Abstracts
Résumé
Cette étude analyse la manière dont un processus discursif de co‑construction alimente la normalisation et l’appropriation progressive des compétences collaboratives dans des projets d’infrastructure publique complexes. Deux organisations canadiennes ont servi de terrains comparatifs. Trois cycles de recherche‑action ont été conduits menant aux résultats partagés. Ces processus ont mobilisé des groupes de discussion, des entretiens et la production itérative de deux référentiels de compétences collaboratives adaptés aux organisations. L’approche discursive a permis de suivre la trajectoire des énoncés proposés jusqu’à leur version finale déployée auprès des employés. Les résultats montrent qu’une micro‑ingénierie lexicale convertit les suggestions spontanées en prescriptions normatives et révèle l’emboîtement de trois registres de pouvoir. Le registre hiérarchique encode la reddition de comptes par des verbes impératifs et des indicateurs; le registre professionnel densifie un jargon qui confère un capital symbolique aux experts; le registre culturel diffuse une triade de valeurs (confiance, sans‑blâme, engagement) sert de dispositif de régulation comportementale. La comparaison inter‑organisations met en évidence un gradient de maturité collaborative lisible dans le langage : l’organisation A, plus avancée, emploie un vocabulaire spécialisé pour raffiner les rôles, tandis que l’organisation B, en phase d’adoption, privilégie une narration pédagogique et des indicateurs de type KPI pour légitimer le changement. Ces observations suggèrent que la co‑construction de modèles de maturité n’est pas un simple exercice technique, mais bien une négociation sociale. Ces dynamiques subtiles orientent les initiatives de collaboration et offrent aux organisations des leviers pour dépasser les référentiels prescriptifs au profit de dispositifs plus sensibles au contexte.
Mots-clés :
- Modèle de maturité des compétences collaboratives,
- approche discursive pragmatique,
- projets d'infrastructure publique
Abstract
This study analyses how a discursive co-construction process fosters the normalization and gradual appropriation of collaborative skills in complex public infrastructure projects. Two Canadian organizations served as comparative sites. Three cycles of action research were conducted, leading to the shared results. These processes involved focus groups, interviews, and the iterative development of two collaborative skills frameworks adapted to the organizations. The discursive approach made it possible to follow the trajectory of the proposed statements to their final version deployed to the employees. The results show that a lexical micro-engineering converts spontaneous suggestions into normative prescriptions and reveals the interplay of three registers of power. The hierarchical register encodes accountability through imperative verbs and indicators; the professional register densifies a jargon that confers symbolic capital on experts; and the cultural register disseminates a triad of values (trust, blamelessness, commitment) that serves as a behavioural regulation mechanism. The inter-organizational comparison highlights a gradient of collaborative maturity reflected in the language: Organization A, more advanced, uses specialized vocabulary to refine roles, while Organization B, in the adoption phase, favours a pedagogical narrative and KPI-type indicators to legitimize change. These observations suggest that the co-construction of maturity models is not simply a technical exercise, but rather a social negotiation. These subtle dynamics guide collaborative initiatives and provide organizations with leverage to move beyond prescriptive frameworks in favour of more context sensitive approaches.
