Abstracts
Abstract
This study investigates the impact of process writing and flipped learning on enhancing students' extended essay writing performance and higher-order thinking skills (HOTS). The process writing approach emphasises writing as a recursive activity involving multiple drafts, feedback, and revisions to improve coherence and clarity. A quasi-experimental design was applied, involving 120 Form Four students in northern Malaysia. Participants were divided into an experimental group, which received process writing-based flipped learning instruction, and a control group, which received textbook-based instruction in a flipped setting. Data were collected through pre-test and post-test assessments of writing and HOTS, along with qualitative feedback from student interviews. Analysis of covariance (ANCOVA) revealed significant improvements in the experimental group's writing across content, communicative achievement, organisation, and language use. Additionally, the experimental group showed marked growth in HOTS, particularly in analysing, evaluating, and creating. Although originally proposed in 1981, Flower and Hayes' model remains relevant for understanding the cognitive processes involved in students during writing, especially in instructional design contexts. This study supports the integration of process writing and flipped learning to enhance writing performance and HOTS, offering practical insights for educators seeking an effective and engaging instructional approach in teaching and learning of extended essay writing.
Keywords:
- extended writing,
- flipped learning,
- higher-order thinking skills,
- process writing,
- writing performance
Résumé
Cette étude examine l’impact du processus de rédaction et de la classe inversée sur l’amélioration de la rédaction de dissertations et des habiletés de pensée supérieures chez les élèves. Le processus de rédaction met l’accent sur l’écriture comme une activité récursive impliquant plusieurs brouillons, des rétroactions, et des révisions afin d’améliorer la cohérence et la clarté du texte. Une méthode quasi-expérimentale a été utilisée, impliquant 120 élèves de niveau scolaire Form four dans le nord de la Malaisie. Les personnes participantes ont été réparties en deux groupes : un groupe expérimental, qui a reçu un enseignement fondé sur le processus d’écriture utilisant une approche de classe inversée, et un groupe témoin, qui a reçu un enseignement basé sur un manuel scolaire également dans une approche de classe inversée. Les données ont été recueillies à l’aide d’évaluations prétest et post-test sur la rédaction et les habiletés de pensée supérieures, ainsi que par des entretiens qualitatifs avec les élèves. Une analyse de covariance (ANCOVA) a révélé des améliorations significatives chez les élèves du groupe expérimental dans les domaines du contenu, de la réussite communicative, de l’organisation et de l’usage de la langue. De plus, ce groupe a montré une amélioration notable des habiletés de pensée supérieure, particulièrement en matière d’analyse, d’évaluation et de créativité. Bien que proposé initialement en 1981, le modèle de Flower et Hayes reste pertinent pour comprendre les processus cognitifs liés à l’écriture des élèves, notamment dans le cadre de la conception pédagogique. Cette étude soutient l’intégration du processus de rédaction et de la classe inversée pour améliorer la performance en écriture et les habiletés de pensée supérieures, offrant des perspectives pratiques aux personnes enseignantes à la recherche d’approches pédagogiques efficaces et engageantes pour l’enseignement du processus de rédaction de dissertations.
Mots-clés :
- rédaction longue,
- classe inversée,
- habiletés de pensée supérieures,
- processus de rédaction,
- performance en écriture
Appendices
Bibliography
- Akçayır, G., & Akçayır, M. (2018). The flipped classroom: A review of its advantages and challenges. Computers & Education, 126, 334–345. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compedu.2018.07.021
- Allmendinger, P. (2017). Planning theory. Bloomsbury Publishing.
- Alodwan, T. A. A., & Ibnian, S. S. K. (2014). The effect of using the process approach to writing on developing university students' essay writing skills in EFL. Review of Arts and Humanities, 3(2), 139–155. https://rah.thebrpi.org/journals/rah/Vol_3_No_2_June_2014/11.pdf
- Amiryousefi, M. (2019). The incorporation of flipped learning into conventional classes to enhance EFL learners' L2 speaking, L2 listening, and engagement. Innovation in Language Learning and Teaching, 13(2), 147–161. https://doi.org/10.1080/17501229.2017.1394307
- Anderson, L. W., & Krathwohl, D. R. (Eds.). (2001). A taxonomy for learning, teaching, and assessing: A revision of Bloom's taxonomy of educational objectives. Longman.
- Bayat, N. (2014). The effect of the process writing approach on writing success and anxiety. Educational Sciences: Theory and Practice, 14(3), 1133–1141.
