Abstracts
Résumé
Les maladies de la rétine sont la première cause de cécité. Les possibilités de traitement sont limitées du fait de la difficulté d’accès à ce tissu, prolongement du système nerveux central tapissant l’intérieur du globe oculaire. Toute stratégie thérapeutique dans le domaine des maladies de la rétine doit comporter une méthode de délivrance de l’agent thérapeutique in situ. Les recherches portant sur les méthodes de délivrance des produits actifs sont de ce fait en plein essor. Elles sont au carrefour de la pharmacologie, de la pharmacotechnie, des biomatériaux, de l’ophtalmologie et de la biologie. Des dispositifs solides, biodégradables ou non, peuvent être implantés dans la cavité vitréenne et des polymères biodégradables peuvent y être injectés. Des méthodes non invasives comme l’iontophorèse ou le transport trans-scléral sont en cours de développement. Les premières applications de ces procédés ont récemment vu le jour en clinique humaine. L’intensification des recherches dans le domaine du transfert intra-oculaire de médicaments indique que de véritables perspectives vont s’ouvrir pour le traitement des maladies rétiniennes.
Summary
Retinal diseases are nowadays the most common causes of vision threatening in developed countries. Therapeutic advances in this field are hindered by the difficulty to deliver drugs to the posterior segment of the eye. Due to anatomical barriers, the ocular biodisponibility of systemically administered drugs remains poor, and topical instillation is not adequate to achieve therapeutic concentrations of drugs in the back of the eye. Ocular drug delivery has thus become one of the main challenges of modern ophthalmology. A multidisciplinary research is being conducted worldwide including pharmacology, biomaterials, ophthalmology, pharmaceutics, and biology. New promising fields have been developed such as implantable or injectable slow release intravitreal devices and degradable polymers, dispersed polymeric systems for intraocular drug delivery, and transscleral delivery devices such as iontophoresis, osmotic pumps or intra-scleraly implantable materials. The first clinical applications emerging from this research are now taking place, opening new avenues for the treatment of retinal diseases.
Appendices
Références
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