Keywords:
- Collaborative skills maturity model,
- pragmatic discursive approach,
- public infrastructure projects
Appendices
Bibliographie
- Abma, T., Banks, S., Cook, T., Dias, S., Madsen, W., Springett, J. et Wright, M. T. (2018). Engaging: The Choice and Use of Participatory Methods. Dans T. Abma, S. Banks, T. Cook, S. Dias, W. Madsen, J. Springett et M. T. Wright, Participatory Research for Health and Social Well-Being (p. 125-156). Springer International Publishing. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-93191-3_7
- Agbodzakey, J. (2024). Leadership in Collaborative Governance. Dans J. Agbodzakey, Collaborative Governance Primer (p. 15-25). Springer International Publishing. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-57373-6_2
- Al Nahyan, M. T., Sohal, A., Hawas, Y. et Fildes, B. (2019). Communication, coordination, decision-making and knowledge-sharing: a case study in construction management. Journal of Knowledge Management, 23(9), 1764-1781. https://doi.org/10.1108/JKM-08-2018-0503
- Albrecht, V. (2024). Collaborative competences for agile public servants: A case study on public sector innovation fellowships. Information Polity, 29(2), 217-234. https://doi.org/10.3233/IP-230056
- Al-Khayari, N. M., Yousefi, M. et Aigbogun, O. (2024). A predictive model for collaborative leadership in digital transformation: Does it make a difference in Oman’s e-government performance? foresight, 26(5), 775-792. https://doi.org/10.1108/FS-08-2023-0163
- Annamalah, S. (2024). The Value of Case Study Research in Practice: A Methodological Review with Practical Insights from Organisational Studies. Journal of Applied Economic Sciences (JAES), 19(16), 485-498. https://doi.org/10.57017/jaes.v19.4(86).11
- Athanasaw, Y. A. (2003). Team Characteristics and Team Member Knowledge, Skills, and Ability Relationships to the Effectiveness of Cross‐Functional Teams in the Public Sector. International Journal of Public Administration, 26(1011), 1165-1203. https://doi.org/10.1081/PAD-120019926
- Aubry, M., Boulenger, S., Brunet, M., Coulombe, C., Jobidon, G., El Boukri, S., Floricel, S., Rahali, H. et Romero-Torres, A. (2017). Les compétences, l’estimation, la gouvernance et les enjeux de maturité organisationnelle en gestion de projet pour identifier les aspects à améliorer dans le processus et rehausser l’expertise interne au ministère des Transports, de la mobilité durable et de l’électrification des transports. Université du Québec à Montréal.
- Azhar, S. (2007). Improving Collaboration between Researchers and Practitioners in Construction Research Projects using Action Research Technique. Proceedings of the 43rd ASC National Annual Conference.
- Badir, Y. F., Büchel, B., & Tucci, C. L. (2012). A conceptual framework of the impact of NPD project team and leader empowerment on communication and performance: An alliance case context. International Journal of Project Management, 30(8), 914–926. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijproman.2012.01.013
- Bason, C. (2018). Leading public sector innovation: co-creating for a better society (Second edition). Policy Press.
- Berthod, O., Blanchet, T., Busch, H., Kunze, C., Nolden, C., & Wenderlich, M. (2023). The rise and fall of energy democracy: 5 cases of collaborative governance in energy systems. Environmental Management, 71(3), 551–564. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00267-022-01687-8
- Bjurling-Sjöberg, P., Pöder, U., Jansson, I., Wadensten, B. et Nordgren, L. (2021). Action research improved general prerequisites for evidence-based practice. Heliyon, 7(4), e06814. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2021.e06814
- Bonache, J. et Zárraga-Oberty, C. (2008). Determinants of the success of international assignees as knowledge transferors: a theoretical framework. The International Journal of Human Resource Management, 19(1), 118. https://doi.org/10.1080/09585190701763743
- Boudreau, M.-C. (2017). La gestion des compétences : quelle place pour la compétence éthique dans les référentiels de compétences ? Éthique publique, (vol. 19, n° 1). https://doi.org/10.4000/ethiquepublique.2911
- Bourne, L. et Walker, D. H. T. (2005). Visualising and mapping stakeholder influence. Management Decision, 43(5), 649-660. https://doi.org/10.1108/00251740510597680
- Bouteiller, D. et Gilbert, P. (2016). La diffusion de l’instrumentation de la gestion des compétences en Amérique du Nord depuis David C. McClelland. Relations industrielles, 71(2), 224-246. https://doi.org/10.7202/1036608ar
- Bradley, S. (2020). Building collaboration capability in the public sector. Administration, 68(3), 45-54. https://doi.org/10.2478/admin-2020-0015
- Brunet, M., Fachin, F. et Langley, A. (2021). Studying Projects Processually. International Journal of Project Management, 39(8), 834-848. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijproman.2021.10.006
- Brunet, M. et Jobidon, G. (2024). New frontiers in delivering public infrastructure. Canadian Public Administration, 67(1), 130-140. https://doi.org/10.1111/capa.12553
- Bukalova, D. (2024). Recognizing the importance of collaborative competencies and facilitative leadership in local government in the United States. International Journal of Public Leadership, 20(3/4), 204-217. https://doi.org/10.1108/IJPL-11-2023-0093
- Calò, F., Teasdale, S., Roy, M. J., Bellazzecca, E., & Mazzei, M. (2024). Exploring collaborative governance processes involving nonprofits. Nonprofit and Voluntary Sector Quarterly, 53(1), 54–78. https://doi.org/10.1177/08997640231155817
- Château Terrisse, P., Codello, P., Béji-Bécheur, A., Jougleux, M., Chevrier, S. et Vandangeon-Derumez, I. (2016). Réflexivité et éthique du chercheur dans la conduite d’une recherche-intervention: La Revue des Sciences de Gestion, N° 277(1), 45-56. https://doi.org/10.3917/rsg.277.0045
- Chouliaraki, L. et Fairclough, N. (1999). Discourse in Late Modernity. Edinburgh University Press.
