Abstracts
Résumé
La présente étude porte sur le profil des enfants exposés à la violence conjugale signalés aux services de protection de la jeunesse du Québec ainsi que sur la réponse aux besoins d’aide des familles. Elle vise à apporter un éclairage nouveau en distinguant l’exposition à la violence conjugale physique et psychologique de même qu’en incluant des formes directes et indirectes de l’exposition à la violence conjugale physique. L’étude repose sur l’utilisation d’un échantillon représentatif des enfants de moins de 18 ans dont le signalement pour maltraitance ou troubles de comportement a été évalué par les intervenants de la DPJ dans les seize centres jeunesse du Québec. Les résultats font ressortir la lourdeur des situations; l’exposition à la violence conjugale se présente le plus souvent en cooccurrence avec d’autres formes de maltraitance de même qu’avec d’autres difficultés de fonctionnement chez les parents. Les enfants exposés sont également plus jeunes. La situation semble particulièrement complexe dans les cas d’exposition à la violence conjugale psychologique. Le fait que la majorité des familles où il y a violence conjugale ne soit pas référée à des services sociaux adaptés à cette problématique est préoccupant. L’intervention auprès de ces familles nécessite que soit pris en compte non seulement les besoins des enfants, mais également ceux reliés à la victimisation des mères et à la violence du conjoint.
Mots-clés :
- enfants exposés à la violence conjugale physique ou psychologique,
- protection de la jeunesse
Abstract
The present study concerns the profile of the children exposed to the domestic violence reported to the child welfare services in Quebec as well as on the answer to the needs for help of families. It aims at giving a new perspective by distinguishing the exposure to the physical and psychological domestic violence as well than direct and indirect forms of the exposure. The study is based on the use of a representative sample of the children under age 18 reported to the child welfare services in sixteen centers youth of Quebec. The findings indicate that children who have been exposed to domestic violence are more often victims of others forms of maltreament than other children. Their family environment is also more affected by parental difficulties. The situation is particularly complexe in the case of exposure to the domestic psychological violence. The fact that the majority of the families where there is domestic violence are not oriented to social services adapted to this problem is worrisome. The intervention with these families requires that is not only taken into account the needs for the children, but also those are related to the victimization of the mothers and to the violence of the spouse.
Keywords:
- Children exposed to physical or psychological domestic violence,
- child welfare
Appendices
Bibliographie
- Alaggia, R., Jenny, A., Mazzuca, J. et Redmond, M. (2007). In whose best interest? A Canadian case study of the impact of child welfare policies in cases of domestic violence. Brief Treatment and Crisis Intervention, 7(4), 275−290.
- Antlee, B.F., Barbee, A.P., Sullivan, D., Yankeelov, P., Johnson, L. et Cunningham, M.R. (2007). The relationship between domestic violence and child neglect. Brief Treatment and Crisis Intervention, 7(4), 364-382.
- Beeman, S.K., Heigemeister, A. K. et Edleson, J. L. (2001). Case assessment and service receipt in families experiencing both child maltreatment and woman battering. Journal of Interpersonnal Violence, 16(5), 437-458.
- Benhadjoudja, L. (2011). Les besoins des femmes immigrantes de Montréal qui ne parlent ni le français ni l’anglais concernant l’accessibilité des services d’aide en violence conjugale : rapport de recherche. Montréal, Table de concertation en violence conjugale de Montréal. Récupéré du site du Centre de documentation sur l’éducation aux adultes et la condition féminine : http://bv.cdeacf.ca/record.php?record=19243904124910611869
- Black, T., Trocmé, N., Fallon, B. et MacLaurin, B. (2008). The Canadian child welfare system response to exposure to domestic violence investigations. Child Abuse and Neglect, 32, 393-404.
- Bromfield, L., Lamont, A., Parker, R. et Horsfall, B. (2010). Issues for the safety and wellbeing of children in families with multiple and complex problems: the co-occurrence of domestic violence, parental substance misuse, and mental health problems. NCPC issues no. 33. Récupéré du site Australian Institute of family studies: https://www3.aifs.gov.au/cfca/publications/ncpc-issues-no-33-2010/references.
