Abstracts
Résumé
Des analyses de mercure ont été effectuées sur des plumes de 7 espèces d’oiseaux de proie récoltées au Québec entre les années 1906 à 2002. Une diminution temporelle des concentrations a été observée chez les aigles royaux et les autours des palombes. Chez les jeunes balbuzards pêcheurs élevés à proximité des réservoirs hydroélectriques, une diminution des concentrations de mercure d’environ 33 % est observée entre 1989-1991 et 1997. Cette diminution serait liée à la baisse des concentrations de mercure chez les poissons vivant dans les réservoirs. Les espèces se nourrissant dans les milieux aquatiques, le pygargue à tête blanche et le balbuzard pêcheur, présentent des concentrations de mercure de 2 à 30 fois plus élevées que celles qui s’alimentent en milieux terrestres. Chez le pygargue à tête blanche, les concentrations apparaissent élevées et augmentent avec l’âge des oiseaux échantillonnés.
Mots-clés :
- Évolution temporelle,
- mercure,
- oiseaux de proie,
- plumes,
- Québec
Abstract
Feathers collected from 7 raptor species in Québec between 1906 and 2002 were screened for mercury. The concentrations found in golden eagle and northern goshawk feathers decreased over time. In addition, over the 6- to 8-year period between 1989-1991 and 1997, a 33% decrease in mercury levels was observed in feathers collected from osprey chicks reared in nests close to hydroelectric reservoirs. This decrease is likely linked to a reduction in the mercury levels in the tissues of fish within the reservoirs. In general, however, feathers from bald eagles and ospreys, which feed in aquatic environments, showed mercury levels from 2 to 30 times higher than those from species foraging in terrestrial environments. In the case of the bald eagle, mercury levels were high and the concentration increased with the age of the birds.
Keywords:
- birds of prey,
- feather analysis,
- mercury,
- Québec,
- temporal changes
Appendices
Bibliographie
- Anderson, D.W., T.H. Suchanek, C.A. Eagles-Smith et T.M. Cahill, 2008. Mercury residues and productivity in osprey and grebes from a mine-dominated ecosystem. Ecological Applications, 18 : A227-A238.
- Appelquist, H., S. Asbirk et I. Drabaek, 1984. Mercury monitoring: Mercury stability in bird feathers. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 15 : 22-24.
- Bechard, M.J., D.N. Perkins, G.S. Kaltenecker et S. Alsup, 2009. Mercury contamination in Idaho bald eagles, Haliaeetus leucocephalus. Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology, 83 : 698-702.
- Braune, B.M. et P.E. Gaskin, 1987. Mercury levels in Bonaparte’s gull (Larus philadelphia) during autumn molt in the Quoddy region, New Brunswick, Canada. Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology, 16 : 339-549.
- Brodeur, S. et F. Morneau, 1999. Rapport sur la situation de l’aigle royal (Aquila chrysaetos) au Québec. Société de la faune et des parcs du Québec, Direction de la faune et des habitats, Québec, 75 p.
- Brouard, D., C. Demers, R. Lalumière, R. Schetagne et R. Verdon, 1990. Rapport synthèse. Évaluation des teneurs en mercure des poissons du complexe hydroélectrique La Grande, Québec (1978-1989). Rapport conjoint, Vice-présidence Environnement, Hydro-Québec et Groupe Environnement Shooner inc., Montréal, 100 p.
- Burger, J., 1993. Metal in avian feathers; Bioindicators of environmental pollution. Review in Environmental Toxicology, 5 : 230-311.
- Castro, I., J.R. Aboal, J.A. Fernández et A. Carballeira, 2011. Use of raptors for biomonitoring of heavy metals: Gender, age and tissue selection. Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology, 86 : 347-351.
- Champoux, L., D.C. Masse, D. Evers, O.P. Lane, M. Plante et S.T.A. Timmermans, 2006. Assessment of mercury exposure and potential effects on common loons (Gavia immer) in Québec. Hydrobiologia, 576 : 263-274.
- Champoux, L., S. Trudeau, G. Fitzgerald, P.A. Spear et D.C.G. Muir, 2009. Contamination et biomarqueurs chez le grand héron, Ardea herodias, comme indicateur de l’état du fleuve Saint-Laurent – Campagne de 2001-2002. Série de rapports techniques no. 501, Région du Québec, Service canadien de la faune, Québec, 76 p.
- Cristol, D.A., E.K. Mojica, C.W. Varian-Ramos et B.D. Watts, 2012. Molted feathers indicate low mercury in bald eagles of the Chesapeake Bay, USA. Ecological Indicators, 18 : 20-24.