- Coghlan, D. et Casey, M. (2001). Action research from the inside: issues and challenges in doing action research in your own hospital. Journal of Advanced Nursing, 35(5), 674-682. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2648.2001.01899.x
- Corazza, L., Torchia, D. et Cottafava, D. (2023). Academics Applying Interventionist Research to Deal with Wicked and Complex Societal Problems. Social and Environmental Accountability Journal, 43(2), 105-122. https://doi.org/10.1080/0969160X.2023.2181838
- Costumato, L. (2021). Collaboration among public organizations: a systematic literature review on determinants of interinstitutional performance. International Journal of Public Sector Management, 34(3), 247-273. https://doi.org/10.1108/IJPSM-03-2020-0069
- Crowe, S., Cresswell, K., Robertson, A., Huby, G., Avery, A. et Sheikh, A. (2011). The case study approach. BMC Medical Research Methodology, 11(1), 100. https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2288-11-100
- Dao, B., Kermanshachi, S., Shane, J., Anderson, S. et Hare, E. (2016). Identifying and Measuring Project Complexity. Procedia Engineering, 145, 476-482. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.proeng.2016.04.024
- Djalil, M. A., Chan, S., Putra, T. R. I., Tabrani, M. et Agustina, M. (2025). Unraveling the Impact of Collaborative Competency on Collaborative Governance in Public Sector Organizations. Revista de Gestão Social e Ambiental, 19(1), e010755. https://doi.org/10.24857/rgsa.v19n1-030
- Eikeland, O. (2012). Symbiotic Learning Systems: Reorganizing and Integrating Learning Efforts and Responsibilities Between Higher Educational Institutions (HEIs) and Work Places. Journal of the Knowledge Economy, 4(1), 98-118. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13132-012-0123-6
- Fairclough, N. (1992). Discourse and social change. Cambridge, MA: Polity Press.
- Fairclough, N. (2010). Critical discourse analysis: the critical study of language. Routledge.
- Farasi, S. N. et Anshori, M. I. (2024). Teamship Competence. Nomico, 1(4), 131-139. https://doi.org/10.62872/5gmmw812
- Fleury, B. et Walter, J. (2010). Interdisciplinarité, interdisciplinarités. Questions de communication, (18), 145-158. https://doi.org/10.4000/questionsdecommunication.409
- Flyvbjerg, B. (Ed.). (2017). The Oxford handbook of megaproject management. Oxford University Press.
- Foster, M. (1972). An Introduction to the Theory and Practice of Action Research in Work Organizations. Human Relations, 25(6), 529-556. https://doi.org/10.1177/001872677202500605
- Foucher, R. et Rhnima, A. (2019). Les référentiels de compétences comme outils de gestion : concilier les apports déterministes et constructivistes. Relations industrielles / Industrial Relations, 73(4), 814-839. https://doi.org/10.7202/1056978ar
- Foucrier, T. et Wiek, A. (2019). A Process-Oriented Framework of Competencies for Sustainability Entrepreneurship. Sustainability, 11(24), 7250. https://doi.org/10.3390/su11247250
- García-Navarro, J., Ramírez, F. J. et Ruíz-Ortega, M. J. (2019). Using Action Research to Implement an Operating Efficiency Initiative in a Local Government. Systemic Practice and Action Research, 32(1), 39-62. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11213-018-9451-1
- Geraldi, J. et Söderlund, J. (2018). Project studies: What it is, where it is going. International Journal of Project Management, 36(1), 55-70. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijproman.2017.06.004
- Getha-Taylor, H. (2008). Identifying Collaborative Competencies. Review of Public Personnel Administration, 28(2), 103-119. https://doi.org/10.1177/0734371X08315434
- Getha-Taylor, H. et Morse, R. S. (2013). Collaborative leadership development for local government officials: exploring competencies and program impact. Public Administration Quarterly. 37(1), 71-102.
