Abstracts
Résumé
Cette étude constitue une méta-analyse centrée sur les jugements de contingence chez les individus dépressifs et non dépressifs. Elle visait à déterminer si les dépressifs présentent des jugements de contingence plus précis que les non dépressifs et à déterminer la robustesse de cet effet en considérant différents modérateurs. Seize études représentant 1167 participants étaient disponibles. Les jugements de contingence sont significativement plus précis chez les dépressifs. Ce résultat varie selon le degré de contingence, mais pas selon le sexe, la sévérité de la dépression ou les autres caractéristiques expérimentales. Ces résultats sont discutés à la lumière de la théorie de la marge optimale d’illusion.
Mots-clés :
- réalisme dépressif,
- jugements de contingence,
- méta-analyse
Abstract
The current study represents a meta-analysis focusing on depressed and nondepressed individuals’ judgments of contingencies. Specifically, it aimed: 1) to determine whether depressed individuals display more accurate judgments of contingencies than nondepressed individuals do, and; 2) to determine under which conditions this effect is statistically significant. A literature search revealed 16 studies representing 1167 participants. Results indicate that depressed individuals’ judgments of contingencies are more accurate than those of the nondepressed. This effect is moderated by the objective degree of contingency but not by sex, depression severity or other task characteristics. Results are discussed in regards to the optimal margin of illusion theory.
Keywords:
- depressive realism,
- judgments of contingencies,
- meta-analysis
Appendices
Bibliographie
- *Abramson, L. Y., Alloy, L. B. et Rosoff, R. (1981). Depression and the generation of complex hypotheses in the judgment of contingency. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 19(1), 35-45.
- Ackermann, R. et DeRubeis, R. J. (1991). Is depressive realism real? Clinical Psychology Review, 11(5), 565-584.
- Allan, L. G., Siegel, S. et Hannah, S. (2007). The sad truth about depressive realism. The Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology, 60(3), 482-495.
- *Alloy, L. B. et Abramson, L. Y. (1979). Judgment of contingency in depressed and nondepressed students: Sadder but wiser. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 108(4), 441-485.
- Alloy, L. B. et Abramson, L. Y. (1988). Depressive realism: Four theoretical perspectives. Dans L. B. Alloy (dir.), Cognitive processes in depression (p. 223-265). New York, NY : Guilford Press.
- Alloy, L. B., Abramson, L. Y. et Kossman, D. (1985). The judgment of predictability in depressed and nondepressed college students. Dans F. R. Brush et J. B. Overmier (dir.), Affect, conditioning and cognition: Essays on the determinants of behavior (p. 229-246). Hillsdale, NJ : Erlbaum.
- Alloy, L. B., Abramson, L. Y. et Viscusi, D. (1981). Induced mood and the illusion of control. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 41(6), 1129-1140.
- Baumeister, R. F. (1989). The optimal margin of illusion. Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology, 8(2), 176-189.
- Beck, A. T. (1967). Depression: clinical, experimental, and theoretical aspects. New York, NY : Harper & Row.
- Beck, A. T. (1987). Cognitive models of depression. Journal of Cognitive Psychotherapy: An International Quarterly, 1, 5-37.
- Beck, A. T. (1991). Cognitive therapy: A 30-year retrospective. American Psychologist, 46(4), 368-375.
- Beck, A. T. et Alford, B. A. (2009). Depression: causes and treatment (2e éd.). Philadelphie, PA : University of Pennsylvania Press.
- Beck, A. T., Rush, A. J., Shaw, B. F. et Emery, G. (1979). Cognitive therapy of depression. New York, NY : Guilford Press.
- Benassi, V. A. et Mahler, H. I. (1985). Contingency judgments by depressed college students: Sadder but not always wiser. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 49(5), 1323-1329.
- Blackburn, I. et Moorhead, S. (2001). Depression. Dans W. L. Lyddon et J. V. Jones (dir.), Empirically supported cognitive therapies: Current and future applications (p. 15-50). New York, NY : Springer.
- *Blanco, F., Matute, H. et Vadillo, M. A. (2009). Depressive realism: Wiser or quieter? The Psychological Record, 59(4), 551-562.
- Borenstein, M., Hedges, L. V., Higgins, J. P. T. et Rothstein, H. R. (2009). Introduction to meta-analysis. Oxford, Grande-Bretagne : Wiley.
- *Bryson, S. E., Doan, B. D. et Pasquali, P. (1984). Sadder but wiser: A failure to demonstrate that mood influences judgements of control. Canadian Journal of Behavioural Science, 16(2), 107-119.
- *Byrom, N. C., Msetfi, R. M. et Murphy, R. A. (2015). Two pathways to causal control: Use and availability of information in the environment in people with and without signs of depression. Acta Psychologica, 157, 1-12.
- Cohen, J. (1988). Statistical power analysis for the behavioral sciences (2e éd.). Hillsdale, NJ : Erlbaum.
- Cohen, D. M. (1997). The illusion of control revisited: A test of alternative explanations. Manuscrit non publié, Université d’Ohio.
- Dimidjian, S., Hollon, S. D., Dobson, K. S., Schmaling, K. B., Kohlenberg, R. J., Addis, M. E.,… Jacobson, N. S. (2006). Randomized trial of behavioral activation, cognitive therapy, and antidepressant medication in the acute treatment of adults with major depression. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 74(4), 658-670.
