Abstracts
Résumé
La leucémie lymphoblastique aiguë (LLA) est le type de cancer le plus fréquemment diagnostiqué chez l’enfant. Les traitements de radiation crânienne et de chimiothérapie administrés permettent un excellent taux de survie. Cependant, ces traitements causent divers effets à long terme affectant la qualité de vie des survivants. Cette revue de littérature aborde les effets à long terme des traitements contre la LLA sur le fonctionnement cognitif et les structures cérébrales. Les atteintes de la substance blanche et grise ainsi que les déficits cognitifs fréquents, leur relation avec les agents de traitement et les mécanismes expliquant leur apparition graduelle y sont décrits.
Mots-clés :
- leucémie lymphoblastique aiguë,
- traitements,
- difficultés neurocognitives,
- atteintes cérébrales,
- apparition à long terme
Abstract
Acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) is the most frequently diagnosed cancer in children. Because of the administration of cranial radiation and chemotherapy, survival rate is excellent. However, ALL treatments can cause different long-term side effects, which can affect quality of life in survivors. This review of the literature describes the long-term effects of ALL treatments on cognitive functioning and cerebral structures. White and grey matter damages, frequent cognitive deficits, their relation with treatment agents as well as mechanisms explaining their gradual apparition are discussed.
Keywords:
- acute lymphoblastic leukemia,
- treatments,
- neurocognitive difficulties,
- cerebral damages,
- long-term apparition
Appendices
Bibliographie
- Abayomi, O. (2002). Pathogenesis of cognitive decline following therapeutic irradiation for head and neck tumors. Acta Oncologica, 41(4), 346-351.
- Anderson, F. S., & Junin, Batson, A. S. (2009). Neurocognitive late effects of chemotherapy in children: the past 10 years of research on brain structure and function. Pediatric blood & Cancer, 52(2), 159-164.
- Ansari, M. & Krajinovic, M. (2007). Pharmacogenomics in cancer treatment defining genetic bases for inter-individual differences in responses to chemotherapy. Current Opinion in Pediatrics, 19(1), 15-22.
- Armstrong, G., Sklar, C., Hudson, M., & Robison, L. (2007). Long-term health status among survivors of childhood cancer: does sex matter? Journal of Clinical Oncology, 25(28), 4477-4489.
- Ashford, J., Schoffstall, C., Reddick, W. E., Leone, C., Laningham, F. H., Glass, J. O., ... & Conklin, H. M. (2010). Attention and working memory abilities in children treated for acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Cancer, 116(19), 4638-4645.
- Aukema, E., Caan, M. W. A., Oudhuis, N., Majoie, C., Vos, F., Reneman, L., … Schouten-van Meeteren, A. (2009). White matter fractional anisotropy correlates with speed of processing and motor speed in young childhood cancer survivors. International Journal of Radiation Oncology*Biology*Physics, 74(3), 837-843.
- Brown, R. T., Madan-Swain, A., Walco, G. A., Cherrick, I., Ievers, C. E., Conte, P. M., … Lauer, S. J. (1998). Cognitive and academic late effects among children previously treated for acute lymphocytic leukemia receiving chemotherapy as CNS prophylaxis. J. Pediatr. Psychol, 23(5), 333-340.
- Buizer, A., De Sonneville, L., van den Heuvel-Eibrink, M., Mjiokiktjien, C., & Veerman, A. (2005). Visuomotor control in survivors of childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia treated with chemotherapy only. Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society, 11, 554-565.
- Buizer, A., de Sonneville, L., & Veerman, A. (2009). Effects of chemotherapy on neurocognitive function in children with acute lymphoblastic leukemia: A critical review of the literature. Pediatric Blood and Cancer, 52(4), 447-454.
- Campbell, L. K., Scaduto, M., Sharp, W., Dufton, L., Van Slyke, D., Whitlock, J. A., & Compas, B. (2007). A meta-analysis of the neurocognitive sequelae of treatment for childhood acute lymphocytic leukemia. Pediatric Blood Cancer, 49, 65-73.
