Abstracts
Abstract
This study investigates academic procrastination in online exam proctoring environments, drawing on responses from 321 undergraduate students. It focuses on three key constructs: (1) the role of procrastination in online exam proctoring; (2) the impact of procrastination on performance in online proctored exams; and (3) the relationship between exam anxiety, procrastination, and online proctoring. The findings reveal: (1) a strong link between academic procrastination and poor performance in online proctored exams; (2) a significant correlation between procrastination and increased exam anxiety in online proctoring environments; and (3) that students who procrastinate have less favorable attitudes toward online exam proctoring.
Keywords:
- procrastination,
- online proctoring,
- exam anxiety,
- exam performance
Résumé
Cette étude explore la procrastination académique dans les contextes de surveillance d’examens en ligne, à partir des réponses de 321 étudiants de premier cycle. Elle se concentre sur trois axes principaux : 1) le rôle de la procrastination dans la surveillance des examens en ligne ; 2) l’impact de la procrastination sur la performance aux examens surveillés en ligne ; 3) le lien entre l’anxiété liée aux examens, la procrastination et la surveillance en ligne. Les résultats montrent : 1) une forte corrélation entre procrastination et faibles performances dans le cadre des examens en ligne surveillés; 2) une association significative entre procrastination et hausse de l’anxiété en contexte de surveillance en ligne ; 3) une attitude plus négative envers la surveillance numérique chez les étudiants procrastinateurs.
Mots-clés :
- procrastination,
- surveillance en ligne,
- anxiété aux examens,
- performance aux examens
Appendices
Bibliography
- Ahmed, I., Bernhardt, G. V., & Shivappa, P. (2023). Prevalence of academic procrastination and its negative impact on students. Biomedical and Biotechnology Research Journal (BBRJ), 7(3), 363–370. http://dx.doi.org/10.4103/bbrj.bbrj_64_23
- Asarta, C. J., & Schmidt, J. R. (2013). Access patterns of online materials in a blended course. Decision Sciences Journal of Innovative Education, 11(1), 107–123. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-4609.2012.00366.x
- Carolan, C., Davies, C. L., Crookes, P., McGhee, S., & Roxburgh, M. (2020). COVID 19: disruptive impacts and transformative opportunities in undergraduate nurse education. Nurse Education in Practice, 46, 102807. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nepr.2020.102807
- Chehrzad, M. M., Ghanbari, A., Rahmatpour, P., Barari, F., Pourrajabi, A., & Alipour, Z. (2017). Academic procrastination and related factors in students of Guilan University of Medical Sciences. The Journal of Medical Education and Development, 11(4), 352–362.
- Chun Chu, A. H., & Choi, J. N. (2005). Rethinking procrastination: positive effects of "active" procrastination behavior on attitudes and performance. The Journal of Social Psychology, 145(3), 245–264. https://doi.org/10.3200/SOCP.145.3.245-264
- Costa, P. T., Jr., & McCrae, R. R. (1992). Revised NEO Personality Inventory manual. Psychological Assessment Resources.
- Day, V., Mensink, D., & O'Sullivan, M. (2000). Patterns of academic procrastination. Journal of College Reading and Learning, 30(2), 120–134. https://doi.org/10.1080/10790195.2000.10850090
- Driscoll, R. (2007, March 1). Westside Test Anxiety Scale validation. Online Submission. ERIC. https://eric.ed.gov/?id=ED495968
- Elvers, G. C., Polzella, D. J., & Graetz, K. (2003). Procrastination in online courses: performance and attitudinal differences. Teaching of Psychology, 30(2), 159–162. https://doi.org/10.1207/S15328023TOP3002_13
- Ferrari, J. R. (2010). Still procrastinating: the no regrets guide to getting it done. Turner Publishing Company.
- Ferrari, J. R., Johnson, J. L., & McCown, W. G. (1995). Procrastination and task avoidance: theory, research, and treatment. Plenum Press. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4899-0227-6
- Grajek, S. (2020). Educause COVID-19 QuickPoll results: grading and proctoring. https://er.educause.edu/blogs/2020/4/educause-covid-19-quickpoll-results-grading-and-proctoring.
- Harting, K., & Erthal, M. J. (2005). History of distance education. Information Technology, Learning, and Performance Journal, 23(1), 35–44.
