva, M. (2018). Involuntary disaster relocation and its impact on children: A case study in Galle, Sri Lanka. Procedia Engineering, 212, 190−197. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.proeng.2018.01.025
- Deuchert, E., & Felfe, C. (2015). The tempest: Short- and long-term consequences of a natural disaster for children's development. European Economic Review, 80, 280−294. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.euroecorev.2015.09.004
- Eksi, A., Braun, K. L., Ertem-Vehid, H., Peykerli, G., Saydam, R., Topalak, D., & Alyanak, B. (2007). Risk factors for the development of PTSD and depression among child and adolescent victims following a 7,4 magnitude earthquake. International Journal of Psychiatry in Clinical Practice, 11(3), 190−199. https://doi.org/10.1080/13651500601017548
- Felton, J. W., Cole, D. A., & Martin, N. C. (2013). Effects of rumination on child and adolescent depressive reactions to a natural disaster: The 2010 Nashville flood. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 122(1), 64−73, https://doi.org/10.1037/a0029303
- First, J. M., & Houston, J. B. (2022). The mental health impacts of successive disasters: Examining the roles of individual and community resilience following a tornado and COVID-19. Clinical Social Work Journal, 50(2), 124−134. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10615-021-00830-y
- Gibbs, L., Nursey, J., Cook, J., Ireton, G., Alkemade, N., Roberts, M., Gallagher, H. C., Bryant, R., Block, K., Molyneaux, R., & Forbes, D. (2019). Delayed disaster impacts on academic performance of primary school children. Child Development, 90(4), 1402−1412. https://doi.org/10.1111/cdev.13200
- Gobat, N. H., Gal, M., Butler, C. C., Webb, S. A. R., Francis, N. A., Stanton, H., Anthierens, S., Bastiaens, H., Godycki- Ćwirko, M., Kowalczyk, A., Pons-Vigués, M., Puol-Ribera, E., Berenguera, A., Watkins, A., Sukumar, P., Moore, R. G., Hood, K., & Nichol, A. (2018). Talking to the people that really matter about their participation in pandemic clinical research: A qualitative study in four European countries. Health Expectations, 21(1), 387−395. https://doi.org/10.1111/hex.12634
- Gousse-Lessard, A.-S., Gachon, P., Lessard, L., Vermeulen, V., Boivin, M., Maltais, D., Landaverde, E., Genereux, M., Motulsky, B., & Le Beller, J. (2022). Intersectoral approaches: The key to mitigating psychosocial and health consequences of disasters and systemic risks. Disaster Prevention and Management, 32(1), 74−99. https://doi.org/10.1108/DPM-09-2022-0190
- Gouvernement du Canada. (2023, octobre). Les dix phénomènes météorologiques les plus marquants au Canada en 2024. https://www.canada.ca/fr/environnement-changement-climatique/services/dix-phenomenes-meteorologiques-plus-marquants/2024.html
- Habiba, U., Jui, F. T., Meem, T., & Kabir, F. (2021). Disaster and education: Impact of flood on school going children at Keshabpur Upazilla in Bangladesh. Journal of Disaster and Emergency Research, 4(2), 81−92. https://doi.org/10.18502/jder.6028
- Harville, E. W., Shankar, A., Dunkel Schetter, C., & Lichtveld, M. (2018). Cumulative effects of the gulf oil spill and other disasters on mental health among reproductive-aged women: The gulf resilience on women’s health study. Psychological Trauma: Theory, Research, Practice, and Policy, 10(5), 533−541. https://doi.org/10.1037/tra0000345
- Hausman, E. M., Black, S. R., Bromet, E., Carlson, G., Danzig, A., Kotov, R., & Klein, D. N. (2020). Reciprocal effects of maternal and child internalizing symptoms before and after a natural disaster. Journal of Family Psychology, 34(7), 836−845. https://doi.org/10.1037/fam0000653
- Hogan, N., Costello, S., Boyle, M., & Williams, B. (2015). Measuring workplace trauma response in Australian paramedics: An investigation into the psychometric properties of the Impact of Event Scale. Psychology Research and Behavior Management, 8, 287−294. https://doi.org/10.2147/PRBM.S96647
- Horowitz, M., Wilner, N., & Alvarez, W. (1979). Impact of Event Scale: A measure of subjective stress. Psychosomatic Medicine, 41(3), 209−218. https://doi.org/10.1097/00006842-197905000-00004