- Carey, M., Haut, M., Reminger, S., Hutter, J., Theilmann, R., & Kaemingk, K. (2008). Reduced frontal white matter volume in long-term childhood leukemia survivors: a voxel-based morphometry study. AJNR, 29, 792-798.
- Cheung, Y., & Krull, K. (2015). Neurocognitive outcomes in long-term survivors of childood acute lymphoblastic leukemia treated on comtemporary treatment protocols: A systematic review. Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews, 53, 108-120.
- Cole, P., & Kamen, P. (2006). Delayed neurotoxicity associated with therapy for children with acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Mental Retardation and Developmental Disabilities, 12, 174-183.
- Conklin, H. M., Krull, K. R., Reddick, W. E., Pei, D., Cheng, C., & Pui, C. H. (2012). Cognitive outcomes following comtemporary treatment without cranial irradiation for childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Journal of the National Cancer Institute, 104(18), 1386-1395.
- Daams, M., Schuitema, I., van Dijk, B., van Dulmen-den Broeder, E., Veerman, A., & van den Bos, C., … (2012). Long-term effects of cranial irradiation and intrathecal chemotherapy in treatment of childhood leukemia: a MEG study of power spectrum and correlated cognitive dysfunction. BMC Neurology, 12(84), 1-10.
- Dellani, P. R., Eder, S., Gawehn, J., Vucurevic, G., Fellgiebel, A., Müller, M. J., ... & Gutjahr, P. (2008). Late structural alterations of cerebral white matter in long-term survivors of childhood leukemia. Journal of Magnetic Resonance Imaging, 27(6), 1250-1255.
- Dietrich, J., Monje, M., Wefel, J., & Meyer, C. (2008). Clinical patterns and biological correlates of cognitive dysfunction associated with cancer therapy. The Oncologist, 13(12), 1285-1295.
- Edelmann, M., Krull, K., Liu, W., Glass, J. O., Ji, Q., Ogg, R., … Reddick, W. E. (2014). Diffusion tensor imaging and neurocognition in survivors of childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Brain, 137, 2973-2983.
- Edelmann, M., Ogg, R., Scoggins, M., Brinkman, T., Sabin, N., Pui, C. H., … Krull, K. (2013). Dexamethasone exposure and memory function in adult survivors of childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia: A report from the SJLIFE cohort. Pediatric Blood and Cancer, 60(11), 1178-1184.
- ElAlfy, M., Ragab, I., Azab, I., Amin, S., & Abdel-Mahuid, M. (2014). Neurocognitive outcome and white matter anisotropy in childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia survivors treated with different protocols. Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, 31, 194-204.
- Genschaft , M., Huebner , T., Plessow , F., Ikonomidou , V., Abolmaali, N., Krone, F., … Smolka, M. (2013). Impact of chemotherapy for childhood leukemia on brain morphology and function. PLOS one, 8(11), 1-9.
- Gilbert, M., Harding, B., & Grossman, S. (1989). Methotrexate neurotoxicity: In vitro studies using cerebellar explants from rats. Cancer Research, 49(9), 2502-2505.
- Halsey, C., Buck, G., Richards, S., Vargha-Khadem, F., Hill, F., & Gibso, B. (2011). The impact of therapy for childhood acute lymphoblastic leukaemia on intelligence quotients; results of the risk-stratified randomized central nervous system treatment trial MRC UKALL XI. Journal of Hematology & Oncology, 4(42), 1-12.
- Harshmann, L., Barron, S., Button, A., Smith, B., Link, B., Lynch, C., & Denburg, N. (2012). Population based exploration of academic achievement outcomes in pediatric acute lymphoblastic leukemia survivors. Journal of Pediatric Psychology, 37(4), 458-466.
- Hudson, M., Ness, K., Gurney, J., Mulrooney, D., Krull, K., Green, D., … Robison, L. (2013). Clinical ascertainment of health outcomes among adults treated for childhood cancer. JAMA, 309(22), 2371-2382.
- Hunger, S. P., Lu, X., Meenakshi, D., Camitta, B., Gaynon, P., Winick, N., & Carroll, W. (2012). Improved survival for children and adolescents with acute lymphoblastic leukemia between 1990 and 2005: a report from the children’s oncology group. Journal of Clinical Oncology, 30(14), 1663-1669.