- Grant, D. et Marshak, R. J. (2011). Toward a Discourse-Centered Understanding of Organizational Change. The Journal of Applied Behavioral Science, 47(2), 204-235. https://doi.org/10.1177/0021886310397612
- Grøn, A. B., Hvilsted, L., Ingerslev, K., Jacobsen, C. B., Bech, M. et Holm-Petersen, C. (2024). Can Leadership Improve Interorganizational Collaboration? Field-Experimental Evidence From a Team-Based Leadership Training Intervention. The American Review of Public Administration, 54(5), 421-440. https://doi.org/10.1177/02750740241232681
- Haineault, C., Coulombe, C., Harvey, J., Paquin, G. et Setlawke, N. (2025). La decision collaborative, présenté à l’ACFAS colloque 447, 8 mai, ETS Montréal.
- Hajer, M. A. (1995). The Politics of Environmental Discourse: Ecological Modernization and the Policy Process (1re éd.). Oxford University PressOxford. https://doi.org/10.1093/019829333X.001.0001
- Hardy, C. (2022). How to Use a Discursive Approach to Study Organizations. Edward Elgar Publishing. https://doi.org/10.4337/9781839106231
- Hardy, C., Lawrence, T. B. et Grant, D. (2005). Discourse and Collaboration: The Role of Conversations and Collective Identity. Academy of Management Review, 30(1), 58-77. https://doi.org/10.5465/amr.2005.15281426
- Harvey, J. et Coulombe, C. (2022). The propulsor effect of tensions within a collaborative context in times of pandemic, European Academy of Management (EURAM), Switzerland-june 2022.
- Harvey, J., Coulombe, C., Drouin, N. et Rankohi, S. (2025) Collaborative Pathways in Multi-Level Governance: Insights from Public Infrastructure Complex Projects and Programs, International Journal of Managing Projects in Business, 18(3) : 455-478. https://doi.org/10.1108/IJMPB-04-2024-0098
- Henry, C. et Foss, L. (2015). Case sensitive? A review of the literature on the use of case method in entrepreneurship research. International Journal of Entrepreneurial Behavior & Research, 21(3), 389-409. https://doi.org/10.1108/IJEBR-03-2014-0054
- Heracleous, L. et Barrett, M. (2001). Organizational change as discourse: communicative actions and deep structures in the context of information technology implementation. Academy of Management Journal, 44(4), 755-778. https://doi.org/10.2307/3069414
- Horton, S. (2000). Competency management in the British civil service. International Journal of Public Sector Management, 13(4), 354-368. https://doi.org/10.1108/09513550010350508
- Hsieh, H.-F., & Shannon, S. E. (2005). Three approaches to qualitative content analysis. Qualitative Health Research.
- Ibadov, N. (2015). Contractor selection for construction project, with the use of fuzzy preference relation. Procedia Engineering, 111, 317–323. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.proeng.2015.07.095
- IPMA. (2015). Individual Competence Baseline for Project, Programme and Portfolio Management. https://www.ipma.world/individuals/standard/
- Kolfschoten, G. L., Niederman, F., Briggs, R. O. et De Vreede, G.-J. (2012). Facilitation Roles and Responsibilities for Sustained Collaboration Support in Organizations. Journal of Management Information Systems, 28(4), 129-162. https://doi.org/10.2753/MIS0742-1222280406
- Krippendorff, K. (2018). Content Analysis: An Introduction to Its Methodology (4e éd.). Sage.
- Lai, A. Y. (2012). Organizational Collaborative Capacity in Fighting Pandemic Crises: A Literature Review From the Public Management Perspective. Asia Pacific Journal of Public Health, 24(1), 720. https://doi.org/10.1177/1010539511429592
- Lee, H. et Lee, S.-H. (2016). Study on the Impact of Collaboration on Business Performance in the Public Sector. Journal of Digital Convergence, 14(3), 35-43. https://doi.org/10.14400/JDC.2016.14.3.35
- Leroux, M.-P. et Coulombe, C., (2018). Moving from technical fix in international development project management to soft expertise (Y. Schoper).