- Chamberland, C., Laporte, L. Lavergne, C., Tourigny, Mayer, M. et Wright, J. (2005). Psychological maltreatment of children reported to youth protection services: A situation of grave concern. Journal of Emotional Abuse, 5 (1), 65-94.
- Cleaver, H., Nicholson, D., Tarr, S. et Cleaver, D. (2007). Child protection, domestic violence and parental substance misuse: Family experience and effective practice. London, UK: Jessica Kingsley Publishers.
- Clément, M.-È., Bernèche, C. Chamberland, C. et Fontaine, C. (2013). La violence familiale dans la vie des enfants du Québec, 2012. Les attitudes parentales et les pratiques familiales. Québec, Institut de la statistique du Québec.
- Cunningham, A. et Baker, L. (2004). What about me! Seeking to understand a child’s view of violence in the family. London, ON: Centre for Children et Families in the Justice System.
- Doucet, M. et Fortin, A. (2014). Examen des profils d’adaptation chez les enfants exposés à la violence conjugale. Canadian Journal of Behavioural Science/ Revue canadienne des sciences du comportement, 46(2), 162-174.
- Earner, I. (2010). Double risk: Immigrant mothers, domestic violence and public child welfare services in New York City. Evaluation and Program Planning, 33(3), 288−293.
- Edleson, J. L. (2004). Should childhood exposure to adult domestic violence be defined as child maltreatement under the law? Dans P. G. Jaffe, L. L. Baker et A. J. Cunningham (dir.), Protecting children from domestic violence: strategies for community intervention (p. 8-29). New York, NY: Guilford Press.
- English, D. J, Marshall, D.B., Coghlan, L., Brummel, S. et Orme, M. (2002). Causes and consequences of the substantiation decision in Washington State child protective services. Children and Youth Services Review, 24, 817-851.
- Fusco, R.A. et Fantuzzo, J.W. (2009). Domestic violence crimes and children: A population-based investigation of direct sensory exposure and the nature of involvement. Children and Youth Services Review, 31(2), 249-256.
- Fortin, A. (2011). L’enfant et les violences conjugales. La revue internationale de l’éducation familiale, 29, 9-11
- Graham-Berman, S. A. et Seng, J. (2005). Violence exposure and traumatic stress symptoms as additional predictors of health problems in high-risk children. Journal of Pediatrics, 146(3), 349-354.
- Hamby, S., Finkelhor, D., Turner, H. et Ormrod, R. (2011). Children’s exposure to intimate partner violence and other family violence. Bulletin, Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention, National Survey of Children’s Exposure to Violence Series. Récupéré du site Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention: http://www.ojjdp.gov/publications/PubAbstract.asp?pubi=254358etti=etsi=etsei=94etkw=etPreviousPage=PubResultsetstrSortby=dateetp=etstrPubSearch=
- Hartley, C.C. (2004). Severe domestic violence and child maltreatment: considering child physical abuse, neglect, and failure to protect. Children and Youth Services Review, 26, 373-392.
- Hartley, C.C. (2003). The co-occurrence of child maltreatment and domestic violence: Examining both neglect and child physical abuse. Child Maltreatment, 7(4), 349-358.
- Hélie, S., Turcotte, D., Trocmé, N. et Tourigny, M. (2012). Étude d’incidence québécoise sur les situations évaluées en protection de la jeunesse en 2008-Rapport final. Montréal, Québec : Centre jeunesse de Montréal-Institut universitaire.
- Holden, G. W. (2003). Children exposed to domestic violence and child abuse: Terminology and taxonomy. Clinical Child and Family Psychology Review, 6(3), 151-160.
- Hugues, J., Chau, S. et Poff, D. C. (2011). « They’re not my favorite people »: What mothers who have experienced intimate partner violence say about involvement in the child Protection system. Children and Youth Services Review, 33(7), 1084-1089.