- Bean, J. C., & Melzer, D. (2021). Engaging ideas: The professor's guide to integrating writing, critical thinking, and active learning in the classroom. John Wiley & Sons.
- Bereiter, C., & Scardamalia, M. (1987). The psychology of written composition. Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
- Bergmann, J., & Sams, A. (2023). Flip your classroom: Reach every student in every class every day (Rev. ed.). ASCD.
- Bernacki, M. L., Greene, M. J., & Lobczowski, N. G. (2021). A Systematic Review of Research on Personalised Learning: Personalised by whom, to what, how, and for what purpose(s)? Educational Psychology Review, 33, 1675–1715. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10648-021-09615-8
- Bielińska-Kwapisz, A. (2015). Impact of writing proficiency and writing center participation on academic performance. International Journal of Educational Management, 29(4), 382–394. https://doi.org/10.1108/ijem-05-2014-0067
- Bishop, J., & Verleger, M. A. (2013). The flipped classroom: A survey of the research. 2013 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition, 23.1200.1–23.1200.18. https://peer.asee.org/22585
- Bond, M. (2020). Facilitating student engagement through the flipped learning approach in K-12: A systematic review. Computers & Education, 151, 103819. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compedu.2020.103819
- Brame, C. J. (2013). Flipping the classroom. Vanderbilt University Center for Teaching.
- Brookhart, S. (2010). How to Assess Higher-Order Thinking Skills in Your Classroom. ASCD.
- Bulger, M. (2016). Personalised learning: The conversations we're not having. Data&Society, 22(1), 1–29. https://www.datasociety.net/pubs/ecl/PersonalizedLearning_primer_2016.pdf
- Burgess, A., van Diggele, C., Roberts, C., & Mellis, C. (2020). Feedback in the clinical setting. BMC Medical Education, 20(2), 460. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12909-020-02280-5
- Campbell, D. T., & Cook, T. D. (1979). Quasi-experimentation. Chicago, IL: Rand Mc-Nally, 1(1), 1–384.
- Campillo-Ferrer, J. M., & Miralles-Martínez, P. (2021). Effectiveness of the flipped classroom model on students' self-reported motivation and learning during the COVID-19 pandemic. Humanities and Social Sciences Communications, 8, 176. https://doi.org/10.1057/s41599-021-00860-4
- Cohen, L., Manion, L., & Morrison, K. (2017). Research Methods in Education (8th ed.). London: Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315456539
- Creswell, J. W. (2014). Educational research: Planning, conducting and evaluating quantitative and qualitative research. Pearson.
- Deane, P., Odendahl, N., Quinlan, T., Fowles, M., Welsh, C., & Bivens‐Tatum, J. (2008). Cognitive models of writing: Writing proficiency as a complex integrated skill. ETS Research Report Series, 2, i–36. https://doi.org/10.1002/j.2333-8504.2008.tb02141.x
- DeLozier, S. J., & Rhodes, M. G. (2017). Flipped classrooms: A review of key ideas and recommendations for practice. Educational Psychology Review, 29(1), 141–151. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10648-015-9356-9
- Dörnyei, Z., & Muir, C. (2019). Creating a motivating classroom environment. In Second handbook of English language teaching (pp. 719–736). Cham: Springer International Publishing.
- Emerson, R. W. (2021). Convenience sampling revisited: Embracing its limitations through thoughtful study design. Journal of Visual Impairment & Blindness, 115(1), 76–77. https://doi.org/10.1177/0145482X20987707
- Faraj, A. K. A. (2015). Scaffolding EFL Students' Writing Through the Writing Process Approach. Journal of Education and Practice, 6(13), 131–141. http://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/EJ1080494.pdf
- Flower, L., & Hayes, J. R. (1981). A cognitive process theory of writing. College Composition & Communication, 32(4), 365–387. https://doi.org/10.58680/ccc198115885
- Graham, S., & Sandmel, K. (2011). The Process Writing Approach: A Meta-Analysis. The Journal of Educational Research, 104(6), 396–407. https://doi.org/10.1080/00220671.2010.488703
- Grant, P., & Basye, D. (2014). Personalised learning: A guide for engaging students with technology. International Society for Technology in Education.
- Harris, S. G. K. R. (2023). The role and development of self-regulation in the writing process. In Self-regulation of learning and performance (pp. 203–228). Routledge.
- Hava, K. (2021). The effects of the flipped classroom on deep learning strategies and engagement at the undergraduate level. Participatory Educational Research, 8(1), 379–394. https://doi.org/10.17275/per.21.22.8.1
- Hayes, J. R., & Flower, L. S. (2016). Identifying the organisation of writing processes. In Cognitive processes in writing (pp. 3–30). Routledge.