- Leroux, M.-P. et Coulombe, C., (2019). Reflexivity as Individual Antecedent to Trust in Complex Project Setting. Dans IPMA Research Conference, September 4-7, 2019, Zagreb, Croatia.
- Leroux, M.-P. et Saba, T. (2015). Knowledge Sharing in International Voluntering Coopertion: Challeges, Opportunities and Impacts on Results. Dans M. W. Kramer, L. K. Lewis et L. M. Gossett, Studies in International and Interculturel Contexts, Volunteering and Communication, volume 2, chapitre 5, New York: Peter Lang Publishing.
- Lewin, K. (1946). Action Research and Minority Problems. Journal of Social Issues, 2(4), 3446. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-4560.1946.tb02295.x
- Loufrani-Fedida, S. et Missonier, S. (2015). The project manager cannot be a hero anymore! Understanding critical competencies in project-based organizations from a multilevel approach. International Journal of Project Management, 33(6), 1220-1235. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijproman.2015.02.010
- Marshak, R. J. et Grant, D. (2008). Organizational Discourse and New Organization Development Practices. British Journal of Management, 19(s1). https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8551.2008.00567.x
- Martinsuo, M. (2020). The Management of Values in Project Business: Adjusting Beliefs to Transform Project Practices and Outcomes. Project Management Journal, 51(4), 389-399. https://doi.org/10.1177/8756972820927890
- Mau, T. A. (2017). Leadership competencies for a global public service. International Review of Administrative Sciences, 83(1), 322. https://doi.org/10.1177/0020852315576706
- McGuier, E. A., Aarons, G. A., Byrne, K. A., Campbell, K. A., Keeshin, B., Rothenberger, S. D., Weingart, L. R., Salas, E. et Kolko, D. J. (2023). Associations between teamwork and implementation outcomes in multidisciplinary cross-sector teams implementing a mental health screening and referral protocol. Implementation Science Communications, 4(1), 13. https://doi.org/10.1186/s43058-023-00393-8
- Mehta, V. (2007). Lively Streets: Determining Environmental Characteristics to Support Social Behavior. Journal of Planning Education and Research, 27(2), 165-187. https://doi.org/10.1177/0739456X07307947
- Milward, H. B., & Provan, K. G. (2000). Governing the hollow state. Journal of Public Administration Research and Theory, 10(2), 359–379. https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordjournals.jpart.a024273
- Moradi, S., Kähkönen, K., Klakegg, O. J. et Aaltonen, K. (2021). Profile of Project Managers’ Competencies for Collaborative Construction Projects. Dans L. Scott et C. Neilson, Proceedings of the 37th Annual ARCOM Conference, 6-7 September 2021, UK (Association of Researchers in Construction Management., p. 350-359). https://www.arcom.ac.uk/-docs/archive/2021-Indexed-Papers.pdf
- Morse, R. S. (2014). Developing Public Leaders in an Age of Collaborative Governance (p. 91-112). Routledge.
- Moynihan, D. P. (2008). Combining structural forms in the search for policy tools: Incident command systems in U.S. crisis management. Governance, 21(2), 205–229. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-0491.2008.00395.x
- Naaranoja, M., Kähkönen, K. et Keinänen, M. (2014). Construction Projects as Research Objects – Different Research Approaches and Possibilities. Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences, 119, 237-246. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sbspro.2014.03.028
- Naciti, V., Cesaroni, F. et Pulejo, L. (2022). Corporate governance and sustainability: a review of the existing literature. Journal of Management and Governance, 26(1), 55-74. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10997-020-09554-6
- Obersteiner, P., Trimmel, K., Brudermann, T. et Kriechbaum, M. (2024). Beyond polarisation and simplified storylines: Exploring discursive struggles over a transport infrastructure project in Vienna, Austria. Case Studies on Transport Policy, 18, 101-293. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cstp.2024.101293
- Oliva, R. (2019). Intervention as a research strategy. Journal of Operations Management, 65(7), 710-724. https://doi.org/10.1002/joom.1065
- Pandey, J. K. et Suri, P. K. (2020). Collaboration competency and e-governance performance. International Journal of Electronic Governance, 12(3), 246. https://doi.org/10.1504/IJEG.2020.109835
- Parker, I. (1992). Discourse dynamics. London, England: Routledge.
