Abstracts
Résumé
Une approche basée uniquement sur la répression pour prévenir les violences armées, au mieux, sera efficace à court terme en empêchant temporairement les personnes responsables de s’y livrer. En revanche, une approche de santé publique qui s’attaque à leurs causes, qui agit sur leurs contextes de propagation et qui répond aux besoins des populations concernées s’avère, à long terme, une meilleure option. Le présent article décrit deux programmes internationaux (Community Initiative to Reduce Violence et Cure Violence) qui reposent sur une approche de santé publique pour prévenir les violences armées perpétrées dans le contexte de rivalités entre groupes délinquants. Est ensuite présenté le projet montréalais PIVOT qui s’inspire de ces deux programmes internationaux. Enfin, l’article propose une conception théorique combinant des composantes des approches de santé publique et de la criminologie afin de bonifier les interventions actuelles et de prévenir efficacement les violences armées.
Mots-clés :
- Santé publique,
- violences armées,
- prévention,
- approche collaborative,
- stratégie holistique
Abstract
A repression-based approach to preventing armed violence will, at best, be effective in the short term by temporarily incapacitating those responsible. However, a public health approach that addresses armed violence’s causes can act on the contexts in which this violence spreads while responding to the needs of the concerned populations, thus proving itself to be a better long-term option. This article describes two international programs (Community Initiative to Reduce Violence and Cure Violence) that have adopted a public health approach to prevent armed violence in the context of rivalries between criminal groups. The Montreal PIVOT project, inspired by these two international programs, is then presented. Finally, the article proposes a theoretical design combining components of the public health and criminology approaches aimed at improving current interventions and effectively preventing armed violence.
Keywords:
- Public health,
- armed violence,
- prevention,
- collaborative approach,
- holistic strategy
Resumen
Un enfoque basado únicamente en la represión para prevenir la violencia armada, en el mejor de los casos, será eficaz a corto plazo al impedir temporalmente que las personas responsables cometan estos actos. En cambio, un enfoque de salud pública que trata sus causas, que actúe sobre sus contextos de propagación y que responda a las necesidades de las poblaciones afectadas resulta, a largo plazo, se revela una opción más eficaz. El presente artículo describe dos programas internacionales (Community Initiative to Reduce Violence y Cure Violence) que se basan en un enfoque de salud pública para prevenir la violencia armada perpetrada en el contexto de rivalidades entre grupos delictivos. A continuación, se presenta el proyecto montrealés PIVOT, que se inspira en estos dos programas internacionales. Finalmente, el artículo propone un marco teórico que combina componentes de los enfoques de salud pública y criminología con el fin de mejorar las intervenciones actuales y prevenir de manera eficaz la violencia armada.
Palabras clave:
- Salud pública,
- violencia armada,
- prevención,
- enfoque colaborativo,
- estrategia holística
Appendices
Références
- Abt, T. P. (2017). Towards a framework for preventing community violence among youth. Psychology, Health & Medicine, 22(1), 266-285.
- Al-Husayni, N., et Dodson, N. A. (2021). What does a « public health approach » mean ? Lessons from earlier successes. Dans N. A., Dodson (dir.), Adolescent gun violence prevention : Clinical and public health solution (p. 11-28). Switzerland : Springer Nature.
- Allen, S., Beardslee, J., et Pardini, D. (2025). Risk and protective factors for adolescent gun carrying and firearm violence. Dans N. D., Thomson (dir.), Handbook of Gun Violence (p. 107-118). Academic Press.
- Bancalari, P., Sommer, M., et Rajan, S. (2022). Youth exposure to endemic community gun violence : A systematic review. Adolescent research review, 7(3), 383-417.
- Braga, A. A. (2022). Gun violence is a public health crisis that needs more applied criminologists. Criminology & Public Policy, 21(4), 767-944.
- Braga, A. A., Turchan, B. S., Papachristos, A. V., et Hureau, D. M. (2019). Hot spots policing and crime reduction : An update of an ongoing systematic review and meta-analysis. Journal of experimental criminology, 15, 289-311.
- Braga, A. A., Weisburd, D., et Turchan, B. (2018). Focused deterrence strategies and crime control : An updated systematic review and meta‐analysis of the empirical evidence. Criminology & Public Policy, 17(1), 205-250.
- Butts, J. A., Roman, C. G., Bostwick, L., et Porter, J. (2015). Cure violence : A public health model to reduce gun violence. Annual Review of Public Health, 36, 39-53.
- Clarke, R. V. (1995). Situational crime prevention. Crime and justice, 19, 91-150.
- Fagan, J., Wilkinson, D. L., et Davies, G. (2007). Social contagion of violence. Dans D., Flannery, A., Vazsonyi et I., Waldman (dir.), The Cambridge handbook of violent behavior (p. 688-724). Cambridge : Cambridge University Press
- Farrington, D. P., Ttofi, M. M., et Lösel, F. A. (2016). Developmental and social prevention. What works in crime prevention and rehabilitation : Lessons from systematic reviews, 15-75.
- Fraser, A., et Irwin-Rogers, K. (2021). A public health approach to violence reduction : Strategic Briefing. Dartington : Research in Practice.
- Furnari, M. B., Hsieh, H. F., Goldstick, J. E., Sokol, R., Lee, D. B., Heinze, J. E., et Zimmerman, M. A. (2025). The public health approach for firearm violence and injury prevention. Dans N. D., Thomson (dir.), Handbook of Gun Violence (p. 13-28). Academic Press.