- Hyland, K. (2007). Genre pedagogy: Language, literacy and L2 writing instruction. Journal of Second Language Writing, 16(3), 148–164. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jslw.2007.07.005
- Karabulut‐Ilgu, A., Cherrez, N. J., & Jahren, C. T. (2017). A systematic review of research on the flipped learning method in engineering education. British Journal of Educational Technology, 49(3), 398–411. https://doi.org/10.1111/bjet.12548
- Lage, M. J., Platt, G. J., & Treglia, M. (2000). Inverting the classroom: A gateway to creating an inclusive learning environment. The Journal of Economic Education, 31(1), 30–43. https://doi.org/10.1080/00220480009596759
- Lee, R. S. P. (2020). Exploring the learning outcomes of flipped learning in a Second Language (L2) academic writing classroom for low proficiency pre-university students. [Doctoral thesis, Swinburne University of Technology]. https://doi.org/10.25916/sut.26282392.v1
- Nabhan, S. (2019). Bringing multiliteracies into process writing approach in ELT classroom: Implementation and reflection. Edulite: Journal of English Education, Literature, and Culture, 4(2), 156. https://doi.org/10.30659/e.4.2.156-170
- Nerantzi, C. (2020). The use of peer instruction and flipped learning to support flexible blended learning during and after the COVID-19 pandemic. International Journal of Management and Applied Research, 7(2), 184–195. https://doi.org/10.18646/2056.72.20-013
- Onozawa, C. (2010). A study of the process writing approach. Research Note, 10, 153–163.
- Quan, J.-C., Luo, C., Yang, F., & Qiu, H.-P. (2017). Bloom’s taxonomy of educational objectives in information system courses. DEStech Transactions on Social Science, Education and Human Science, mess. https://doi.org/10.12783/dtssehs/mess2016/9623
- Raman, A., & Thannimalai, R. (2021). Factors Impacting the Behavioural Intention to use e-Learning at Higher Education Amid the COVID-19 Pandemic: UTAUT2 Model. Psychological Science and Education, 26(3), 82–93. https://doi.org/10.17759/pse.2021260305
- Raman, A., Mey, C. H., Don, Y., Daud, Y., & Khalid, R. (2015). Relationship Between Principals' Transformational Leadership Style and Secondary School Teachers' Commitment. Asian Social Science, 11(15). https://doi.org/10.5539/ass.v11n15p221
- Raman, A. N., Thannimalai, R., Rathakrishnan, M., & Ismail, S. N. (2022). Investigating the influence of intrinsic motivation on behavioral intention and actual use of technology in Moodle platforms. International Journal of Instruction, 15(1), 1003–1024. https://doi.org/10.29333/iji.2022.15157a
- Schoonen, R., van Gelderen, A., Stoel, R. D., Hulstijn, J. H., & De Glopper, K. (2011). Modeling the development of L1 and EFL writing proficiency of secondary school students. Language Learning, 61(1), 31–79. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9922.2010.00590.x
- Scott, B., & Vitale, M. R. (2003). Teaching the Writing Process to Students With LD. Intervention in School and Clinic, 38(4), 220–224. https://doi.org/10.1177/105345120303800404
- Seow, A. (2002). The writing process and process writing. In J. C. Richards & W. A. Renandya (Eds.), Methodology in Language Teaching: An Anthology of Current Practice (pp. 315–320). Cambridge University Press. https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511667190.044
- Shemshack, A., Kinshuk, & Spector, J. M. (2021). A comprehensive analysis of personalised learning components. Journal of Computers in Education, 8, 485–503. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40692-021-00188-7
- Stefanou, C., & Xanthaki, H. (Eds.). (2016). Drafting legislation: A modern approach. Routledge.
- Tisdell, E. J., Merriam, S. B., & Stuckey-Peyrot, H. L. (2025). Qualitative research: A guide to design and implementation (5th ed.). Jossey-Bass.
- Tucker, B. (2012). The flipped classroom. Education Next, 12(1), 82–83.
- Yuliati, S. R., & Lestari, I. (2018). Higher-Order Thinking Skills (Hots) Analysis of Students in Solving HOTS Question in Higher Education. Perspektif Ilmu Pendidikan, 32(2), 181–188. https://doi.org/10.21009/pip.322.10
- Zhang, L., Basham, J. D., & Yang, S. (2020). Understanding the implementation of personalised learning: A research synthesis. Educational Research Review (Print), 31, 100339. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.edurev.2020.100339