- Janson, M. P., Wenker, T., & Bäulke, L. (2024). Only a matter of time? Using logfile data to evaluate temporal motivation theory in university students' examination preparation. British Journal of Educational Psychology, 94(4), 1192–1207. https://psycnet.apa.org/doi/10.1111/bjep.12712
- Johnson, J. L., & Bloom, A. M. (1995). An analysis of the contribution of the five factors of personality to variance in academic procrastination. Personality and Individual Differences, 18(1), 127–133. https://doi.org/10.1016/0191-8869(94)00109-6
- Johnson, N., Veletsianos, G., & Seaman, J. (2020). US faculty and administrators' experiences and approaches in the early weeks of the COVID-19 pandemic. Online Learning, 24(2), 6–21. https://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/EJ1260365.pdf
- Jones, I. S., & Blankenship, D. (2021). Year two: effect of procrastination on academic performance of undergraduate online students. Research in Higher Education Journal, 39, 1–11. https://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/EJ1293903.pdf
- Karatas, H. (2015). Correlation among academic procrastination, personality traits, and academic achievement. Anthropologist, 20(1,2), 243–255.
- Kharbat, F. F., & Abu Daabes, A. S. (2021). E-proctored exams during the COVID-19 pandemic: a close understanding. Education and Information Technologies, 26(6), 6589–6605. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10639-021-10458-7
- Kim, K. R., & Seo, E. H. (2015). The relationship between procrastination and academic performance: a meta-analysis. Personality and Individual Differences, 82, 26–33. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2015.02.038
- Klassen, R. M., Krawchuk, L. L., & Rajani, S. (2008). Academic procrastination of undergraduates: low self-efficacy to self-regulate predicts higher levels of procrastination. Contemporary Educational Psychology, 33(4), 915–931. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cedpsych.2007.07.001
- Klingsieck, K. B. (2013). Procrastination: when good things don’t come to those who wait. European Psychologist, 18(1), 24–34. https://doi.org/10.1027/1016-9040/a000138
- Klingsieck, K. B., Fries, S., Horz, C., & Hofer, M. (2012). Procrastination in a distance university setting. Distance Education, 33(3), 295–310. https://doi.org/10.1080/01587919.2012.723165
- Knaus, W. J. (2000). Procrastination, blame, and change. Journal of Social Behavior & Personality, 15(5), 153–166.
- Kooren, N. S., Van Nooijen, C., & Paas, F. (2024). The influence of active and passive procrastination on academic performance: a meta-analysis. Education Sciences, 14(3), 323. https://doi.org/10.3390/educsci14030323
- Lay, C. H. (1986). At last, my research article on procrastination. Journal of Research in Personality, 20(4), 474–495. https://doi.org/10.1016/0092-6566(86)90127-3
- Levy, Y., & Ramim, M. M. (2012). A study of online exams procrastination using data analytics techniques. Interdisciplinary Journal of E-Learning and Learning Objects, 8(1), 97–113. http://dx.doi.org/10.28945/1730
- Mann, L. (2016). Procrastination revisited: a commentary. Australian Psychologist, 51(1), 47–51. https://doi.org/10.1111/ap.12208
- McGeown, S. P., Putwain, D., Simpson, E. G., Boffey, E., Markham, J., & Vince, A. (2014). Predictors of adolescents' academic motivation: personality, self-efficacy and adolescents' characteristics. Learning and Individual Differences, 32, 278–286. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lindif.2014.03.022
- Morgan, G. (2020, April 28). Market guide for remote proctoring services for higher education (Report ID.G00723213-15 2020-04). Gartner. https://www.gartner.com/en/documents/3984283
- O'Brien, W. K. (2000). Applying the transtheoretical model to academic procrastination [Unpublished doctoral dissertation]. University of Houston.
- Onwuegbuzie, A. J. (2000). Academic procrastinators and perfectionistic tendencies among graduate students. Journal of Social Behavior & Personality, 15(5). 103–109.