- Dobson, K. S. et Franche, R.-L. (1989). A conceptual and empirical review of the depressive realism hypothesis. Canadian Journal of Behavioural Science, 21(4), 419-433.
- *Dobson, K. S. et Pusch, D. (1995). A test of the depressive realism hypothesis in clinically depressed subjects. Cognitive Therapy and Research, 19(2), 179-194.
- Duval, S. et Tweedie, R. (2000). Trim and fill: A simple funnel-plot-based method of testing and adjusting for publication bias in meta-analysis. Biometrics, 56(2), 455-463.
- Ford, C. E. et Neale, J. M. (1985). Learned helplessness and judgments of control. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 49(5), 1330-1336.
- Goodyer, I., Dubicka, B., Wilkinson, P., Kelvin, R., Roberts, C., Byford, S.,… Harrington, R. (2007). Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) and routine specialist care with and without cognitive behaviour therapy in adolescents with major depression: randomised controlled trial. British Medical Journal, 335, 142-146.
- Haaga, D. A. F. et Beck, A. T. (1994). Perspectives on depressive realism: Implications for cognitive theory of depression. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 33(1), 41-48.
- Jahoda, M. (1999). Current concepts of positive mental health (3e éd.). New York, NY : Arno.
- *Kapçi, E. G. et Cramer, D. (1999). Judgement of control revisited: Are the depressed realistic or pessimistic? Counselling Psychology Quarterly, 12(1), 95-105.
- *Koenig, L. J., Clements, C. M. et Alloy, L. B. (1992). Depression and the illusion of contro : The role of esteem maintenance and impression management. Canadian Journal of Behavioural Science, 24(2), 233-252.
- Lennox, S. S., Bedell, J. R., Abramson, L. Y., Raps, C. et Folley, F. W. (1990). Judgment of contingency: A replication with hospitalized depressed, schizophrenic and normal samples. Journal of Social Behavior and Personality, 5(4), 189-204.
- Macinnis, F. H. (1997). The relationship between positive illusions and mental health: Real or illusory? Manuscrit non publié, University of Western Ontario.
- Marin, J. (2006). The effects of gender, current mood state, and expectancy style on the depressive realism phenomenon. Manuscrit non publié, Southern Illinois University at Carbondale.
- *Martin, D. J., Abramson, L. Y. et Alloy, L. B. (1984). Illusion of control for self and others in depressed and nondepressed college students. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 46(1), 125-136.
- Matute, H. (1995). Human reactions to uncontrollable outcomes: Further evidence for superstitions rather than helplessness. The Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology, 48B(2), 142-157.
- Mendelsohn, R. L. (1998). Gender roles, illusion of control, and depression. Manuscrit non publié, St. John’s University.
- *Mikulincer, M., Gerber, H. et Weisenberg, M. (1990). Judgment of control and depression: The role of self-esteem threat and self-focused attention. Cognitive Therapy and Research, 14(6), 589-608.
- Moore, M. T. et Fresco, D. M. (2012). Depressive realism: A meta-analytic review. Clinical Psychology Review, 32(6), 496-509.
- *Msetfi, R. M., Murphy, R. A. et Simpson, J. (2007). Depressive realism and the effect of inter-trial interval on judgements of zero, positive, and negative contingencies. The Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology, 60(3), 461-481.
- *Msetfi, R. M., Murphy, R. A., Simpson, J. et Kornbrot, D. E. (2005). Depressive realism and outcome density bias in contingency judgments: The effect of the context and intertrial interval. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 134(1), 10-22.
- *Msetfi, R. M., Wade, C. et Murphy, R. A. (2013). Context and time in causal learning: contingency and mood dependent effects. PLoS One, 8(5), e64063.
- Pasahow, R. J. (1981). Depression, attributions, expectancy confidence, judgments of control, and expectancy shifts: Three hypotheses of expectancy shifts. Manuscrit non publié, Florida State University.
- *Presson, P. K. et Benassi, V. A. (1996). Illusion of control: A meta-analytic review. Journal of Social Behavior and Personality, 11(3), 493-510.
- Souder, S. V. (1988). The effects of mood on children's judgments of noncontingency. Manuscrit non publié, Indiana University of Pennsylvania.
- Tabachnick, B. G. et Fidell, L. S. (2001). Using multivariate statistics (4e éd.). Boston, MA : Allyn & Bacon.
- *Tang, C. S.-k. et Critelli, J. W. (1990). Depression and judgment of control: Impact of a contingency on accuracy. Journal of Personality, 58(4), 717-727.
- Taylor, S. E. et Armor, D. A. (1996). Positive illusions and coping with adversity. Journal of Personality, 64(4), 873-898.
- Taylor, S. E. et Brown, J. D. (1988). Illusion and well-being: A social psychological perspective on mental health. Psychological Bulletin, 103(2), 193-210.
- *Vázquez, C. (1987). Judgment of contingency: Cognitive biases in depressed and nondepressed subjects. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 52(2), 419-431.
Les références marquées d’un astérisque sont incluses dans les analyses propres à la méta-analyse.