- Hou, T. Y., Mao, X. F., Dong, W., Cai, W. P., & Deng, G. H. (2020). Prevalence of and factors associated with mental health problems and suicidality among senior high school students in rural China during the COVID-19 outbreak. Asian Journal of Psychiatry, 54, Article 102305. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ajp.2020.102305
- Inoue, Y., Stickley, A., Yazawa, A., Aida, J., Kawachi, I., Kondo, K., & Fujiwara, T. (2019). Adverse childhood experiences, exposure to a natural disaster and posttraumatic stress disorder among survivors of the 2011 Great East Japan earthquake and tsunami. Epidemiology and Psychiatric Sciences, 28(1), 45−53. https://doi.org/10.1017/S2045796017000233
- Joshi, P. T., & Fayyad, J. A. (2015). Displaced children: The psychological implications. Child and Adolescent Psychiatric Clinics of North America, 24(4), 715−730. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chc.2015.06.003
- Kilmer, R. P., Gil‐Rivas, V., Tedeschi, R. G., Cann, A., Calhoun, L. G., Buchanan, T., & Taku, K. (2009). Use of the Revised Posttraumatic Growth Inventory for children. Journal of Traumatic Stress: Official Publication of the International Society for Traumatic Stress Studies, 22(3), 248−253. https://doi.org/10.1002/jts.20410
- King, L. S., Osofsky, J. D., Osofsky, H. J., Weems, C. F., Hansel, T. C., & Fassnacht, G. M. (2015). Perceptions of trauma and loss among children and adolescents exposed to disasters a mixed-methods study. Current Psychology: A Journal for Diverse Perspectives on Diverse Psychological Issues, 34(3), 524−536. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12144-015-9348-4
- Kronenberg, M. E., Hansel, T. C., Brennan, A. M., Osofsky, H. J., Osofsky, J. D., & Lawrason, B. (2010). Children of Katrina: Lessons learned about postdisaster symptoms and recovery patterns. Child Development, 81(4), 1241−1259. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8624.2010.01465.x
- La Greca, A. M., Lai, B. S., Joormann, J., Auslander, B. B., & Short, M. A. (2013). Children's risk and resilience following a natural disaster: Genetic vulnerability, posttraumatic stress, and depression. Journal of Affective Disorders, 151(3), 860−867. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2013.07.024
- Lai, B. S., Osborne, M. C., Piscitello, J., Self-Brown, S., & Kelley, M. L. (2018). The relationship between social support and posttraumatic stress symptoms among youth exposed to a natural disaster. European Journal of Psychotraumatology, 9(Suppl 2), Article 1450042. https://doi.org/10.1080/20008198.2018.1450042
- Lau, J. T. F, Yu, X., Zhang, J., Mak, W. W. S., Choi, K. C., Lui, W. W. S., & Chan, E. Y. (2010). Psychological distress among adolescents in Chengdu, Sichuan at 1 month after the 2008 Sichuan earthquake. Journal of Urban Health: Bulletin of the New York Aacademy of Medicine, 87(3), 504−523. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11524-010-9447-3
- Liang, Y., Zhao, Y., Ji, W., Bian, X., & Xi, J. (2023). Latent profiles of psychological status among populations cumulatively exposed to a flood and the recurrence of the COVID-19 pandemic in China. International Journal of Disaster Risk Reduction, 85, Article 103520. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijdrr.2022.103520
- Lieber, M. (2017). Assessing the mental health impact of the 2011 great Japan earthquake, tsunami, and radiation disaster on elementary and middle school children in the Fukushima prefecture of Japan. PLoS one, 12(1), Article e0170402. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0170402
- Lowe, S. R., McGrath, J. A., Young, M. N., Kwok, R. K., Engel, L. S., Galea, S., & Sandler, D. P. (2019). Cumulative disaster exposure and mental and physical health symptoms among a large sample of gulf coast residents. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 32(2), 196−205. https://doi.org/10.1002/jts.22392
- Maltais, D., Lachance, L., Richard, M.-C., & Gauthier, S. (2009). Inondation au Québec : étude longitudinale des effets à long terme sur la santé psychologique. Revue francophone du stress et du trauma, 9(3), 155−166.