- Piot, T. (2008). La construction des compétences pour enseigner. McGill Journal of Education, 43(2), 95-110. https://doi.org/10.7202/019577ar
- Poncet, L. (2025). 10 ans de recherche partenariat avec les milieux universitaires, présenté au colloque #227 de l’ACFAS 2025, ETS-Concordia.
- Qi, H., & Ran, B. (2024). Paradoxes in collaborative governance. Public Management Review, 26(10), 2728–2753. https://doi.org/10.1080/14719037.2023.2196290
- Rankohi, S., D., Lizarralde, G., Bourgault, M. et Pellerin, R. (2024). Barriers to the Implementation of Integrated Design Processes—The Case of the Construction Industry in Quebec, Canada. Dans S. Desjardins, G. J. Poitras et M. Nik-Bakht (dir.), Proceedings of the Canadian Society for Civil Engineering Annual Conference 2023, Volume 4(vol. 498, p. 83-96). Springer Nature Switzerland. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-61499-6_7
- Ross, K. G., Thornson, C. A., Wisecarver, M., Foldes, H., Roberts, M., Schaab, B. et Prevou, M. (2012). Development of a Competency Model for Civil-Military Teaming. Army Research Institute. https://doi.org/10.13140/2.1.1081.6803
- Roth, G. L., Kleiner, A. et Learning, S. for O. (1997). Learning about organizational learning : creating a learning history. https://dspace.mit.edu/handle/1721.1/2666
- Samset, K. et Volden, G. H. (2016). Front-end definition of projects: Ten paradoxes and some reflections regarding project management and project governance. International Journal of Project Management, 34(2), 297-313. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijproman.2015.01.014
- Secrétariat du conseil du trésor. (2023). https://www.tresor.gouv.qc.ca/infrastructures-publiques/reddition-de-comptes-des-projets-dinfrastructure-acceleres/
- Skelcher, C., Mathur, N. et Smith, M. (2005). The Public Governance of Collaborative Spaces: Discourse, Design and Democracy. Public Administration, 83(3), 573-596. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.0033-3298.2005.00463.x
- Smith-Colin, J., Amekudzi-Kennedy, A. et Kingsley, G. (2021). Role of Inputs, Processes, and Relations in Transportation System Performance Management: Case Study of Regional Transportation Collaborations. Journal of Management in Engineering, 37(1), 04020093. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)ME.1943-5479.0000860
- Stoof, A., Martens, R. L., Van Merriënboer, J. J. G. et Bastiaens, T. J. (2002). The Boundary Approach of Competence: A Constructivist Aid for Understanding and Using the Concept of Competence. Human Resource Development Review, 1(3), 345-365. https://doi.org/10.1177/1534484302013005
- Takahashi, S. et Takahashi, V. P. (2022). Analysis of front end dynamic in the value co-creation with multiple stakeholders. International Journal of Managing Projects in Business, 15(5), 7427 https://doi.org/10.1108/IJMPB-11-2021-0301
- Umble, K., Steffen, D., Porter, J., Miller, D., Hummer-McLaughlin, K., Lowman, A. et Zelt, S. (2005). The National Public Health Leadership Institute: Evaluation of a Team-Based Approach to Developing Collaborative Public Health Leaders. American Journal of Public Health, 95(4), 641-644. https://doi.org/10.2105/AJPH.2004.047993
- Vangen, S. (2017). Developing Practice‐Oriented Theory on Collaboration: A Paradox Lens. Public Administration Review, 77(2), 263-272. https://doi.org/10.1111/puar.12683
- Whitehead, J. (2019). The action learning, action research experiences of professionals. Action Learning and Action Research Journal, 25(1), 13–30.
- Whyte, J. et Davies, A. (2021). Reframing Systems Integration: A Process Perspective on Projects. Project Management Journal, 52(3), 237-249. https://doi.org/10.1177/8756972821992246
- Williams, T., Vo, H., Samset, K. et Edkins, A. (2019). The front-end of projects: a systematic literature review and structuring. Production Planning & Control, 30(14), 1137-1169. https://doi.org/10.1080/09537287.2019.1594429
- Yang, K., Sunindijo, R. et Wang, C. (2022). Identifying Leadership Competencies for Construction 4.0. Buildings, 12(9), 14-34. https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings12091434
- Yin, R. K. (2009). Case study research: design and methods (4th ed). Sage Publications.