- Humphreys, C. (2007). Domestic violence and child protection: Challenging directions for practice. Issues paper 13, Australian Domestic et Family Violence Clearinghouse. Récupéré sur le site du Australian Domestic et Family Violence Clearinghouse: http://www.adfvc.unsw.edu.au/PDF%20files/IssuesPaper_13.pdf
- Hyman, I., Forte, T., Du Mont, J., Romans, S.E. et Cohen, M.M. (2006). The association between length of stay in Canada and intimate partner violence among immigrant women. American Journal of Public Health, 96(4), 654-659.
- Indermaur, D. (2001). Young Australians and domestic violence. Trends and issues in Crime and Criminal Justice series, 195: http://www.aic.gov.au/documents/C/8/B/%7BC8BCD19C-D6D0-4268-984F-B6AF9505E5EA%7Dti195.pdf
- Jaffe, P.G., Crooks, C.V. et Wolfe, D.A. (2003). Legal and policy responses to children exposed to domestic violence: The need to evaluate intended and unintended consequences. Clinical Child and Family Psychology Review, 6, 205-213.
- Johnson, S. P. et Sullivan, C. M. (2008). How child protection workers support or further victimize battered mothers. Journal of Women and Social Work, 23(3), 242-258.
- Jones, L. P., Gross, E. et Becker, I. (2002). The characteristics of domestic Violence victims in a child protective service caseload. Families in Society: The Journal of Contemporary Human Services, 83(4), 405-415.
- Jouriles, E. N., Norwood, W. D., McDonald, R., Vincent, J. P. et Mahoney, A. (1996). Physical violence and other forms of marital aggression: Links with children’s behavior problems. Journal of Family Psychology, 10(2), 223-234.
- Jouriles, E. N., McDonald, R., Smith Smith Slep, A. M., Heyman, R. E. et Garrido, E. (2008). Child abuse in the context of domestic violence: Prevalence, explanations, and practice implications. Violence and Victims, 23(2), 221-235.
- Kernic, M.A., Wolf, M.E., Holt, V.L., McKnifht, B., Huebner, C.E. et Rivara, F.P. (2003). Behavioral problems among children whose mothers are abused by an intimate partner. Child Abuse et Neglect 27, 1231-1246.
- Kitzmann, K. M., Gaylord, N. K., Holt A. R. et Kenny, E. D. (2003). Child witnesses to domestic violence: A meta-Analytic review. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 71(2), 339-352.
- Kohl, P. L., Barth, R. P., Hazen, A. L. et Landsverk, J. A. (2005). Child welfare as a gateway to domestic violence services. Children and Youth Services Review, 27(11), 1203-1221.
- Kohl, P. L., Edleson, J. L., English, D. J. et Barth R. P. (2005). Domestic Violence and pathways into child welfare services: Findings from the National survey of child and adolescent well-being. Children and Youth Services Review, 27(11), 1167-1182.
- Lavergne, C., Hélie, S., Malo, C. et Moreau, J. (à paraître). Prévalence et incidence de l’exposition à la violence conjugale et défis conceptuels et méthodologiques reliés à la mesure du phénomène. Dans S. Lapierre, G. Lessard et L. Hamelin-Brabant (dir.), Enfants, adolescents, violence et société. Montréal, QC : Éditions du remue-ménage.
- Lavergne, C., Clément, M-È., Damant, D., Bourassa, C., Lessard, G. et Turcotte, P. (2011). Cooccurrence de violence conjugale et de maltraitance envers les enfants : facteurs individuels et familiaux associés. Revue internationale d’éducation familiale, 29, 37-62
- Lavergne, C., Damant, D., Clément, M-È., Bourassa, C., Lessard, G. et Turcotte, P. (2011). Factors in decisions to maintain protection services or proceed with out-of-home placement in the case of children exposed to domestic violence. Child and family social work, 16, 353-363.