- Maltais, D., Pouliot, E., Lansard, A.-L., Fortin, G., & Petit, G. (2019). Les répercussions de l’exposition à une catastrophe technologique sur l’état de santé psychologique et sur différents aspects de la vie d’élèves du primaire. Enfance en difficulté, 6, 536.
- Maltais, D., & Gilbert, S. (2022). Exposition aux inondations : stress, difficultés vécues et conséquences sur différentes sphères de vie des sinistrés. Dans T. Buffin-Bélanger, D. Maltais & M. Gauthier (Dirs.), Les inondations au Québec : risque, aménagement du territoire, impacts socioéconomiques et transformations des vulnérabilités (p. 307−322). Presse de l'Université du Québec.
- Maltais, D., Bourdeau-Brian, M., Gilbert, S., Normandin, J.-M., Tchassem Pinlap, J., Généreux, M., Landaverde, É., & Boudreault, M. (2023). Impacts et coûts indirects des stresseurs secondaires sur la santé biopsychosociale des sinistrés des inondations de 2019. Chaire de recherche évènements traumatiques, santé mentale et résilience. https://riisq.ca/wp-content/uploads/2023/11/Stresseurs-secondaires-2023-26juin1.-Maltais-et-al.pdf
- Martin, N. C., Felton, J. W., & Cole, D. A. (2016). Predictors of youths’ posttraumatic stress symptoms following a natural disaster: The 2010 Nashville, Tennessee, flood. Journal of Clinical Child & Adolescent Psychology, 45(3), 335−347. https://doi.org/10.1080/15374416.2014.982279
- Meltzer, G. Y., Zacher, M., Merdjanoff, A. A., Do, M. P., Pham, N. K., & Abramson, D. M. (2021). The effects of cumulative natural disaster exposure on adolescent psychological distress. The Journal of Applied Research on Children: Informing Policy for Children at Risk, 12(1), Article 6. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36741819/
- Mohammad, L., & Peek, L. (2019). Exposure outliers: Children, mothers, and cumulative disaster exposure in Louisiana. Journal of Family Strengths, 19(1), Article 4. https://doi.org/10.58464/2168-670X.1401
- Osofsky, J. D., Osofsky, H. J., Weems, C. F., King, L. S., & Hansel, T. C. (2015). Trajectories of post-traumatic stress disorder symptoms among youth exposed to both natural and technological disasters. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 56(12), 1347−1355. https://doi.org/10.1111/jcpp.12420
- Osofsky, J. D., Osofsky, H. J., Weems, C. F., Hansel, T. C., & King, L. S. (2014). Effects of stress related to the gulf oil spill on child and adolescent mental health. Journal of Pediatric Psychology, 41(1), 65−72. https://doi.org/10.1093/jpepsy/jsu085
- Pfefferbaum, B., Jacobs, A., Houston, J., & Grissin, N, (2015). Children's disaster reactions: The influence of family and social factors. Current Psychiatry Reports, 17(7), Article 57. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11920-015-0597-6
- Pouliot, E., Maltais, D., Lansard, A.-L., Fortin, G., Dubois, P., & Petit, G. (2021). Conséquences psychosociales de l’exposition à une catastrophe technologique à l’adolescence : l’exemple de la tragédie ferroviaire de Lac-Mégantic. Neuropsychiatrie de l’enfance et de l’adolescence, 69(7), 335−342. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neurenf.2021.05.007
- Pouliot, E., Maltais, D., Lansard, A.-L., Dubois, P., & Fortin, G. (2022a). Factors related to the presence of suicidal ideations in adolescents after a technological disaster. International Journal of Disaster Risk Reduction, 76(15), Article 103003. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijdrr.2022.103003
- Pouliot, E., Dubois, P., Maltais, D., Lansard, A.-L. & Simard, A.-S. (2022b). Les facteurs associés à la présence de pensées suicidaires chez les jeunes en contexte de catastrophe : quelles leçons tirer des études existantes en temps de pandémie? Enfance en difficulté, 9, 117−141. https://doi.org/10.7202/1091300ar
- Ran, M.-S., Zhang, Z., Fan, M., Li, R.-H., Li, Y.-H., Ou, G. J., Jiang, Z., Tong, Y.-Z., & Fang, D.-Z. (2015). Risk factors of suicidal ideation among adolescents after Wenchuan earthquake in China. Asian Journal of Psychiatry, 13, 6671. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ajp.2014.06.016