- Inaba, H., Greaves, M., & Mullinghan CG. (2013) Acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Lancet 381(9881),1943-1955.
- Iyer, Balsamo, Bracken, & Kadan-Lottick, N. (2015). Chemotherapy-only treatment effects on long-term neurocognitive functioning in childhood ALL survivors: a review and meta-analysis. Blood, 126(3), 346,353.
- Jaffe, N., Takaue, Y., Anzai, T., & Robertson, R. (1985). Transiant neurologic disturbances indcued by high-dose methotrexate treatment. Cancer, 56(6), 1356-1360.
- Jain, N., Brouwers, P., Okcu, M. F., Cirino, P. T., & Krull, K. R. (2009). Sex-specific attention problems in long-term survivors of pediatric acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Cancer, 115(18), 4238-4245.
- Jankovic, M., Masera, G., Brouwers, P., Valsecchi, M., Veldhuizen, A., Kingma, A., … Masera, G. (1994). Association of 1800 cGy cranial irradiation with intellectual function in children with acute lymphoblastic leukaemia. The Lancet, 344(8917), 224-227.
- Janzen, L., & Spiegler, B. (2008). Neurodevelopmental sequelae of pediatric acute lymphoblastic leukemia and its treatment. Developmental Disabilities, 14, 185-195.
- Kadan-Lottick, N., Brouwers, P., Breiger, D., Kaleita, T., Dziura, J., Liu, H., … Neglia, J. (2009). A comparison of neurocognitive functioning in children previously randomized to dexamethasone or prednisone in the treatment of childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Blood Journal, 114(9), 1746-1752.
- Kaatsch, P. (2010). Epidemiology of childhood cancer. Cancer Treatment Reviews, 36(4), 277-285.
- Kaemingk, K., Carey, M., Moore, I., Herzer, M., & Hutter, J. (2004). Math Weaknesses in Survivors of Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia Compared to Healthy Children. Child Neuropsychology, 10(1), 14-23.
- Kaiser, J., Bledowski, C., & Dietrich, J. (2014). Neural correlated of chemotherapy-related cognitive impairment. Cortex, 54, 33-50.
- Khong, P. L., Leung, L. H., Fung, A. S., Fong, D. Y., Qiu, D., Kwong, D. L., ... & Chan, G. C. (2006). White matter anisotropy in post-treatment childhood cancer survivors: preliminary evidence of association with neurocognitive function. Journal of Clinical Oncology, 24(6), 884-890.
- Kim, J., Brown, S., Jenrow, K., & Ryu, K. (2008). Mechanisms of radiation-induced brain toxicity and implications for future clinical trials. Journal of Neuro-Oncology, 87(3), 279-286.
- Kingma, A., van Dommelen, R., Mooyaart, E., Wilmink, J., Deelman, B., & Kamps, W. (2001). Slight cognitive impairment and magnetic resonance imaging abnormalities but normal school levels in children treated for acute lymphoblastic leukemia with chemotherapy only. The Journal of Pediatrics, 139(3), 413-420.
- Kingma, A., Van Dommelen, R. I., Mooyaart, E. L., Wilmink, J. T., Deelman, B. G., & Kamps, W. A. (2002). No major cognitive impairment in young children with acute lymphoblastic leukemia using chemotherapy only: a prospective longitudinal study. Journal of Pediatric Hematology/Oncology, 24(2), 106-114.
- Koolschijn, P., & Cron, E. (2013). Sex differences and structural brain maturation from childhood to early adulthood. Developmental Cognitive Neuroscience, 5, 106-118.
- Krajinovic, M., & Moghrabi, A. (2004). Pharmacogenetics of methotrexate. Pharmacogenomics, 5(7), 819-834.
- Krajinovic, M., Robaey, P., Chiasson, S., Lemieux-Blanchard, E., Rouillard, M., Primeau, M., … Moghrabi, A. (2005). Polymorphisms of genes controlling homocysteine levels and IQ score following the treatment for childhood ALL. Pharmacogenomics, 6(3), 293-302.