- Harms, J., et Bush, M. (2022). A comparative analysis of knife and firearm homicides in the United States. Journal of interpersonal violence, 37, 19-20.
- Hough, M., Jackson, J., Bradford, B., Myhill, A., et Quinton, P. (2010). Procedural justice, trust, and institutional legitimacy. Policing : A journal of policy and practice, 4(3), 203-210.
- Johnson, B. T., Sisti, A., Bernstein, M., Chen, K., Hennessy, E. A., Acabchuk, R. L., et Matos, M. (2021). Community-level factors and incidence of gun violence in the United States, 2014-2017. Social Science & Medicine, 280, 113969.
- Kessel, W. (2020). Public health approach to gun violence prevention : Remove the gun handle. Dans M., Crandall, S., Bonne, J., Bronson et W., Kessel (dir.), Why we are losing the war on gun violence in the United States (p. 139-150). Springer International Publishing.
- Krug, E., Dahlberg, L., Mercy, J., Zwi, A. et Lozano-Ascencio, R. (2002). Rapport mondial sur la violence et la santé. Organisation mondiale de la Santé. https://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/handle/10665/42545/9242545619_fre.pdf
- Makarios, M. D., et Pratt, T. C. (2012). The effectiveness of policies and programs that attempt to reduce firearm violence : A meta-analysis. Crime & Delinquency, 58(2), 222-244.
- Mercy, J. A., Rosenberg, M. L., Powell, K. E., Broome, C. V., et Roper, W. L. (1993). Public health policy for preventing violence. Health Affairs, 12(4), 7-29.
- Moore, M. H. (1995). Public health and criminal justice approaches to prevention. Dans M., Tonry et D. P., Farrington (dir.), Crime and justice : A review of research (p. 237-262). Chicago : University of Chicago Press.
- Moreau, C., Lachapelle, M., Nasr, C.et Gagné, D. (2024). La violence communautaire commise et subie par les jeunes de 25 ans et moins : synthèse des connaissances par revue narrative systématisée. Institut national de santé publique du Québec. Gouvernement du Québec.
- National Network for Safe Communities (2016). Group Violence Intervention : An Implementation Guide. Washington : Office of Community Oriented Policing Services.
- Oliphant, S. N., Mouch, C. A., Rowhani-Rahbar, A., Hargarten, S., Jay, J., Hemenway, D., Zimmerman, M. et Carter, P.M. (2019). A scoping review of patterns, motives, and risk and protective factors for adolescent firearm carriage. Journal of behavioral medicine, 42, 763-810.
- Pardini, D., Beardslee, J., Docherty, M., Schubert, C., et Mulvey, E. (2021). Risk and protective factors for gun violence in male juvenile offenders. Journal of Clinical Child & Adolescent Psychology, 50(3), 337-352.
- Pinto, A. D., Sharma, M., et Muggah, R. (2011). An agent - vector - host - environment model for controlling small arms and light weapons. Medicine, conflict and survival, 27(2), 111-127.
- Pratt, T. C., et Cullen, F. T. (2005). Assessing macro-level predictors and theories of crime : A meta-analysis. Crime and justice, 32, 373-450.
- Raphael, D. (2016). Social determinants of health : Canadian perspectives. Canadian Scholars’ Press.
- Rowhani-Rahbar, A., Quistberg, D. A., Morgan, E. R., Hajat, A., et Rivara, F. P. (2019). Income inequality and firearm homicide in the US : A county-level cohort study. Injury Prevention, 25(Suppl 1), i25-i30.
- Sanchez, C., Jaguan, D., Shaikh, S., McKenney, M., et Elkbuli, A. (2020). A systematic review of the causes and prevention strategies in reducing gun violence in the United States. The American Journal of Emergency Medicine, 38(10), 2169-2178.
- Silver, A. H., et Yeates, E. F. A. (2021). Gun violence as an infectious disease. Dans N. A., Dison (dir.), Adolescent gun violence prevention : Clinical and public health solution (p. 55-68). Switzerland : Springer Nature.
- Slutkin, G., Ransford, C. L., Decker, B., et Volker, K. (2014). Cure violence - An evidence based method to reduce shootings and killings. World Bank Paper.
- Slutkin, G., Ransford, C., et Zvetina, D. (2018). How the health sector can reduce violence by treating it as a contagion. AMA Journal of Ethics, 20(1), 47-55.
- Statistique Canada (2025). Statistiques des crimes fondés sur l’affaire, par infractions détaillées, Canada, provinces, territoires, régions métropolitaines de recensement et Police militaire des Forces canadiennes. Consulté le 20 août 2025. Tableau 35-10-0177-01. Diffusé le 22 juillet 2025.
- Weisburd, D., Ariel, B., Braga, A. A., Eck, J., Gill, C., Groff, E., Uding, C. V et Zaatut, A. (2025). The future of the criminology of place : New Directions for research and practice. Cambridge University Press.
- Williams, D., Currie, D., Linden, W., et Donnelly, P. (2014). Addressing gang-related violence in Glasgow : A preliminary pragmatic quasi-experimental evaluation of the Community Initiative to Reduce Violence (CIRV). Aggression and Violent Behavior 19(6), 686-691.