- Lavergne, C., Turcotte, D., Damant, D., Chamberland, C. et Jacob, M. (2006). Concomitance de violence conjugale et de mauvais traitements envers les enfants : points de vue des intervenants et intervenantes de la protection de la jeunesse sur le phénomène et l’intervention auprès des familles. Rapport de recherche. Montréal, Institut pour le développement social des jeunes, Centre jeunesse de Montréal-IU.
- Lefebvre, R., Van Wert, M., Fallon, B. et Trocmé, N. (2013). A profile of exposure to intimate partner violence investigations in the Canadian child welfare system: An examination using the2008 Canadian Incidence Study of Reported Child Abuse and Neglect (CIS-2008). International Society of Child and Adolescent Resilience, 1, 60-73.
- Lichter, E.L. et McClosky, L.A. (2004). The effects of childhood exposure to marital violence on adolescent gender-role beliefs and dating violence. Psychology of Women Quarterly 28, 344–357
- Malo, C., Moreau, J., Lavergne, C. et Hélie, S. (2012) Psychological maltreatment toward children in Quebec. A preliminary picture after implementation of the new Youth Protection Law. 12th International EUSARF Conference. Glasgow, september 2012.
- McGuigan, W.M. et Pratt, C.C. (2001). The predictive impact of domestic violence on three types of child maltreatment. Child Abuse and Neglect, 25, 869-883.
- Mertin, P et Mohr, P (2002). Incidence and correlates of post-trauma symptoms in children from backgrounds of domestic violence. Violence and Victims, 17, 5-15.
- Renner, L.M. et Boel-Studt, S. (2013). The relation between intimate partner violence, parenting, stress and child behavior problems. Journal of Family Violence, 28, 201-212.
- Riou, A., Rinfret-Raynor, M. et Cantin, S. (2002). La violence envers les conjointes dans les couples québécois, 1998. Montréal, Institut de la Statistique du Québec.
- Rivett, M. et Kelly, S. (2006). From awareness to practice: Children, domestic violence and child welfare. Child Abuse Review, 15, 224–242.
- Sinha, V., Trocmé, N., Fallon, B., MacLaurin, B., Fast, E. et Prokop, S. (2011). Kiskisik Awasisak: Remember the children. Understanding the overrepresentations of First Nations children in the child welfare system, Ottawa, Ontario: Assembly of First Nations.
- Smith Slep, A.M. et O’Leary, S.G.(2005). Parent and partner violence in families with young children: Rates, patterns and connections. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 73(3), 435-444.
- Tabachnick, B. G. et Fidell, L. S. (2007). Using multivariate statistics. Boston: Pearson Education Inc.
- Tajima, E. A. (2000). The relative importance of wife abuse as a risk factor for violence against children. Child Abuse and Neglect, 24(11), 1383-1398.
- Turner, H.A. et Kopiec, K. (2006). Exposure to inter parental conflict and psychological disorder among young adults. Journal of Family Issues, 27(2), 131-158.
- Mueller, S. C., Hardin, M. G., Korelitz, K., Daniele, T., Bemis, J., Dozier, M., Peloso, E., Maheu, F. S., Pine, D. S. et Ernst, M. (2002). Incentive effect on inhibitory control in adolescents with early-life stress. Child Abuse and Neglect, 36(3), 217-225.
- Wolf, K. A. et Foshee, V. A. (2003). Family violence, anger expression styles, and adolescent dating violence. Journal of Family Violence, 18, 309-316.
- Wolfe, D. A., Crooks, C. V., Lee, V., McIntyre-Smith, A. et Jaffe, P. G. (2003). The Effects of children’s exposure to domestic violence: a meta-Analysis and critique. Clinical Child and Family Psychology Review, 6(3), 171-187.
- Zolotor, A.J., Teodore, A.D., Coyne-Beasley, T. et Runyan, D. K. (2007). Intimate partner violence and child maltreatment: Overlapping risk. Treatment and Crisis Intervention, 7(4), 305-321.