- Krawczuk-Rybak, M., Grabowska, A., Protas, P., Muszynska-Roslan, K., Holownia, A., & Braszko, J. (2012). Intellectual functioning of childhood leukemia survivors - relation to Tau protein - a marker of white matter injury. Advances in Medical Sciences, 57(2), 266-272.
- Krull, K. R., Bhojwani, D., Conklin, H. M., Pei, D., Cheng, C., Reddick, W. E., … Pui, C. H. (2013). Genetic mediators of neurocognitive outcomes in survivors of childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia. J. Clin. Oncol. doi:JCO.2012.46.7944
- Krull, K., Brinkman, T., Li, C., Armstrong, G., Ness, K., Srivastava, D., & Hudson, M. (2013). Neurocognitive outcomes decades after treatment for childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia: a report from the st jude lifetime cohort study. Journal of Clinical Oncology, 31(35), 4407-4415.
- Krull, K. R., Brouwers, P., Jain, N., Zhang, L., Bomgaars, L., Dreyer, Z., … Okcu, M. F. (2008). Folate pathway genetic polymorphisms are related to attention disorders in childhood leukemia survivors. J Pediatr, 152(1), 101-105.
- Krull, K., Okcu, F., Potter, B., Jain, N., Dreyer, Z., Kamdar, K., & Brouwers, P. (2008). Screening for neurocognitive impairment in pediatric cancer long-term survivors. Journal of Clinical Oncology, 26(25), 4138-4143.
- Krull, K. R., Zhang, N., Santucci, A., Srivastava, D. K., Krasin, M. J., Kun, L. E., … Armstrong, G. T. (2013). Long-term decline in intelligence among adult survivors of childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia treated with cranial radiation. Blood. 122(4), 550-553.
- Kunin-Batson, A., Kadan-Lottick, N., & Neglia, J. (2014). The contribution of neurocognitive functioning to quality of life after childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Psycho-Oncology, 23, 692-699.
- Langer, T., Martus, P., Ottensmeier, H., Hertzberg, H., Beck, J., & Meier, W. (2002). CNS late-effects after all therapy in childhood. part iii: neuropsychological performance in long-term survivors of childhood all: impairments of concentration, attention, and memory. Medical and Pediatric Oncology, 38(5), 320-328.
- Lipton, S., Kim, W., Choi, Y., Kumar, S., D’Emilia, D., Rayudu, P., … Stamler, J. (1997). Neurotoxicity associated with dual actions of homocysteine at the N-methyl-d-aspartate receptor PNAS, 94(11), 5923-5928.
- Lockwood, K. A., Bell, T. S., & Colegrove, R. W. (1999). Long-term effects of cranial radiation therapy on attention functioiing in survivors of childhood leukemia. Journal of Pediatric Psychology, 24(1), 55-66.
- Lofstad, G. E., Reinfjell, T., Hestad, K., & Diseth, T. (2009). Cognitive outcome in children and adolescents treated for acute lymphoblastic leukeamia with chemotherapy only. Acta Paediatrica, 98, 180-186.
- Lorenzi, M., McMillan, A., Siegel, L., Zumbo, B., Glickman, V., Spinelli, J., … McBride, M. (2009). Educational outcomes among survivors of chilhood cancer in British Columbia, Canada. Cancer, 115(10), 2234-2245.
- Mennes, M., Stiers, P., Vandenbussche, E., Vercruysse, G., Uyttebroeck, A., De Meyer, G., & Van Gool, S. (2005). Attention and information processing in survivors of childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia treated with chemotherapy only. Pediatric Blood and Cancer, 44, 479-486.
- Mitby, P., Robison, L., Whitton, J., Zevon, M., Gibbs, I., Tersak, J., … Mertens, A. (2003). Utilization of special education services and educational attainment among long-term survivors of childhood cancer. A report from the childhood cancer survivor study. Cancer, 97(4), 1115-1126.