- Pardeshi, V. H. (2014). Cloud computing for higher education institutes: architecture, strategy and recommendations for effective adaptation. Procedia Economics and Finance, 11(14), 589–599. https://doi.org/10.1016/S2212-5671(14)00224-X
- Perrin, C. J., Miller, N., Haberlin, A. T., Ivy, J. W., Meindl, J. N., & Neef, N. A. (2011). Measuring and reducing college students’ procrastination. Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis, 44(3), 463–474. https://doi.org/10.1901/jaba.2011.44-463
- Pychyl, T. A., Lee, J. M., Thibodeau, R., & Blunt, A. (2000). Five days of emotion: an experience sampling study of undergraduate student procrastination. Journal of Social Behavior & Personality, 15(5), 239–254.
- Ragusa, A., González-Bernal, J., Trigueros, R., Caggiano, V., Navarro, N., Minguez-Minguez, L. A., Obregón, A. I., & Fernandez-Ortega, C. (2023). Effects of academic self-regulation on procrastination, academic stress and anxiety, resilience and academic performance in a sample of Spanish secondary school students. Frontiers in Psychology, 14. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1073529
- Schraw, G., Wadkins, T., & Olafson, L. (2007). Doing the things we do: a grounded theory of academic procrastination. Journal of Educational psychology, 99(1), 12–25. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-0663.99.1.12
- Senécal, C., Lavoie, K., & Koestner, R. (1997). Trait and situational factors in procrastination: an interactional model. Journal of Social Behavior & Personality, 12(4), 889–903.
- Sirois, F. M., Melia-Gordon, M. L., & Pychyl, T. A. (2003). “I'll look after my health, later”: an investigation of procrastination and health. Personality and Individual Differences, 35(5), 1167–1184. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0191-8869(02)00326-4
- Sirois, F., & Pychyl, T. (2013). Procrastination and the priority of short‐term mood regulation: consequences for future self. Social and Personality Psychology Compass, 7(2), 115–127. https://doi.org/10.1111/spc3.12011
- Solomon, L. J., & Rothblum, E. D. (1984). Academic procrastination: frequency and cognitive-behavioral correlates. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 31(4), 503–509. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-0167.31.4.503
- Steel, P., & König, C. J. (2006). Integrating theories of motivation. Academy of Management Review, 31(4), 889–913. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/20159257
- Steel, P. (2007). The nature of procrastination: a meta-analytic and theoretical review of quintessential self-regulatory failure. Psychological Bulletin, 133(1), 65–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/0033-2909.133.1.65
- Steel, P., Brothen, T., & Wambach, C. (2001). Procrastination and personality, performance, and mood. Personality and Individual Differences, 30(1), 95–106. https://psycnet.apa.org/doi/10.1016/S0191-8869(00)00013-1
- Steel, P., Svartdal, F., Thundiyil, T., & Brothen, T. (2018). Examining procrastination across multiple goal stages: a longitudinal study of temporal motivation theory. Frontiers in Psychology, 9(327). https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2018.00327
- Steel, P., Taras, D., Ponak, A., & Kammeyer-Mueller, J. (2022). Self-regulation of slippery deadlines: the role of procrastination in work performance. Frontiers in Psychology, 12, 783789. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2021.783789
- Tuckman, B. W. (1991). The development and concurrent validity of the procrastination scale. Educational and Psychological Measurement, 51(2), 473–480. https://doi.org/10.1177/0013164491512022
- Wieland, L. M., Ebner-Priemer, U. W., Limberger, M. F., & Nett, U. E. (2021). Predicting delay in goal-directed action: an experience sampling approach uncovering within-person determinants involved in the onset of academic procrastination behavior. Frontiers in Psychology, 12, 695927. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2021.695927
- Woldeab, D., & Brothen, T. (2021). Video surveillance of online exam proctoring: exam anxiety and student performance. International Journal of E-Learning & Distance Education, 36(1), 1–26. https://www.ijede.ca/index.php/jde/article/view/1204
- Woldeab, D., Yawson, R. M., & Osafo, E. (2020). A systematic meta-analytic review of thinking beyond the comparison of online versus traditional learning. E-Journal of Business Education & Scholarship of Teaching, 14(1), 1–24. https://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/EJ1276404.pdf
- Yao, M., Sahebi, S., Behnagh, R. F., Bursali, S., & Zhao, S. (2021). Temporal processes associating with procrastination dynamics. In Artificial Intelligence in Education: 22nd International Conference, AIED 2021, Utrecht, The Netherlands, June 14–18, 2021, Proceedings, Part I 22 (pp. 459-471). Springer International Publishing.