- Dauwe, T., L. Bervoets, R. Pinxten, R. Blust et M. Eens, 2003. Variation of heavy metals within and among feathers of birds of prey: Effects of molt and external contamination. Environmental Pollution, 124 : 429-436.
- DesGranges, J.-L., J. Rodrigue, B. Tardif et M. Laperle, 1998. Mercury accumulation and biomagnification in ospreys (Pandion haliaetus) in the James Bay and Hudson bay regions of Québec. Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology, 35 : 330-341.
- DesGranges, J.-L., J. Rodrigue, B. Tardif et M. Laperle, 1999. Breeding success of Osprey (Pandion haliateus) under high seasonal methylmercury exposure. Dans : Lucotte, M., R. Schetagne, N. Therrien, C. Langlois et A. Tremblay (édit.). Mercury in the biogeochemical cycle: Mercury in natural environment and hydroelectric reservoir in northern Québec. Springler, Berlin, p. 287-294.
- DesGranges, J.-L., J. Rodrigue et L. Champoux, 2009. Distribution géographique d’une sélection de contaminants chez les grands hérons du système du fleuve Saint-Laurent, au Québec, (1989-1994). Publication hors-série Numéro 116, Service canadien de la faune, Québec, 18 p.
- Environnement Canada, 1979. Analytic methods manual. Mercury in fish. NADAQUAT no. 80601, Method 2,Ottawa.
- Environnement Canada, 1986. Manuel des méthodes analytiques. Direction générale des eaux intérieures. Direction de la qualité des eaux, Ottawa.
- Furness, R.W., S.J. Muirhead et M. Woodburn, 1986. Using bird feathers to measure mercury in the environment: Relationship between mercury content and moult. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 17 : 27-30.
- Furness, R.W., J.L. Johnston, J.A. Love et D.R. Thompson, 1989. Pollutant burdens and reproductive success of golden eagles Aquila chrysaetos exploiting marine and terrestrial food webs in Scotland. Dans : Meyburg B.-U. et R.D. Chancellor (édit.). Raptors in the modern world. World Working Group on Birds of Prey, Berlin, p. 495-500.
- Grubbs, F., 1969. Procedures for detecting outlying observations in samples, Technometrics, 11 : 1-21.
- Harmata, A.R. et M. Restani, 2013. Lead, mercury, selenium, and other trace elements in tissues of golden eagles from southwestern Montana, USA. Journal of Wildlife Diseases, 49 : 114-124.
- Head, J.A., A. DeBofsky, J. Hinshaw et N. Basu, 2011. Retrospective analysis of mercury content in feathers of birds collected from the state of Michigan (1895–2007). Ecotoxicology, 20 : 1636-1643.
- Hopkins, W.A., L.B. Hopkins, J.M. Unrine, J. Snodgrass et J.D. Elliot, 2007. Mercury concentrations in tissues of osprey from the Carolinas, USA. The Journal of Wildlife Management, 71 : 1819-1829.
- Hughes, K.D., P.J. Ewins et K.E. Clark, 1997. A comparison of mercury levels in feathers and eggs of osprey (Pandion haliaetus) in the North American Great Lakes. Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology, 33 : 441-452.
- Hylander, L.D. et M. Meili, 2003. 500 years of mercury production: Global annual inventory by region until 2000 and associated emissions. The Science of the Total Environment, 304 : 13-27.
- Jagoe, C.H., A.L. Bryan, H.A. Brant, T.M. Murphy et I.L. Brisbin, 2002. Mercury in bald eagle nestlings from South Carolina, USA. Journal of Wildlife Diseases, 38 : 706-712.
- Jaspers, V., T. Dauwe, R. Pinxten, L. Bervoets, R. Blust et M. Eens, 2004. The importance of exogenous contamination on heavy metal levels in bird feathers. A field experiment with free-living great tits, Parus major. Journal of Environmental Monitoring, 6 : 356-360.
- Lindberg, P. et T. Odsjö, 1983. Mercury levels in feathers of peregrine falcon Falco peregrinus compared with total mercury content in some of its prey species in Sweden. Environmental Pollution, 5 : 297-318.
- Lodenius, M. et T. Solonen, 2013. The use of feathers of birds of prey as indicators of metal pollution. Ecotoxicology, 22 : 1319-1334.
- Martínez, A., D. Crespo, J.I. Fernández, J.R. Aboal et A. Carballeira, 2012. Selection of flight feathers from Buteo buteo and Accipiter gentilis for use in biomonitoring heavy metal contamination. Science of the Total Environment, 425 : 254-261.
