Abstracts
Résumé
À l’ère de l’intelligence numérique, les compétences dites « du 21ᵉ siècle » occupent une place croissante dans les politiques éducatives, les pratiques organisationnelles et les référentiels de formation. Cette montée en importance s’est accompagnée d’une prolifération des cadres conceptuels, nationaux et sectoriels, qui a généré une fragmentation sémantique nuisant à la cohérence, la comparabilité et l’opérationnalisation des compétences sur le marché du travail. Cet article propose une analyse critique de cette dynamique, en examinant l’évolution des définitions de la compétence, la multiplication des cadres et référentiels, ainsi que les conséquences pratiques de cette dispersion. À partir d’une revue de littérature et l’analyse de données issues de différents cadres de compétences, l’article identifie trois phénomènes principaux : la redondance des compétences entre cadres, leur chevauchement sémantique et la diversité des référentiels selon les contextes géographiques et institutionnels. L’article propose trois pistes de solutions : regrouper les compétences en méta-catégories cohérentes, harmoniser les cadres existants par l’élaboration de taxonomies partagées, et standardiser les compétences numériques et en intelligence artificielle à travers des outils adaptatifs intégrant les technologies émergentes. L’objectif est de construire des référentiels plus intégratifs, capables de concilier à la fois la robustesse conceptuelle et la flexibilité contextuelle des compétences, pour mieux répondre aux exigences d’un monde du travail en constante mutation.
Mots-clés :
- Compétences du 21e siècle,
- référentiels de compétences,
- prolifération conceptuelle,
- cadres normatifs,
- chevauchement sémantique
Abstract
In the age of digital intelligence, the so-called “21st-century skills” are playing an increasingly important role in educational policies, organizational practices and training frameworks. This rise in importance has been accompanied by a proliferation of conceptual, national and sectoral frameworks, which has generated semantic fragmentation that is detrimental to the coherence, comparability and implementation of skills in the labour market. This article provides a critical analysis of this dynamic, examining the evolution of skill definitions, the multiplication of frameworks, and the practical consequences of this dispersion. Based on a literature review and the analysis of data from different skill frameworks, the article identifies three main phenomena: the redundancy of skills across the frameworks, their semantic overlap, and the diversity of reference points according to geographical and institutional contexts. This article proposes three possible solutions: grouping skills into coherent meta-categories, harmonizing existing frameworks by developing shared taxonomies, and standardizing digital and artificial intelligence skills through adaptive tools that integrate emerging technologies. The goal is to build more integrative frameworks capable of reconciling both conceptual robustness and contextual flexibility of skills, to better meet the demands of a constantly evolving labour world.
Keywords:
- 21st-century skills,
- skills frameworks,
- conceptual proliferation,
- normative frameworks,
- semantic overlap
Appendices
Bibliographie
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