- Monje, M., & Dietrich, J. (2012). Cognitive side effects of cancer therapy demonstrate a functional role for adult neurogenesis. Behavioural Brain Research, 227, 376-379.
- Monje, M., & Palmer, T. (2003). Radiation injury and neurogenesis. Current Opinion in Neurology, 16, 129-134.
- Monje, M., Mizumatsu, S., Fike, J., & Palmer, T. (2002). Radiation induces neural precursor-cell dysfunction. Nature Medicine, 8(9), 955-962.
- Morioka, S., Morimoto, M., Yamada, K., Hasegawa, T., Morita, T., Moroto, M., …Hosoi, H. (2013). Effects of chemotherapy on the brain in childhood: diffusion tensor imaging of subtle white matter damage. Neuroradiology, 55(10), 1251-1257.
- Nagy, Z., Westerberg, H., & Klingberg, T. (2004). Maturation of white matter is associated with the development of cognitive functions during childhood. Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience, 16(7), 1227-1233.
- Pääkkö, E., Harila-Saari, A., Vanionpää, L., Himanen, S., Pyhtinen, J., & Lanning, M. (2000). White matter changes on mri during treatment in children with acute lymphoblastic leukemia: correlation with neuropsychological findings. Medical and Pediatric Oncology, 35, 456-461.
- Peterson, C., Johnson, C., Ramirez, L., Huestis, S., Pai, A., Demaree, H., & Drotar, D. (2008). A meta-analysis of the neuropsychological sequelae of chemotherapy-only treatment for pediatric acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Pediatric Blood and Cancer, 51, 99-104.
- Précourt, S., Robaey, P., Lamothe, I., Lassonde, M., Sauerwein, C., & Moghrabi, A. (2002). Verbal cognitive functioning and learning in girls treated for acute lymphoblastic leukemia by chemotherapy with or without cranial irradiation. Developmental Neuropsychology, 21(2), 173-195.
- Pui, C. H., & Evans, W. E. (2006). Treatment of acute lymphoblastic leukemia. The New England Journal of Medicine, 354, 166-178.
- Reddick, W. E., Glass, J. O., Johnson, W., Laningham, F. H., & Pui, C. H. (2009). Voxel-based anlysis of t2 hyperintensities in white matter during treatment of childhood leukemia. AJNR, 30, 1947-1954.
- Reddick, W. E., Shan, Z., Glass, J. O., Helton, S., Xiong, X., Wu, S., … Mulhern, R. (2006). Smaller white-matter volumes are associated with larger deficits in atttention and learning among long-term survivors of acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Cancer, 106(4), 941-949.
- Reddick, W. E., Taghipour, D. J., Glass, J. O., Ashford, J., Xiong, X., Wu, S., … Conklin, H. M. (2014). Prognostic factors that increase the risk for reduced white matter volumes and deficits in attention and learning for survivors of childhood cancers. Pediatr. Blood Cancer, 61(6), 1074-1079.
- Reinfjell, T., Lofstad, E., Veenstra, M., Vikan, A., & Diseth, T. (2007). Health-related quality of life and intellectual functioning in children in remission from acute lymphoblastic leukaemia. Acta Paediatrica, 96, 1280-1285.
- Rodgers, J., Marckus, R., Kearns, P., & Windebank, K. (2003). Attentional ability among survivors of leukaemia treated without cranial irradiation. Archives of Disease in Childhood, 88(147-150).
- Rubnitz, J., Relling, M., Harrison, P., Sandlund, J., Ribeiro, R., Rivera, G., …Pui, C. (1998). Transient encephalopathy following high-dose methotrexate treatment in childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Leukemia, 12(8), 1176-1181.
- Salkade, P. R., & Lim, T. A. (2012). Methotrexate-induced acute toxic leukoencephalopathy. Journal of Cancer Research and Therapeutics, 8(2), 292.
- Schatz, J., Kramer, J. H., Ablin, A. R., & Matthay, K. K. (2004). Visual attention in long-term survivors of leukemia receiving cranial radiation therapy. J. Int. Neuropsychol. Soc, 10(2), 211-220.