- Neugebauer, E.A., G.L. SansCartier et B.J. Wakeford, 2000. Methods for the determination of metals in wildlife tissues using various atomic absorption spectrophotometry techniques. Canadian Wildlife Service Technical Report 337, Ottawa, 61 p.
- Norheim, G. et A. Froslie, 1978. The degree of methylation and organ distribution of mercury in some birds of prey in Norway. Acta Pharmacologica Toxicologica, 43 : 143-204.
- Pittman, H.T., W.W. Bowerman, L.H. Grim, T.G. Grubb et W.C. Bridges, 2011. Using nestling feathers to assess spatial and temporal concentrations of mercury in bald eagles at Voyageurs National Park, Minnesota, USA. Ecotoxicology, 20 : 1626-1635.
- Ricard M., et A.-M. Bouchard, 2011. Guide d’identification d’oiseaux de proie. Ministère des Ressources naturelles et de la Faune du Québec, Québec, 16 p.
- Rutkiewicz, J., D.H. Nam, T. Cooley, K. Neumann, I. B. Padilla, W. Route, S. Strom et N. Basu, 2011. Mercury exposure and neurochemical impacts in bald eagles across several Great Lakes states. Ecotoxicology, 20 : 1669-1676.
- SAS Institute Inc., 2012. Using JMP 10. SAS Institute Inc., Cary, 462 p.
- Schetagne, R., 1994. Water quality modifications after impoundment of some large northern reservoirs. Archiv für Hydrobiologie–Beiheft Ergebnisse der Limnologie, 40 : 233-229.
- Schetagne, R. et R. Verdon, 1999. Post-impoundment evolution of fish mercury levels at the La Grande Complex, Québec, Canada (from 1978 to 1996). Dans : Lucotte, M., R. Schetagne, N. Therrien, C. Langlois et A. Tremblay (édit.). Mercury in the biogeochemical cycle: Mercury in natural environment and hydroelectric reservoir in northern Québec. Springler, Berlin, p. 287-294.
- Scheuhammer, A.M., 1991. Effects of acidification on the bioavailability of toxic metals and calcium to wild birds and mammals. Environmental Pollution, 71 : 329-375.
- Scheuhammer, A.M., M.W. Meyer, M.B. Sandheinrich et M.W. Murray, 2007. Effects of environmental methylmercury on the health of wild birds, mammals, and fish. Ambio, 36 : 12-18.
- Scheuhammer, A. M., N. Basu, N. M. Burgess, J. E. Elliott, G. D. Campbell, M. Wayland, L. Champoux et J. Rodrigue, 2008. Relationships among mercury, selenium, and neurochemical parameters in common loons (Gavia immer) and bald eagles (Haliaeetus leucocephalus). Ecotoxicology, 17 : 93-101.
- Shore, R.F., M.G. Pereira, L.A. Walker et D.R. Thompson, 2011. Mercury in non marine birds and mammals. Dans : Beyer, W. N. et J. P. Meador (édit.). Environmental contaminants in biota: Interpreting tissue concentrations. 2e édition. CRC Press, Boca Raton, p. 609-624.
- Thompson, D.R., 1996. Mercury in birds and terrestrial mammals. Dans : Beyer, W.N., G.H. Heinz et A.R. Redmon-Norwood (édit.). Environmental contaminants in wildlife: Interpreting tissue concentrations. Society of Environmental Toxicology, Special Publication Series, Lewis Publushing, New York, p. 341-356.
- UNEP, 2013. Global Mercury Assessment 2013: Sources, emissions, releases and environmental transport. UNEP Chemicals Branch, Geneva. 44 p.
- Weech, S.A., A.M. Scheuhammer et J.E. Elliott, 2006. Mercury exposure and reproduction in fish-eating birds breeding in the Pinchi Lake region, British Columbia, Canada. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry, 25 : 1433-1440.
- Westermark, T., T. Odsjö et A.G. Johnels, 1975. Mercury content of bird feathers before and after Swedish ban on alkyl mercury in agriculture. Ambio, 4 : 87-92.
- Wiener, J.G., D.P. Krabbenhoft, G.H. Heinz et A.M. Scheuhammer, 2002. Ecotoxicology of mercury. Dans : Hoffman, D.J., B.A. Rattner, G.A. Burton Jr. et J. Cairns Jr. (édit.). Handbook of Ecotoxicology, 2e édition. CRC Press, Boca Raton, p. 407-461.
- Wolfe, M.F., S. Schwarzbach et R.A. Sulaiman, 1998. Effects of mercury on wildlife: A comprehensive review. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry, 17 : 146-160.