- Scheeringa, M. S., & Zeanah, C. H. (2008). Reconsideration of harm's way: Onsets and comorbidity patterns of disorders in preschool children and their caregivers following Hurricane Katrina. Journal of Clinical Child and Adolescent Psychology: The Official Journal for the Society of Clinical Child and Adolescent Psychology, American Psychological Association, 37(3), 508−518. https://doi.org/10.1080/15374410802148178
- Spitzer, R. L., Kroenke, K., Williams, J. B., & Löwe, B. (2006). A brief measure for assessing generalized anxiety disorder: The GAD-7. Archives of Internal Medicine, 166(10), 1092−1097. https://doi.org/10.1001/archinte.166.10.1092
- Stafford, B., Schonfeld, D., Keselman, L., Ventevogel, P., & Stewart, C. (2019). The emotional impact of disaster on children and families. American Academy of Pediatris. https://pediatricchaplains.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/03/The-Emotional-Impact-of-Disaster-on-Children-and-Families.pdf
- Staples, L. G., Dear, B. F., Gandy, M., Fogliati, V., Fogliati, R., Karin, E., Nielssen, O., & Titov, N. (2019). Psychometric properties and clinical utility of brief measures of depression, anxiety, and general distress: The PHQ-2, GAD-2, and K-6. General Hospital Psychiatry, 56, 13−18. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.genhosppsych.2018.11.003
- Sundin, E. C., & Horowitz, M. J. (2002). Impact of Event Scale: Psychometric properties. The British Journal of Psychiatry, 180, 205−209. https://doi.org/10.1192/bjp.180.3.205
- Tanaka, E., Tsutsumi, A., Kawakami, N., Kameoka, S., Kato, H., & You, Y. (2016). Long-term psychological consequences among adolescent survivors of the Wenchuan earthquake in China: A cross-sectional survey six years after the disaster. Journal of Affective Disorders, 204, 255−261. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2016.08.001
- Tang, T. C., Yen, C. F., Cheng, C. P., Yang, P., Chen, C. S., Yang, R. C., Huang, M.-S., Jong, Y.-J., & Yu, H. S. (2010). Suicide risk and its correlate in adolescents who experienced typhoon-induced mudslides: A structural equation model. Depression and Anxiety, 27(12), 1143−1148. https://doi.org/10.1002/da.20748
- Tang, W., Zhao, J., Lu, Y., Zha, Y., Liu, H., Sun, Y., Zhang, J., Yang, Y., & Xu, J. (2018). Suicidality, posttraumatic stress, and depressive reactions after earthquake and maltreatment: A cross-sectional survey of a random sample of 6132 Chinese children and adolescents. Journal of Affective Disorders, 232, 363−369. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2018.02.081
- Tedeschi, R. G., & Calhoun, L. G. (1996). The Posttraumatic Growth Inventory: Measuring the positive legacy of trauma. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 9(3), 455−471. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02103658
- Ticehurst, S., Webster, R. A., Carr, V. J., & Lewin, T. J. (1996). The psychosocial impact of an earthquake on the elderly. International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry, 11(11), 943−951. https://psycnet.apa.org/doi/10.1002/(SICI)1099-1166(199611)11:11%3C943::AID-GPS412%3E3.0.CO;2-B
- Weems, C. F., Pina, A. A., Costa, N. M., Watts, S. E., Taylor, L. K., & Cannon, M. F. (2007). Predisaster trait anxiety and negative affect predict posttraumatic stress in youths after hurricane Katrina. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 75(1), 154−159. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-006x.75.1.154
- Yiming, L., Yaru, C., Qi, H., Yueyue, Z., & Zhengkui, L. (2023). Network structure and temporal stability of depressive symptoms after a natural disaster among children and adolescents. European Journal of Psychotraumatology, 14(1), Article 2179799. https://doi.org/10.1080/20008066.2023.2179799
- Zhou, X., Zhen, R., & Wu, X. (2019). How does parental attachment contribute to post-traumatic growth among adolescents following an earthquake? Testing a multiple mediation model. European Journal of Psychotraumatology, 10(1), Article 1605280. https://doi.org/10.1080/20008198.2019.1605280
10.7202/1066577ar