- Schuitema, I., Drprez, S., Hecke, W., Daams, M., Uyttebroeck, A., Sunaert, S., … de Sonneville, L. (2013). Accelerated aging, decreased white matter integrity, and associated neuropsychological dysfunction 25 years after pediatric lymphoid malignancies. Journal of Clinical Oncology, 31(27), 3378-3390.
- Seigers, R., & Fardell, J. (2011). Neurobiological basis of chemotherapy-induced cognitive impairment: A review of rodent research. Neuroscience and Behavioral Reviews, 35, 729-741.
- Söderqvist, S., & Nudley, S. (2015) Working memory training is associated with long term attainments in math and reading. Frontiers in psychology, 6, 1711
- Spiegler, B., Kennedy, K., Maze, R., Greenberg, M., Weitzman, S., Hitzler, J., & Nathan, P. (2006). Comparison of long-term neurocognitive outcomes in young children with acute lymphoblastic leukemia treated with cranial radiation or high-dose or very high-dose intravenous methotrexate. Journal of Clinical Oncology, 24(24), 3858-3864.
- Tamnes, C., Zeller, B., Amlien, I., Kanellopoulos, A., Andersson, S., Due-Tonnessen, P., … Fjell, A. (2015). Cortical surface area and thickness in adult survivors of pediatric acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Pediatric Blood and Cancer, 62, 1027-1034.
- von der Weid, N., Hirt, M., Wacker, P., Nenadov Beck, M., Imbach, P., Caflish, U., … Wagner, H. P. (2003). Intellectual outcome in children and adolescents with acute lymphoblastic leukemia treated with chemotherapy alone: age- and sex-related differences. European Journal of Cancer, 39, 359-365.
- Waber, D., Carpentieri, S., Klar, N., Silverman, L., Schwenn, M., Hurwitz, C., … Sallan, S. (2000). Cognitive sequelae in children treated for acute lymphoblastic leukemia with dexamethasone or prednisone. Journal of Pediatric Hematology/Oncology, 22(3), 206-213.
- Waber, D. P., Gioia, G., Paccia, J., Sherman, B., Dinklage, D., Sollee, N., … Sallan, S. E. (1990). Sex differences in cognitive processing in children treated with CNS prophylaxis for acute lymphoblastic leukemia. J. Pediatr. Psychol, 15(1), 105-122.
- Waber, D. P., Shapiro, B. L., Carpentieri, S. C., Gelber, R. D., Zou, G., Dufresne, A., … Sallan, S. E. (2001). Excellent therapeutic efficacy and minimal late neurotoxicity in children treated with 18 grays of cranial radiation therapy for high-risk acute lymphoblastic leukemia: a 7-year follow-up study of the Dana-Farber Cancer Institute Consortium Protocol 87-01. Cancer, 92(1), 15-22.
- Waber, D., Tarbell, N., & Kahn, C. (1992). The relationship of sex and treatment modality to neuropsychological outcome in chilhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Journal of Clinical Oncology, 10(810-817).
- Wang, S., Wu, E. X., Qiu, D., Leung, L. H., Lau, H. F., & Khong, P. L. (2009). Longitudinal diffusion tensor magnetic resonance imaging study of radiation-induced white matter damage in a rat model. Cancer Research, 69(3), 1190-1198.
- Wang, Y., Adamson, C., Yuan, W., Altaye, M., Rajagopal, A., Byars, A., & Holland, S. (2012). Sex differences in white matter development during adolescence: A DTI study. Brain Research, 1478, 1-15.
- Marris, LT., van den Heuvel-Eibrink, MM., den Hoed, MAH., Aarsen, FK., Pieters, R. & van den Akker., ELT. (2014) Does dexamethasone induce more neuropsychological side effects than prednisone in pediatric acute lymphoblastic leukemia? A systematic review. Pediatric Blood & Cancer, 61(7), 1313-1318
- Zeller, B., Tamnes, C., Kanellopoulos, A., Amlien, I., Andersson, S., Due-Tonnessen, P., … Ruud, E. (2013). Reduced neuroanatomic volumes in long-term survivors of childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Journal of Clinical Oncology, 31(17), 2078-2086.